United States v. Ruiz

180 F.3d 675, 1999 U.S. App. LEXIS 15506, 1999 WL 493013

Opinion

POLITZ, Circuit Judge:

Jose Ricardo Ruiz pleaded guilty to a charge of escape from the custody of a federal prison camp in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 751(a), and was sentenced to 46 months imprisonment. He appeals, contending that the trial court erred in its application of the United States Sentencing Guidelines.

Ruiz maintains that he was entitled to a four-level reduction from his base offense level under U.S.S.G. § 2P1.1(b)(3), which provides for such an adjustment when a defendant escapes from “the non-secure custody of a community corrections center, community treatment center, ‘halfway house,’ or similar facility.” 1 We rejected an identical argument in United States v. Shaw. 2 Ruiz does not attempt to distinguish Shaw, rather, he urges that Shaw was wrongly decided. Even if we accepted this assertion, which we do not, this panel may not overrule or ignore a prior panel decision. Shaw forecloses Ruiz’s contention that he is entitled to an adjustment under § 2P1.1(b)(3).

Next, Ruiz contends that the trial court erred in concluding that his escape constitutes a “crime of violence” “presenting] a serious potential risk of physical injury to another” within the meaning of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(1)(ii). As a result of this error, Ruiz continues, he wrongly was characterized as a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. Underscoring that he simply walked away from a prison camp where no physical barriers prevented the escape and no guards were armed, Ruiz insists that his escape posed no risk of physical injury to anyone.

Once again, Ruiz would have us disregard controlling Fifth Circuit precedent. In United States v. Fitzhugh, 3 we held that the commentary to § 4B1.2 makes “clear that only conduct ‘set forth in the count of which the defendant was convicted’ may be considered in determining whether [an] offense is a crime of violence.” 4 Under Fitzhugh, we are precluded from looking to the underlying facts of Ruiz’s conviction, as he requests, because the circumstances to which Ruiz directs our attention are not mentioned in the indictment.

The indictment charges that Ruiz “knowingly escape[d] from custody of [a federal prison camp] ... in which he was lawfully confined.” We find persuasive the reasoning of our Tenth Circuit colleagues in United States v. Mitchell, 5 rejecting the proposition that escapes from a community treatment center and from a correction center do not qualify as crimes of violence within the meaning of § 4B1.2.

[E]very escape scenario is a powder keg, which may or may not explode into violence and result in physical injury to someone at any given time, but which always has the serious potential to do so.... Indeed, even in a case where a defendant escapes from a jail by stealth and injures no one in the process, there is still a serious potential risk that injury will result when officers find the defendant and attempt to place him in custody. 6

Our Fourth and Sixth Circuit colleagues have reached similar conclusions. 7

We now conclude and hold that the conduct charged in this case — a knowing escape from lawful federal custody — constitutes a crime of violence under § 4B1.2.

For these reasons, the judgment of the trial court is in all respects AFFIRMED.

1 . The provision also requires that no crimes be committed by the defendant while away ' from the facility. This requirement is not at issue herein.

2 . 979 F.2d 41 (5th Cir.1992).

3 . 954 F.2d 253 (5th Cir.1992).

4 . Id. at 254 (quoting U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2, Application Note 2).

5 . 113 F.3d 1528 (10th Cir.1997).

6 . Id. at 1533 (quoting United States v. Gosling, 39 F.3d 1140, 1142 (10th Cir.1994)).

7 . United States v. Dickerson, 77 F.3d 774 (4th Cir.1996); United States v. Harris, 165 F.3d 1062 (6th Cir.1999).