United States v. Robert L. Rothrock

20 F.3d 709, 1994 U.S. App. LEXIS 5983, 1994 WL 103062
CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedMarch 30, 1994
Docket92-4149
StatusPublished
Cited by23 cases

This text of 20 F.3d 709 (United States v. Robert L. Rothrock) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Robert L. Rothrock, 20 F.3d 709, 1994 U.S. App. LEXIS 5983, 1994 WL 103062 (7th Cir. 1994).

Opinion

FLOYD R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.

Robert Rothrock appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to dismiss for violation of the Speedy Trial Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3161 et seq. (1988), and the speedy trial protections of the Sixth Amendment. He also appeals the court’s denial of his motion to withdraw his guilty plea due to ineffective assistance of counsel. We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Rothrock was arrested on November 7, 1990, for distributing a controlled substance and was detained throughout all subsequent proceedings related to his arrest. On December 11, the government filed an information charging him with one count of distributing phenylcyclohexylethylnamine (PCE) and one count seeking forfeiture of his home. Arraignment was to take place that same day, but the matter was continued until January 14, 1991, upon the motion of both parties. On January 14, both parties asked for another continuance, and the matter was continued to February 7. On both occasions, Rothrock joined the government’s request *711 that the time be excluded under the Speedy Trial Act.

On February 7, Rothrock was arraigned and he plead not guilty to the charges. On February 25, Rothrock waived indictment, and a plea hearing was set for April 2. At the hearing, a plea agreement was filed, and sentencing hearings were held on November 27 and December 17. On July 16, 1992, Rothrock filed pro se motions to dismiss for violations of due process and the Speedy Trial Act. A hearing was held one week later, and the court denied both motions the day after the hearing. Rothrock then requested, and was granted, a continuance so he could file additional motions. These motions were denied on December 14.

Meanwhile, on September 14, Rothrock filed a motion to have his retained counsel withdraw, which was granted on September 17. On December 11, Rothrock’s new attorney filed a motion to withdraw Rothrock’s plea based on ineffective assistance of counsel. The motion was denied on December 14, and Rothrock was sentenced on that day to a term of sixty-three months of imprisonment. Rothrock appeals.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Speedy Trial Act

The Speedy Trial Act (“the Act”) required that Rothrock’s trial begin within seventy days of the filing of the information. 18 U.S.C. § 8161(c)(1) (1988). However, certain periods of time are excluded from the seventy-day calculation. See id. at § 3161(h). If the period of time covered by both continuances is excluded, the Act would not have been violated because there would have been only 54 days of non-excludable time between the filing of the information and Rothroek’s guilty plea. On the other hand, if the time covered by either the first continuance (thirty-four days) or the second continuance (twenty-four days) was non-excludable under the Act, the seventy-day requirement would have been violated.

In granting the continuances, the district court relied on 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(8)(A), which excludes any delay caused by a continuance when “the judge granted such continuance on the basis of his findings that the ends of justice served by taking such action outweigh the best interest of the public and the defendant in a speedy trial.” The government contends the district court made the required findings based on Rothrock’s desire to test the drug. Rothrock does not deny that the court made the appropriate findings, but contends the continuances were granted because plea negotiations were taking place and that this is an improper reason to exclude time under § 3161(h)(8).

After reading the transcripts, we would tend to agree with the government. However, we find it much easier to affirm the district court based on the fact that Rothrock joined the government in requesting the continuances. A defendant cannot obtain a continuance, request that the time be excluded for the Act’s purposes; and then count that time in a speedy trial motion. United States v. Culp, 7 F.3d 613, 617 (7th Cir.1993); United States v. Kucik, 909 F.2d 206, 211 (7th Cir.1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1070, 111 S.Ct. 791, 112 L.Ed.2d 853 (1991). Accordingly, we hold that the delay caused by the continuances was excludable from the seventy-day calculation and that therefore the Act was not violated.

B. Sixth Amendment

Rothrock contends the twenty month delay between the entry of his guilty plea and sentencing violated his Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial. 1 Assuming, without deciding, that the speedy trial right applies to sentencing proceedings, see United States v. Melody, 863 F.2d 499, 504-05 (7th Cir.1988), we hold that Rothrock’s rights were not violated in this case.

The right to a speedy trial is a vague concept, incapable of precise evaluation. Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 521, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 2187, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972). In determining whether the right has been violated, *712 we start by examining the length of delay; “[u]ntil there is some delay which is presumptively prejudicial, there is no necessity for inquiry into the other factors that go into the balance.... [T]he length of delay that will provoke such an inquiry is necessarily dependent upon the peculiar circumstances of the case.” Id. at 530-31, 92 S.Ct. at 2192. (footnote omitted). Once a sufficient delay has been identified, the reason for the delay must be examined and the defendant’s assertion of the right is considered. Id. at 531, 92 S.Ct. at 2192. Finally, we determine whether the defendant has been prejudiced. Prejudice is gauged by considering the interests the right is designed to protect: “(i) to prevent oppressive pretrial incarceration; (ii) to minimize anxiety and concern of the accused; and (iii) to limit the possibility that defense will be impaired.” Id. at 532, 92 S.Ct. at 2193 (footnote omitted). 2

As noted earlier, the length of time between Rothrock’s guilty plea and his sentencing was approximately twenty months. We will not detail the entire sequence of events that followed Rothroek’s guilty plea. We simply note that the bulk of the delay was caused by the extraordinary difficulty in figuring out how to sentence Rothrock given that the Sentencing Guidelines made no provision for PCE. Resolution of this difficult legal issue was postponed by Rothrock’s request for continuances in order to allow him to file objections to the prersentence report.

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Bluebook (online)
20 F.3d 709, 1994 U.S. App. LEXIS 5983, 1994 WL 103062, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-robert-l-rothrock-ca7-1994.