United States v. Rosado

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
• Decided: November 19, 2025
• Docket: 23-6563
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

23-6563 United States v. Rosado

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 19th day of November, two thousand twenty-five.

PRESENT:

JOHN M. WALKER, JR., SUSAN L. CARNEY, RICHARD J. SULLIVAN, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee,

v. No. 23-6563

LEONARDO HECTOR ROSADO, a.k.a. Caronte,

Defendant-Appellant. _____________________________________ For Defendant-Appellant: DANIEL S. NOBLE (Patricio G. Martínez Llompart, Chandini Jha, on the brief), Krieger Lewin LLP, New York, NY.

For Appellee: DANIEL E. CUMMINGS (Sandra S. Glover, on the brief), Assistant United States Attorneys, for Marc H. Silverman, Acting United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut, New Haven, CT.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District

of Connecticut (Alvin W. Thompson, Judge).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the May 25, 2023 judgment of the district

court is AFFIRMED.

Leonardo Hector Rosado appeals from a judgment of conviction following

a jury trial at which he was found guilty of two counts of possession with intent to

distribute 400 grams or more of fentanyl, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1),

(b)(1)(A)(vi), and one count of possession with intent to distribute 500 grams or

more of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(ii). The district

court sentenced Rosado to 170 months’ imprisonment on each of the three counts,

to be served concurrently, and five years of supervised release. On appeal,

Rosado challenges the district court’s decision to try him in absentia after he

2 refused to appear for trial. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the

underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal.

We review for plain error the district court’s decision to proceed to trial in

Rosado’s absence because Rosado did not “preserve [the] issue below by

objecting.” United States v. Salim, 690 F.3d 115, 124 (2d Cir. 2012); see also United

States v. Leroux, 36 F.4th 115, 121 (2d Cir. 2022). To obtain a vacatur, then, Rosado

must demonstrate that “(1) there is an error; (2) the error is clear or obvious, rather

than subject to reasonable dispute; (3) the error affected [his] substantial rights . . . ;

and (4) the error seriously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of

judicial proceedings.” United States v. Marcus, 560 U.S. 258, 262 (2010) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

A defendant’s waiver of his right to be present at his criminal trial “is not to

be presumed.” United States v. Yannai, 791 F.3d 226, 239 (2d Cir. 2015). First, the

district court must find that the defendant’s waiver was “both ‘knowing’ and

’voluntary.’” United States v. Fontanez, 878 F.2d 33, 36 (2d Cir. 1989) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Based on the record before us, we see no error − much

less a “clear or obvious” one, Marcus, 560 U.S. at 262 – in the district court’s finding

3 that Rosado “knowingly and voluntarily” waived his right to be present at trial.

Leroux, 36 F.4th at 121.

Rosado does not dispute that he refused to leave his cell at the Wyatt

Detention Center on February 16, 2023. He likewise concedes that he refused to

comply with the district court’s order that he appear for a video conference later

that day to address the reasons for his non-appearance in court. The next day,

Rosado yet again refused to “willingly” go to court, Def. App’x at 135, thus

requiring Wyatt corrections officers to employ reasonable force – pursuant to the

district court’s use-of-force order entered the day before – to remove Rosado from

his cell so that he could be transported to the courthouse. Compare id. (“Mr.

Rosado laid down on the floor of his cell and refused to get up. The[ officers] then

needed to use the force order.”), with id. at 124 (“Your Honor, I spoke to Mr.

Rosado this morning. His wishes are that he doesn’t even want to come into the

courtroom to appear before Your Honor. I informed him that that’s not a decision

that he has.”). It is well established that “a defendant can waive his right to be

present at trial expressly or by voluntarily failing to appear,” and we have

“explicitly repudiated a rule . . . that would require a defendant’s personal

statement in court to bring about a constitutionally valid waiver of his right to be

4 present.” Clark v. Stinson, 214 F.3d 315, 323–24 (2d Cir. 2000); see also Polizzi v.

United States, 926 F.2d 1311, 1322 (2d Cir. 1991). Indeed, the Supreme Court has

held that “the defendant’s initial presence” at the start of his trial “serves to assure

that any waiver is indeed knowing.” Crosby v. United States, 506 U.S. 255, 261

(1993). Because Rosado “attend[ed] jury selection and then disappear[ed] for the

remainder of his trial,” Rosado Br. at 46, it cannot be said that Rosado – knowing

that the “judge, jury, witnesses and lawyers [we]re present and ready to continue

– would not know that as a consequence the trial could continue in his absence.”

Crosby, 506 U.S. at 262 (quoting Taylor v. United States, 414 U.S. 17, 20 (1973)).

But the record is even more compelling than that. After the district court

issued a force order directing United States Marshals to physically compel Rosado

to appear in court, Rosado expressly stated: “I don’t want a trial. . . . [T]hat’s

why I came here[,] to put it on the record.” Def. App’x at 128; see also id. (“I’m not

in agreement with anything that has to do with this trial, so if you want to have it

without me, that’s fine.”). When the district court attempted to explain the

consequences of that decision, including that it would mean the waiver of

Rosado’s right to testify at trial, Rosado made clear that he understood what he

5 was doing. See id. at 133 (“Me not wanting to be at the trial is the same as not

wanting to testify.”).

Rosado now contends for the first time on appeal that the district court erred

in finding that his waiver was voluntary because it failed to follow up on Rosado’s

“repeated claims of physical mistreatment.” Reply Br. at 9. Rosado argues that

this case therefore resembles Salim, in which the defendant’s “waiver allegedly

resulted from fears of intimidation and physical abuse” by correctional officers.

690 F.3d at 121, 123 (emphasis added). But unlike the defendant in Salim, Rosado

has never suggested (either below or now on appeal) that his alleged mistreatment

was aimed at coercing him to absent himself from his trial. To the contrary,

Rosado concedes that he “told the court that he believed he was being punished

for exercising his right not to appear in court.” Rosado Br. at 37 (emphasis

added); see also Def. App’x at 130 (“I don’t understand what the reason was for

putting me in a punishment cell just because I didn’t want to appear for a trial.”

(emphasis added)). There is thus no question that he “chose of his own volition”

not to attend his trial. United States v. Nichols, 56 F.3d 403, 416 (2d Cir. 1995).

Rosado also argues that “the district court clearly erred in finding that [his]

waiver was knowing” because the “court failed to determine whether [he]

6 (mistakenly) believed (1) that it was possible the Second Circuit was going to

intervene and halt his trial in order to take up the various issues that Mr. Rosado

had raised in his pro se pretrial motions or (2) that any trial that went forward with

his motion still pending would not be legitimate and would have no legal effect.”

Rosado Br. at 31–32. Although the district court must “ensure that the defendant

knows that he has the opportunity to attend and knows the ramifications of his

choices,” Nichols, 56 F.3d at 417, it is not obligated to address every possible

misapprehension he may have, particularly when the defendant is represented by

counsel, see Polizzi, 926 F.2d at 1323 (“[T]he court is not under an obligation to be

sure the defendant is aware of all possible alternatives [to waiver] before granting

the defendant’s request [to be tried in absentia].” (internal quotation marks

omitted)). We therefore remain satisfied that Rosado’s waiver of physical

presence was done knowingly and intelligently.

In sum, the record more than amply supports the district court’s conclusion

that Rosado “underst[ood] the significance and consequences” of waiving his right

to be present and that his “decision [wa]s uncoerced.” Nichols, 56 F.3d 403, 417

(internal quotation marks omitted). Consequently, we have little difficulty

concluding that the district court did not err in accepting Rosado’s waiver.

7 Second, to proceed in the defendant’s absence, the district court – after

“properly concluding that the right to be present has been waived by the

defendant” – must also find that “there was on balance a controlling public interest

to continue the trial in the defendant's absence.” United States v. Tureseo, 566 F.3d

77, 84 (2d Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). This Court has held that

it is in the public interest to “avoid[] inconvenience to assembled jurors and

witnesses and the delay of other cases on the court’s docket,” to “prevent[]

contumacious defendants from dictating the conduct of their trials,” Nichols, 56

F.3d at 418, and to “speedily” “see[] the accused brought to trial,” United States v.

Pastor, 557 F.2d 930, 934 (2d Cir. 1977). The district court addressed each of these

factors when explaining its conclusion that trying Rosado in absentia was in the

public interest, and the record plainly supports its conclusion. The court thus did

not err in proceeding to trial.

8 * * *

We have considered Rosado’s remaining arguments and find them to be

without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court