United States v. Rubinstein

62 F. Supp. 2d 1139, 23 Ct. Int'l Trade 534, 23 C.I.T. 534, 21 I.T.R.D. (BNA) 1667, 1999 Ct. Intl. Trade LEXIS 74

• Court: United States Court of International Trade
• Decided: August 10, 1999
• Docket: Slip Op. 99-78; Court 86-07-00935
• Status: Published

Opinion

OPINION AND ORDER OF DISMISSAL

WATSON, Senior Judge.

INTRODUCTION

This is an action commenced by the United States (the “Government” or “plaintiff’) more than thirteen years ago— on July 23, 1986 — pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1592(d) for the recovery of $416,639.26, plus interest. 1 The sum plaintiff seeks to recover represents an alleged loss of customs duties (plus interest) on five entries of various pieces of gold jewelry at the port of Seattle, Washington between September and December 1981, nearly eighteen years ago.

The gravamen of plaintiffs complaint is that David M. Rubinstein and the corporate defendants, S.G. Import and Export, Inc. (S.G.Import), La Petite Gold, Inc. (La Petite), and Unique Enterprises, Inc. (“Unique”), submitted fraudulent documentation to U.S. Customs at Seattle in connection with the five entries, allegedly resulting in undervaluation of the jewelry in one entry, and with respect to the other four entries, resulting in an erroneous assessment of duty on less than the full value of the goods. Defendant Washington International Insurance Company (“Washington”) is the surety designated in the entry bonds posted in the five entries at Seattle some eighteen years ago.

Jurisdiction of this action is under 28 U.S.C. § 1582. Presently before the court is Washington’s motion seeking dismissal of this ease for failure of the Government to prosecute with due diligence in accordance with USCIT Rule 41(b)(3). That rule provides: “Whenever it appears that an action is not being prosecuted with due diligence, the court may upon its own initiative after notice, or upon motion of defendant, order the action dismissed for lack of prosecution.”

For the reasons set forth below, the appropriate exercise of the court’s discretion requires that the action be dismissed for failure to prosecute. Since the Government is the plaintiff, dismissal of this § 1592(d) action for lack of diligent prosecution appears to be a dismissal on that ground of first impression.

BACKGROUND

The genesis of this litigation is five entries of gold jewelry at the port of Seattle, Washington between September and December 1981. Plaintiff claims that in connection with the first entry, made on September 22, 1981, the importer fraudulently understated the value of the jewelry by approximately $13,000, causing a loss of duties. Plaintiff further claims that in connection with making the remaining four Seattle entries, the importer falsely represented, by forged documentation, that the imported jewelry had previously been exported to Italy for repairs to obtain the duty allowance provided by item 806.2040, TSUS (duties are assessed on imported merchandise previously exported for repairs only on the cost of the foreign repairs rather than on the full value of the merchandise).

Plaintiff further avers that during the pendency of a fraud investigation into the 1981 Seattle entries, Rubinstein was under criminal prosecution in the Central District of California (Los Angeles) in connection with “almost identical” jewelry importations at the port of Los Angles, and ultimately pleaded guilty to violating 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 1001 for making- false statements in connection with importations. Rubinstein served a short prison sentence in California, and according to plaintiff, upon Rubinstein’s release from prison in 1986, he immediately left the United States for Israel. S & G Import, the corporate entity that had imported the jewelry at Seattle and had executed the entry bonds in 1981, was dissolved in January 1982. The Los Angeles importers, La Petite and Unique, were later dissolved in 1984.

Respecting the Los Angeles transactions, besides the criminal proceedings mentioned above, in 1986 the Government brought a civil action, United States v. David M. Rubinstein, et al., Court No. 86-12-01543, in which a default judgment was entered against Rubinstein and the Los Angeles importers, La Petite and Unique. The surety on the bonds for the Los Ange-les entries, Peerless Insurance Company, settled the civil action with the Government on November 22, 1989.

As for the 1981 Seattle transactions, the Government commenced this action on July 23, 1986. On August 18, 1986, Washington filed its answer and cross-claims against the co-defendants, Rubinstein, S.G. Import, La Petitite, and Unique. Two years later, on February 19, 1988, the Government obtained a default judgment against Rubinstein (who, as previously stated, had gone to Israel in 1986), S.G. Import, La Petite, and Unique (which defendants by 1986 were long out of business) in the amount of $416,639.26, plus interest. The Government and Washington then agreed to stay proceedings until the Federal Circuit rendered its decision in United States v. Blum, 858 F.2d 1566 (Fed.Cir.1988) (the Government may recover lost duties by suit against a surety under its bond pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1592(d) based on proof that the importer violated § 1592(a)).

Following the Blum decision by the Federal Circuit in 1988, favorable to the Government (it could sue a surety for loss of duties pursuant to § 1592(d) where there had been a violation by the importer under § 1592(a)), the Government took no further action to prosecute this case for the next two years—until October 2, 1990. On that date, the Government served interrogatories and requests for production of documents on Washington, which responded on January 4,1991.

After that, the Government took virtually no further action of any significance to prosecute this case for nearly nine years— from 1990 to May 3, 1999, on which date the Government moved to strike Washington’s affirmative defenses that Washington had pleaded in its 1986 answer. Plaintiffs motion to strike is also sub judice.

On May 23, 1999, Washington filed its motion to dismiss this action for lack of prosecution in accordance with USCIT Rule 41(b)(3).

The Government readily admits that during the 1990-99 period the case was always assigned to an attorney (in fact there had been a succession of four), and that administrative errors in the Department’s case tracking system resulted in losing track of the case for nine years. (Plt'fs Memorandum Opposing Washington’s Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Prosecution, at J, jn. 3). Current Government counsel advises the court that prior Government attorneys assigned to the case could not recall the matter. Decl. of Jeffrey A. Belkin at 1. It is fair to state that after 1990, this case simply “fell through the cracks.”

DISCUSSION

1.

THE PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS

In support of its motion to dismiss, Washington maintains that the Government failed to diligently prosecute this case for an unreasonable period—nine years—and that such delay has presumptively and actually prejudiced Washington. Therefore, Washington moves to dismiss for lack of prosecution.

The Government contends that dismissal should be denied because: (1) Washington experienced no actual prejudice because of delay by the Government; (2) in any event, any prejudice to Washington was due to its failure to prosecute its cross-claims and to seek discovery from the Government; (3) the Government is now actively engaged in searching for witnesses; (4) less drastic remedies are available to the court; (5) for the same reasons that courts have limited the application of laches and equitable es-toppel to Governmental action seeking to enforce a “public right,” Washington should be held an even higher burden of proving actual prejudice; (6) due process favors permitting the Government to maintain this case.

2.

THE COURT HAS DISCRETIONARY AUTHORITY UNDER USCIT RULE 41(b)(3) TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO PROSECUTE.

It is well settled that dismissal for failure to prosecute is discretionary; the exercise of such discretion is reversed on appeal only for manifest or gross abuse of discretion. Walker International Corp. v. United States, 554 F.2d 464, 64 C.C.P.A. 111 (1977); United States v. Chas. Kurz Co., 396 F.2d 1013, 55 C.C.P.A. 107 (1968).

In Kurz, the appellate court held that the trial judge’s dismissal for failure to prosecute under former Rule 5(b) of the Customs Court was not arbitrary or capricious, and was within the discretionary authority of the trial judge. See also ILWU Local 142 v. Donovan, 15 C.I.T. 584, 585 (1991), citing United States v. Chas. Kurz Co., supra; A. Hirsh, Inc. v. United States, 12 CIT 721, 723 (1988); United States v. B.B.S. Electronics International, Inc., 9 CIT 561, 563, 622 F.Supp. 1089, 1091-92 (1985); United States v. Joan and David Helpern Co., 9 CIT 275, 611 F.Supp. 985 (1985); Silver Reed America, Inc. v. United States, 5 CIT 279, 565 F.Supp. 1047 (1983), rev’d on other grounds sub nom. Consumer Products Div., SCM Corp. v. Silver Reed America, Inc., 753 F.2d 1033 (1985).

Dismissal for lack of prosecution is, of course, a drastic sanction, which should be imposed sparingly. A. Hirsh, 12 CIT at 723. An action will not be dismissed “in the absence of a showing of a clear pattern of delay, contumacious conduct, or failure to comply with orders of the Court.” Id.

No exact rule can be laid down, and each case must be looked at with regard to its own peculiar procedural history and situation at the time of dismissal. Sandee Mfg. Co. v. Rohm & Haas Co., 298 F.2d 41, 43 (7th Cir.1962). Considering the procedural history of this case, particularly the extraordinary, unexplained and inexcusable 1990-99 period of delay, dismissal for lack of prosecution is clearly within the discretion of the court—indeed likelihood of an abuse of discretion points in the direction of permitting even further delay by the Government.

3.

CONSIDERATION OF THE RELEVANT PRINCIPLES WARRANTS DISMISSAL

In Chas. Kurz, supra, at a calendar call of the Customs Court in Philadelphia on November 16, 1965, the trial judge noted that the case in question was filed in 1961, had been on the court’s calendar 8 times, and pointed out to plaintiffs counsel, “these old cases present a problem.” After some colloquy with counsel, Government counsel moved to dismiss for failure to prosecute. Plaintiffs counsel objected to dismissal on the ground the Government had not served advance notice it would move to dismiss, to which objection the trial judge replied that counsel should have anticipated a motion to dismiss since the matter was a stale case. Thereupon, the trial judge dismissed plaintiffs action for lack of prosecution under Customs Court Rule 5(b) (one of the predecessor rules to USCIT Rule 41(b)(3)).

After some intervening post-dismissal proceedings, the trial judge’s dismissal was appealed for review by the Customs Court’s three-judge panel Appellate Term. The Appellate Term reversed the trial judge holding that dismissal for lack of prosecution was not “warranted” since, inter alia, plaintiff was willing to prosecute the case and was not permitted to do so because of lack of notice to the Government.

The Government then appealed the Appellate Term’s reversal of the trial judge’s dismissal to the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (the predecessor of the Federal Circuit), and the sole issue on appeal was whether the trial judge had properly exercised his authority under the rule permitting dismissal for lack of prosecution.

In reversing the Appellate Term and upholding the trial judge’s exercise of his discretion in the dismissal, the CCPA in Kurz stated the following:

Absent case law authority of our own jurisdiction, we are inclined to agree with the Government’s reliance on:

The principles of law which govern dismissal of cases for lack of prosecution are succinctly set forth in the frequently cited case of Sweeney v. Anderson, 129 F.2d 756 (1942) wherein it is stated (page 758):

The elimination of delay in the trial of cases and the prompt dispatch of court business are prerequisites to the proper administration of justice. These goals cannot be attained without the exercise by the courts of diligent supervision over their own dockets. Courts should discourage delay and insist upon prompt disposition of litigation. Every court has the inherent power, in the exercise of a sound judicial discretion, to dismiss a cause for want of prosecution. The duty rests upon plaintiff to use diligence and to expedite his case to a final determination. The decision of a trial court in dismissing a cause for lack of prosecution will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is made to appear that there as been a gross abuse of discretion, [citations omitted.]

Kurz, 55 C.C.P.A. at 110, 396 F.2d at 1016.

The Sweeney rationale of “diligent supervision” in the management of the court’s business cited in Kurz, was again approved by the appellate court in Walker International, 64 C.C.P.A. at 113, 554 F.2d at 466. Moreover, as previously noted, Judge DiCarlo in ILWU Local 142, supra, 5 CIT at 585, followed the Kurz rationale.

In United States v. Dantzler Lumber & Export Co., 17 CIT 1068, 1075, 833 F.Supp. 927, 933 (1993), Judge .Aquilino referred to the following factors examined by the Second Circuit in Peart v. City of New York, 992 F.2d 458, 462 (2d Cir.1993), in deciding whether a case should be dismissed for failure to prosecute:

(1) the duration of plaintiffs failures; (2) whether plaintiff had received notice that further delays would result in dismissal; (3) whether defendant is likely to be prejudiced by further delay; (4) whether the district judge has carefully balanced the need to alleviate court calendar congestion and a party’s right to due process; and (5) whether the court has assessed the efficacy of lesser sanctions.

As an additional factor, the Government requests that the court examine the extent to which a defendant that moves to dismiss for failure to prosecute has itself been diligent in pursuing its own discovery against the plaintiff and prosecuting its cross-claims. Thus, here the Government posits that since Washington did not attempt to obtain its own discovery against the Government and prosecute its cross-claims against Rubinstein and the other co-defendants, Washington should not now be heard to complain about any lost opportunity to timely test the accuracy and veracity of plaintiffs documentary investigative evidence, including reports and statements of relevant witnesses, and otherwise obtain exculpatory evidence. Plaintiff also contends that the court must consider that the plaintiff is the Government which is suing to “enforce a public right.” The foregoing factors are addressed below.

4.

PLAINTIFF FAILED TO PROSECUTE WITH DUE DILIGENCE

The primary rationale underlying dismissal for failure to prosecute is the failure of plaintiff to prosecute its case. A. Hirsh, 12 CIT at 723. Plaintiffs attempt to shield itself from the application of Rule 41(b)(3) by pointing to Washington’s own lack of discovery efforts during the period of delay is entirely disingenuous. Clearly, while the court may consider the extent, if any, defendant has itself affirmatively delayed prosecution of the case by plaintiff (ie., engaged in “delaying tactics”), defendant has no duty to take any affirmative steps whatever to bring plaintiffs case to trial.

In short, under Rule 41(b)(3), plaintiff alone is responsible for diligently pursuing its case against Washington and this responsibility never shifts to a defendant. Dantzler, 17 CIT at 1072, 833 F.Supp. at 931, quoting Avanti Products, Inc. v. United States, 16 CIT 453, 453-54 (1992) (“a party plaintiff has a primary and independent obligation to prosecute any action brought by it — from the moment of commencement to the moment of final resolution). That primary responsibility never shifts to anyone else and entails the timely taking of all steps for its fulfillment” (emphasis added). Accordingly, for purposes of dismissal of plaintiff’s case under Rule 41(b)(3), any lack of diligence by defendant with respect to prosecuting its cross-claims is totally irrelevant. 2

Disregarding the undisputed fact that plaintiff took no action to prosecute the case against Washington for two years after the Federal Circuit’s Blum decision in 1988, and then pursued only very minimal discovery against Washington in 1990, the gravamen of plaintiffs motion under Rule 41(b)(3) is that inexplicably no further action by the Government occurred for nine years, until May 1999.

One factor to be considered on a motion to dismiss under Rule 41(b)(3) is the duration of plaintiffs delay. Dantzler Lumber, supra, 17 CIT at 1075, 833 F.Supp. at 933. Plaintiffs delay in prosecuting this action is far longer and more egregious than that involved in Helpem, which is the case the Government argues is most similar to the current case. In Helpem, the court was presented with a delay starting with the dates of entry of a total of six and one-half years. 9 CIT at 278, 611 F.Supp. at 989. Here, if we were to go back to the dates of entry in 1981, the duration of the controversy between the parties would be eighteen years. Further, in the current case, unlike the situation in Helpem where both parties caused the delay, Washington shares no such responsibility.

The Government’s reliance on B.B.S. Electronics, supra, is also misplaced. There, suit was promptly brought against the importer and surety, settlement discussions took place, and thereafter, defendants moved to dismiss for lack of prosecution, contending that the action had been inactive for more than two years. The court rejected the argument that dismissal was mandatory after a one-year delay, 9 CIT at 563, 622 F.Supp. at 1092, and although disapproving plaintiffs laxness in prosecuting the action for two years, the court nonetheless denied the motion to dismiss for failure to prosecute.

The extreme disparities in the particular circumstances and duration of the delays between the current case on the one hand, and the Helpern and B.B.S. Electronics cases on the one hand (where dismissal was not granted), are so patently obvious as not to warrant further comparative analysis. See also ILWU Local 142, su pra, where absent justification, a three year delay warranted dismissal for lack of prosecution, and A. Hirsh, Inc., supra (dismissal for 2 year delay).

In an attempt to now invigorate prosecution of this long dormant case in response to Washington’s motion to dismiss, current Government counsel (the fourth one assigned to this case by the Department) 3 represents to the court he recently discussed settlement with Washington’s counsel (which was unsuccessful), and the Government is now actively engaged in searching for relevant witnesses. Pltfs Mem. Opp. Motion to Dismiss, at 8, 18. The salutary policy favoring disposition of cases on the merits has not been overlooked, but notwithstanding the Government’s recent activity, denial of Washington’s motion and further delay would simply make Rule 41(b)(3) a sham and its purpose a mockery.

5.

WASHINGTON HAS BEEN PREJUDICED BY THE GOVERNMENT’S DELAY

In an action brought by the Government pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1592, the court has held “prejudice resulting from unreasonable delay may be presumed as a matter of law,” Dantzler Lumber & Export Co., 17 CIT at 1073, 833 F.Supp. at 931, citing Lyell Theatre Corp. v. Loews Corp., 682 F.2d 37, 43 (2d Cir.1982) (emphasis added). However, from the nine-year delay and other circumstances of this case, “no presumption is necessary; some prejudice to the defendant is obvious,” quoting from Dantzler, 17 CIT at 1073, 833 F.Supp. at 931. See also Moore v. Telfon Communications Corp., 589 F.2d 959, 967-68 (9th Cir.1978) (failure to prosecute diligently alone justifies dismissal, even if actual prejudice to defendant is not shown).

It has been held in the Ninth Circuit that “[although prejudice to defendants may be presumed from ‘unreasonable delay,’ * * * whether actual prejudice exists may be an important factor in deciding whether a given delay is ‘unreasonable’.” Citizens Utilities Co. v. Am. Tel. and Tel. Co., 595 F.2d 1171 (9th Cir.1979)(eited in Helpern, supra). However, here the nine-year period of unexplained and unjustified inaction is prima facie “unreasonable.” Plaintiffs unreasonable delay and defendant’s actual prejudice are inextricably intertwined. See Nealey v. Transportacion Maritima Mexicana, S.A., 662 F.2d 1275, 1280 (9th Cir.1980) (“the longer the delay, the more likely prejudice becomes.”). Unlike cases where the duration of the delay is only moderate or excusable, and lack of actual prejudice on the part of defendant may become relevant in the exercise of the court’s discretion, see Messenger v. United States, 231 F.2d 328, 330-31 (2d Cir.1956) (operative condition of federal rule for dismissal for lack of diligence in prosecution is lack of diligence by plaintiff and not prejudice to defendant). The delay here is inexplicable and extraordinary in duration. At some point on a time-continuum, unreasonable delay and lack of due diligence in prosecution of a case alone reaches a point where dismissal is compelling; indeed, whether or not there is showing of actual prejudice to a defendant, in the management of its business, the court too is an intended beneficiary of the remedy of dismissal for plaintiffs failure to exercise diligence in prosecution under Rule 41(b)(3). See Kurz, 55 C.C.P.A. at 110, 396 F.2d at 1016, quoting Sweeney v. Anderson, 129 F.2d 756 (10th Cir.1942).

Thus, a case in point is Silver Reed America, Inc. v. United States, 5 CIT 279, 565 F.Supp. 1047 (1983), wherein an issue before the court was whether it was within the court’s discretion to dismiss a case for lack of prosecution on the sole basis of delay, e.g., without a showing of actual prejudice to defendant. Judge Newman held there is no doubt that the Court does have such discretion, but the court must be persuaded to exercise that discretion. Continuing, the court observed that “[wjhile the above cases demonstrate that, in an appropriate situation, the court will, without more dismiss upon a showing of unreasonable delay in proceeding,” the court found dismissal unwarranted in Silver Reed where a two-year delay was largely justified by expectation that a controlling decision in a pending appellate court case, in which plaintiff and intervener were parties, could render the action in Silver Reed moot, and plaintiffs had already filed a dispositive motion under Rule 56.1. 5 CIT at 281, 565 F.Supp. at 1048 (emphasis added). 4

The circumstances here are easily distinguishable from those in Silver Reed, wherein the court exercised its discretion to deny the motion to dismiss. Here, there was a nine-year period of complete inactivity — which alone is completely distinguishable from Silver Reed’s two-year delay; here, unlike Silver Reed, justification for the delay or excusable neglect by the Government is totally nonexistent; and here, unlike Silver Reed, the Government has not filed a dispositive motion.

The Government argues that Washington’s claimed loss of exculpatory evidence, if any, can only be related to events that had occurred prior to the commencement of this action in 1986, 5 and consequently, Washington’s asserted prejudicial loss of evidence has no causal nexus with the nine-year period of inactivity, 1990-99. This court must disagree.

Washington contends that it does not base its claim of actual prejudice upon any loss of evidence occurring prior to the commencement of this action. 6 Rather, Washington complains there can be no assurance that witnesses or other evidence that could refute the Government’s investigative evidence and the pertinent transactional business records are still available and that relevant witnesses are still available to interview, depose, or call to trial, or that the memories of still available witnesses to relevant events related to the 1981 entries have not faded. Certainly, the memories of the Customs personnel that investigated the 1981 entries and submitted investigative reports have faded over time, and whether or not they can be adequately refreshed as to the events which transpired eighteen years ago, or even earlier, by the still available documentation is purely speculative.

6.

THE GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE PARTY PLAINTIFFS ARE TREATED THE SAME UNDER RULE 41(b)(3) FOR FAILURE TO PROSECUTE

The court, of course, recognizes that in this case the plaintiff is the Government. The court has considered plaintiffs contention that since this is a section 1592(d) action to enforce a so-called “public right,” the rationale articulated by the courts for limiting the equitable doctrines of estoppel and laches to the Government should also be applicable under Rule 41(b)(3). Such proposition is conceptually unsound and unsupported by any authority the Government has called to the court’s attention. It suffices here to state without elaboration that the rationale and objectives of not permitting a party to invoke against the Government either equitable estoppel, see New Zealand Lamb Co. v. United States, 149 F.3d 1366, 1368 (Fed.Cir.1998), or laches for delay in commencing an action, see United States v. Tabor, 9 CIT 233, 243, 608 F.Supp. 658, 666 (1985), are patently inapplicable to the policy underlying Rule 41(b)(3) for dismissing stale actions for failure of diligent prosecution after an action has been commenced. In short, Rule 41(b)(3) should be applied equally under the same principles whether the plaintiff is the Government suing to collect lost duties or an importer or other private party seeking a refund of duties or other action. The Government has called no authority to the court’s attention which supports the proposition that Governmental delay in prosecuting a duty collection case should be looked upon more liberally under Rule 41(b)(3) than failure to diligently prosecute by a private party plaintiff. Unreasonable delay has the same adverse impact on a defendant and the business of the court irrespective of who the plaintiff is, and a Government/private party distinction under Rule 41(b)(3) must be rejected as untenable.

7.

THE GOVERNMENT’S PROPOSED ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES ARE INADEQUATE

The Government argues that if the court finds that its nine-year delay in this case is sanctionable at all, it suggests that an appropriate alternative to dismissal under Rule 41(b)(3) would be the partial loss of pre-judgment interest for the period of delay (the Government suggests denial of prejudgment interest from January 4,1991 to April 1, 1999). The coui-t agrees with Washington that diminution of interest in this case to compensate for the period of delay is not a viable alternative to dismissal for lack of prosecution because, among other concerns, diminution of interest cannot rectify Washington’s prejudicial lost-opportunity to challenge the accuracy and veracity of the Government’s investigative evidence and obtain other exculpatory evidence that might have successfully defended this action and resulted completely in no recovery by the Government. Moreover, this court is convinced that permitting further delay in this case would simply postpone a trial indefinitely.

CONCLUSION

In summary, there is a clear record of failure of diligent prosecution and a total absence of excusable neglect by the Government that can be adequately addressed only by the remedy provided by Rule 41(b)(3). For all the reasons discussed in this opinion, Washington’s motion to dismiss is hereby granted, and judgment will be entered accordingly.

Plaintiffs motion to strike the affirmative defenses asserted by Washington is hereby denied as moot.

JUDGMENT OF DISMISSAL

Defendant Washington International Insurance Company has moved for dismissal of this action for failure of diligent prosecution by plaintiff, the United States, pursuant to United States Court of International Trade Rule 41(b)(3). After deliberation, the court has rendered an opinion; now, in conformity with that opinion,

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED: that defendant Washington’s motion to dismiss for lack of prosecution be, and hereby is, granted, and this action is hereby DISMISSED.

1 . While the calculation and amount of interest are not an issue in this proceeding, the court observes with respect to stated amount in controversy, that due to the fact the subject entries and alleged lost duties claimed by plaintiff go back to the year 1981, and after intervening developments suit was filed in 1986, due to the element of time Washington's has a potential prejudgment interest liability under its entry bonds already in the hundreds of thousands of dollars that may well substantially exceed the duty liability of $416,639.26 sought by plaintiff.

2 . Washington also correctly contends that its cross-claims for reimbursement and indemnification against its co-defendants remain contingent upon the Government establishing Washington's liability under § 1592(d) as surety on the entry bonds. A duly liability ol a surety pursuant to § 1592(d) may be established in action against the surety by proof that the importer violated § 1592(a). See Blum, 858 F.2d at 1569. Section 1592(a) imposes liability on one who enters merchandise by means of any document that is material and false. 19 U.S.C. § 1592(a)(1). If plaintiff were to establish Washington’s asserted § 1592(d) liability for the alleged lost duties, then Washington would automatically become entitled to recover under its cross-claim for indemnification by its co-defendants for Washington’s payment of lost duties to the Government as surety under the bonds. However, Washington’s failure to pursue discovery against the Government or prosecute its cross-claims during the period of the Government's delay in prosecuting the principal action is irrelevant to whether the action should be dismissed for the Government’s failure to prosecute.

3 . Apparently offered as an excuse for the nine-year delay, the Government alludes in its memorandum to several changes of counsel assigned to the case at the Department of Justice over the period of inaction. Four changes of attorneys at the Department are not surprising considering a nine-year period and normal rates of turnover in personnel. Thus, it is more likely that the nine-year delay contributed to the necessity to change assigned counsel, and such changes in themselves did not cause the delay.

4 . The government’s motion of May 9, 1999, is nondispositive and thus is in no way compa-rabie to the Rule 56.1 motion filed in Silver Reed.

5 . As noted in the background facts, when this action was commenced in 1986, Rubinstein had left the United States for Israel and the corporate defendants had long ceased doing business.

6 . Plaintiff considers the loss of evidence during the four and one-half year delay by the Government in filing this lawsuit to be an element of its equitable defense of laches, which defense is not relevant to Washington's motion under Rule 41(b)(3). Washington claims that plaintiff’s lack of prosecution of this action resulted in prejudicial loss of evidence after the action was commenced.