[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________ FILED U.S. COURT OF APPEALS ELEVENTH CIRCUIT No. 04-16403 December 5, 2005 Non-Argument Calendar THOMAS K. KAHN ________________________ CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 04-00051-CR-T-17-EAJ
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
RONALD DUVALL,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida _________________________ (December 5, 2005)
Before TJOFLAT, BLACK and CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Ronald Duvall appeals his conviction and sentence for theft of government property, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 641. Duvall appeals on three grounds,
asserting the district court: (1) erred by denying his motion for judgment of
acquittal; (2) erred by submitting sentencing factors to the jury; and (3) sentenced
him based on facts not pled in the indictment or proven to a jury beyond a
reasonable doubt, thus violating Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004),
and United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). We affirm Duvall’s
conviction, but vacate his sentence and remand for resentencing.
I. DISCUSSION
A. Motion for Judgment of Acquittal
First, Duvall asserts the district court erred in denying his motion for a
judgment of acquittal because he should not have been penalized for relying upon
the diagnoses of the doctors which enabled him to received benefits from the
Veteran’s Administration (VA). We review
[q]uestions about the sufficiency of the evidence produced at trial . . . de novo. We must view all evidence in the light most favorable to the United States, with all reasonable inferences drawn in its favor. To uphold the district court’s denial of the motion for judgment of acquittal and the jury’s verdict, we need only find that a reasonable fact finder could have concluded that the evidence established the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
United States v. Fallen, 256 F.3d 1082, 1087 (11th Cir. 2001) (citations omitted).
“It is not necessary that the evidence exclude every reasonable hypothesis of
2 innocence or be wholly inconsistent with every conclusion except that of guilt,
provided that a reasonable trier of fact could find that the evidence established guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt. A jury is free to choose among the constructions of the
evidence.” United States v. Calderon, 127 F.3d 1314, 1324 (11th Cir. 1997),
holding modified on other grounds, United States v. Toler, 144 F.3d 1423 (11th
Cir. 1998). “Credibility determinations are the exclusive province of the jury.” Id.
at 1325 (quotation omitted).
For testimony of a government witness to be incredible as a matter of law, it must be unbelievable on its face. It must be testimony as to facts that [the witness] physically could not have possibly observed or events that could not have occurred under the laws of nature. Further, the fact that [the witness] has consistently lied in the past, engaged in various criminal activities, [and] thought that his testimony would benefit him does not make his testimony incredible.
Id. (citations and quotations omitted).
“Whoever embezzles, steals, purloins, or knowingly converts to his use or
the use of another, or without authority, sells, conveys or disposes of any . . . thing
of value of the United States or of any department or agency thereof . . . Shall be
fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 641. The elements of this offense include: (1) the property at issue belongs to
the United States, (2) the defendant fraudulently appropriated the property to his
own use, and (3) the defendant did so knowingly and willfully with the intent to
3 permanently or temporarily deprive the owner of the property. United States v.
McRee, 7 F.3d 976, 980 (11th Cir. 1993) (citations omitted).
The money paid by the VA belonged to the United States. The VA had
intended the funds it paid to Duvall to be paid to a blind veteran. Duvall received
the money because he maintained he was virtually blind. However, the jury heard
evidence of physicians who had recently evaluated Duvall and found no physical
reason for his poor vision. Further, there were no suspected conditions or diseases
which could account for the nature of his vision loss or its severity. The jury also
heard evidence of Duvall performing tasks an ordinary individual with poor vision
could not do. These included: reading, writing, measuring, painting, installing
drywall, laying tile, playing pool, critiquing a haircut, drawing a picture, building a
porch, and even driving speeds up to 82 miles per hour. No witnesses admitted to
witnessing Duvall’s method of scanning by moving his head to utilize his
peripheral vision. Thus, Duvall’s retention of the money, despite the fact his
actions showed he was not in fact blind constituted criminal conversion. He was
not entitled to those funds, regardless of how he came into possession of them.
Accordingly, we affirm on this issue.
B. Sentencing Factors
4 Next, Duvall contends the district court erred by allowing sentencing factors,
such as the amount of the Government’s loss and whether the scheme required
more than minimal planning, to be pled in the indictment and submitted to the jury.
We review a denial of a motion to dismiss an indictment for abuse of discretion.
United States v. Waldon, 363 F.3d 1103, 1108 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct.
208 (2004). A district court’s refusal to give a requested instruction is also
reviewed for abuse of discretion. United States v. Futrell, 209 F.3d 1286, 1288
(11th Cir. 2000).
“Special verdicts in criminal jury trials are generally disfavored.” United
States v. Griffin, 705 F.2d 434, 437 (11th Cir. 1983). However, “special verdicts
are appropriate in addressing sentencing matters.” United States v. Clay, 355 F.3d
1281, 1285 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct. 626 (2004) (citation omitted). In
Clay, the district court did not err in employing a special verdict to determine the
drug amount and applicability of a mandatory minimum sentence in accordance
with Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S. Ct. 2348 (2000). Clay, 355 F.3d at 1285.
Although Booker notes the submission of sentencing factors to the jury
would be burdensome, 125 S. Ct. at 755–56, it does not prohibit such a measure.
As Blakely cast doubt on the constitutionality of the Guidelines as applied, and the
sentencing allegations required no more proof than that which would already be
5 submitted to the jury at trial, the district court did not abuse its discretion in not
dismissing the indictment for its inclusion of the allegations, and instructing the
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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________ FILED U.S. COURT OF APPEALS ELEVENTH CIRCUIT No. 04-16403 December 5, 2005 Non-Argument Calendar THOMAS K. KAHN ________________________ CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 04-00051-CR-T-17-EAJ
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
RONALD DUVALL,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida _________________________ (December 5, 2005)
Before TJOFLAT, BLACK and CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Ronald Duvall appeals his conviction and sentence for theft of government property, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 641. Duvall appeals on three grounds,
asserting the district court: (1) erred by denying his motion for judgment of
acquittal; (2) erred by submitting sentencing factors to the jury; and (3) sentenced
him based on facts not pled in the indictment or proven to a jury beyond a
reasonable doubt, thus violating Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004),
and United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). We affirm Duvall’s
conviction, but vacate his sentence and remand for resentencing.
I. DISCUSSION
A. Motion for Judgment of Acquittal
First, Duvall asserts the district court erred in denying his motion for a
judgment of acquittal because he should not have been penalized for relying upon
the diagnoses of the doctors which enabled him to received benefits from the
Veteran’s Administration (VA). We review
[q]uestions about the sufficiency of the evidence produced at trial . . . de novo. We must view all evidence in the light most favorable to the United States, with all reasonable inferences drawn in its favor. To uphold the district court’s denial of the motion for judgment of acquittal and the jury’s verdict, we need only find that a reasonable fact finder could have concluded that the evidence established the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
United States v. Fallen, 256 F.3d 1082, 1087 (11th Cir. 2001) (citations omitted).
“It is not necessary that the evidence exclude every reasonable hypothesis of
2 innocence or be wholly inconsistent with every conclusion except that of guilt,
provided that a reasonable trier of fact could find that the evidence established guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt. A jury is free to choose among the constructions of the
evidence.” United States v. Calderon, 127 F.3d 1314, 1324 (11th Cir. 1997),
holding modified on other grounds, United States v. Toler, 144 F.3d 1423 (11th
Cir. 1998). “Credibility determinations are the exclusive province of the jury.” Id.
at 1325 (quotation omitted).
For testimony of a government witness to be incredible as a matter of law, it must be unbelievable on its face. It must be testimony as to facts that [the witness] physically could not have possibly observed or events that could not have occurred under the laws of nature. Further, the fact that [the witness] has consistently lied in the past, engaged in various criminal activities, [and] thought that his testimony would benefit him does not make his testimony incredible.
Id. (citations and quotations omitted).
“Whoever embezzles, steals, purloins, or knowingly converts to his use or
the use of another, or without authority, sells, conveys or disposes of any . . . thing
of value of the United States or of any department or agency thereof . . . Shall be
fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 641. The elements of this offense include: (1) the property at issue belongs to
the United States, (2) the defendant fraudulently appropriated the property to his
own use, and (3) the defendant did so knowingly and willfully with the intent to
3 permanently or temporarily deprive the owner of the property. United States v.
McRee, 7 F.3d 976, 980 (11th Cir. 1993) (citations omitted).
The money paid by the VA belonged to the United States. The VA had
intended the funds it paid to Duvall to be paid to a blind veteran. Duvall received
the money because he maintained he was virtually blind. However, the jury heard
evidence of physicians who had recently evaluated Duvall and found no physical
reason for his poor vision. Further, there were no suspected conditions or diseases
which could account for the nature of his vision loss or its severity. The jury also
heard evidence of Duvall performing tasks an ordinary individual with poor vision
could not do. These included: reading, writing, measuring, painting, installing
drywall, laying tile, playing pool, critiquing a haircut, drawing a picture, building a
porch, and even driving speeds up to 82 miles per hour. No witnesses admitted to
witnessing Duvall’s method of scanning by moving his head to utilize his
peripheral vision. Thus, Duvall’s retention of the money, despite the fact his
actions showed he was not in fact blind constituted criminal conversion. He was
not entitled to those funds, regardless of how he came into possession of them.
Accordingly, we affirm on this issue.
B. Sentencing Factors
4 Next, Duvall contends the district court erred by allowing sentencing factors,
such as the amount of the Government’s loss and whether the scheme required
more than minimal planning, to be pled in the indictment and submitted to the jury.
We review a denial of a motion to dismiss an indictment for abuse of discretion.
United States v. Waldon, 363 F.3d 1103, 1108 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct.
208 (2004). A district court’s refusal to give a requested instruction is also
reviewed for abuse of discretion. United States v. Futrell, 209 F.3d 1286, 1288
(11th Cir. 2000).
“Special verdicts in criminal jury trials are generally disfavored.” United
States v. Griffin, 705 F.2d 434, 437 (11th Cir. 1983). However, “special verdicts
are appropriate in addressing sentencing matters.” United States v. Clay, 355 F.3d
1281, 1285 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct. 626 (2004) (citation omitted). In
Clay, the district court did not err in employing a special verdict to determine the
drug amount and applicability of a mandatory minimum sentence in accordance
with Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S. Ct. 2348 (2000). Clay, 355 F.3d at 1285.
Although Booker notes the submission of sentencing factors to the jury
would be burdensome, 125 S. Ct. at 755–56, it does not prohibit such a measure.
As Blakely cast doubt on the constitutionality of the Guidelines as applied, and the
sentencing allegations required no more proof than that which would already be
5 submitted to the jury at trial, the district court did not abuse its discretion in not
dismissing the indictment for its inclusion of the allegations, and instructing the
jury on such findings. Accordingly, we affirm on this issue.
C. Sentencing
Lastly, Duvall asserts the district court erred in sentencing him to 30
months’ imprisonment for the losses proved to the jury, and 37 months’
imprisonment for the losses found at the sentencing hearing. Because Duvall
raised his Booker objection to the district court’s application of the Sentencing
Guidelines at his sentencing, we review the issue de novo, and reverse “only if any
error was harmful.” United States v. Paz, 405 F.3d 946, 948 (11th Cir. 2005). We
have clarified there are two types of error under Booker: (1) constitutional error
based upon sentencing enhancements imposed under a mandatory Guidelines
system neither admitted by the defendant nor submitted to a jury and proven
beyond a reasonable doubt; and (2) statutory error based upon sentencing under a
mandatory Guidelines system. United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325, 1329–30
(11th Cir. 2005). In order to find a constitutional error harmless, we must find
beyond a reasonable doubt the error complained of did not contribute to the
sentence obtained. Paz, 405 F.3d at 948.
6 Duvall was sentenced post-Blakely, but pre-Booker. The district judge
sentenced Duvall to both a “Blakely” sentence and a “Guidelines” sentence. The
Blakely sentence was based solely on the jury’s verdict. At trial, the jury found
beyond a reasonable doubt that Duvall was responsible for at least $200,000 in
losses and the crime involved more than minimal planning. The base offense level
for a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 641 is 4. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1.1 The district court may
increase the base offense level by 10 if the amount taken from the government is
greater than $200,000. Id. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(K). The district court may also increase
the base offense level by two on a finding the crime involved more than minimal
planning. Id. § 2B1.1(b)(4)(A). Based on Duvall’s criminal history category of II,
Duvall’s total base offense level based solely on the jury’s verdict was 16, with a
sentencing range of 24 to 30 months’ imprisonment. Thus, the district judge
sentenced Duvall to 30 months’ imprisonment using this calculation.
The PSI, however, stated Duvall was responsible for at $500,000 in losses.
The district court may increase the base offense level by 12 if the amount taken
from the government is greater than $500,000. Id. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(M). The district
judge found, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Duvall was responsible for
at least $500,000 in losses. Thus, under his “Guidelines” sentence, Duvall’s total
1 Duvall’s offense level was calculated under the November 2000 edition of the Sentencing Guidelines. All citations to the Guidelines are to the November 2000 edition.
7 base offense level was 18. With a criminal history category of II, Duvall’s
sentencing range was 30 to 37 months’ imprisonment under the Guidelines. The
district judge imposed an alternative sentence of 37 months’ imprisonment using
this calculation.
Duvall’s 30-month sentence was enhanced as a result of facts that were
proven beyond a reasonable doubt to a jury, thus, no constitutional error under
Booker is present. However, because Duvall’s 37-month sentence was enhanced as
a result of facts that were not proven beyond a reasonable doubt to a jury under a
mandatory Guidelines system, constitutional error under Booker occurred. See
Rodriguez, 398 F.3d at 1298. As constitutional error is present in the 37-month
sentence, the burden shifts to the Government to show, beyond a reasonable doubt,
the error did not contribute to the sentence received. The Government argues there
is no error with respect to the 37-month sentence, thus it has not met its burden of
showing the error was harmless. Further, the Government concedes remand is
necessary as the judgment contains two different sentences and creates a likelihood
of confusion at the Bureau of Prisons. Accordingly, we vacate Duvall’s sentence
and remand for resentencing.
8 II. CONCLUSION
The district court did not err in denying Duvall’s motion for judgment of
acquittal or abuse its discretion by submitting sentencing factors to the jury. The
Government did not meet its burden, however, of showing the constitutional error
in Duvall’s sentence was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, we affirm
Duvall’s conviction, but vacate his sentence and remand for resentencing light of
Booker. We note the district court correctly calculated Duvall’s Guidelines range
of 30 to 37 months’ imprisonment. See United States v. Crawford, 407 F.3d 1174,
1178–79 (11th Cir. 2005) (stating after Booker, district courts must consult the
Guidelines and “[t]his consultation requirement, at a minimum, obliges the district
court to calculate correctly the sentencing range prescribed by the Guidelines”).
Thus, on remand the district court is required to sentence Duvall according to
Booker, considering the Guidelines advisory range of 30 to 37 months’
imprisonment, and “other statutory concerns as well, see [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a)
(Supp. 2004).” Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 757.2
CONVICTION AFFIRMED, SENTENCE VACATED AND REMANDED.
2 We do not mean to suggest by our holding that the district court must impose any particular sentence on remand. Rather, we merely hold the Government did not meet its burden of showing the constitutional error under Booker was harmless. We also do not attempt to decide now whether a particular sentence might be reasonable in this case.