17-2112-cr United States v. Richards UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and this court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a document filed with this court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.
At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, at 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 13th day of March, two thousand nineteen.
Present: ROBERT A. KATZMANN, Chief Judge, CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY, RICHARD J. SULLIVAN, Circuit Judges. ________________________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. No. 17-2112-cr
ERROL CLIFF RICHARDS, AKA RICHARD,
Defendant-Appellant,
RONALD MOHAMMED NOERAN BADLOE, AKA ROY, Defendant. ____________________________________________
For Defendant-Appellant: AMY ADELSON (Daniela Elliott, on the brief), Law Offices of Amy Adelson LLC, New York, New York.
For Appellee: EMIL BOVE, Michael D. Lockard, Sarah K. Eddy, Assistant United States Attorneys, for Geoffrey S. Berman, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New York, New York. Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New
York (Stein, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Errol Cliff Richards appeals from a judgment of the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York (Stein, J.) entered July 6, 2017, following a guilty plea,
sentencing him principally to 120 months’ imprisonment. On appeal, Richards argues that the
district court erred in denying his motion to withdraw his guilty plea under Federal Rule of
Criminal Procedure 11(d)(2)(B). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the
procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
“The standard for withdrawing a guilty plea is stringent.” United States v. Rose, 891 F.3d
82, 85 (2d Cir. 2018).1 “[A] defendant may withdraw a plea of guilty after it is accepted, but
before sentencing, only if the defendant can show a ‘fair and just reason for requesting the
withdrawal.’” United States v. Rivernider, 828 F.3d 91, 104 (2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Fed. R.
Crim. P. 11(d)(2)(B)). “To determine whether a defendant has met this burden, a court should
consider: (1) whether the defendant has asserted his or her legal innocence in the motion to
withdraw the guilty plea; (2) the amount of time that has elapsed between the plea and the
motion (the longer the elapsed time, the less likely withdrawal would be fair and just); and (3)
whether the government would be prejudiced by a withdrawal of the plea.” United States v.
Carreto, 583 F.3d 152, 157 (2d Cir. 2009). “Courts may also look to whether the defendant has
1 Unless otherwise indicated, all internal citations, quotation marks, and alterations are omitted.
2 raised a significant question about the voluntariness of the original plea.” United States v.
Schmidt, 373 F.3d 100, 103 (2d Cir. 2004).
“We review a district court’s denial of a motion to withdraw a plea for abuse of
discretion.” United States v. Arteca, 411 F.3d 315, 320 (2d Cir. 2005); see also United States v.
Gonzalez, 647 F.3d 41, 57 (2d Cir. 2011). “Adjudicative facts are . . . subject to the clearly-
erroneous standard of review. Whether the facts so found constitute a ‘fair and just reason’ for
the withdrawal of a plea and whether the district judge properly denied the motion to withdraw
the plea are mixed questions of law and fact, reviewed by us only for abuse of discretion.”
United States v. O’Hara, 960 F.2d 11, 13-14 (2d Cir. 1992). Similarly, a district court’s decision
to decide such a motion without a hearing is also reviewed for abuse of discretion. See United
States v. Doe, 537 F.3d 204, 213 (2d Cir. 2008).
First, although Richards asserted his legal innocence, his “bald statement[],” United
States v. Torres, 129 F.3d 710, 715 (2d Cir. 1997), that he is “not guilty of the offense to which
[he] pleaded guilty,” App. 108, is not a sufficient ground to withdraw the plea. “[W]holly
conclusory” “claims of innocence” give “no reason to disturb the strong presumption of verity
that attaches to . . . admissions of guilt at [a] plea allocution.” United States v. Hirsch, 239 F.3d
221, 225 (2d Cir. 2001). Richards argues that his admission of guilt during the plea allocution
should be discounted because he “read from a one paragraph statement his counsel prepared.”
Appellant Br. at 25. However, there is nothing inappropriate about the practice of a defendant
reading from a prepared statement, so long as the defendant confirms that the statement is
accurate and voluntarily adopts it. See, e.g., United States v. Felzenberg, 1998 WL 152569, at
*12-13 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 2, 1998) (Sotomayor, J.). Here, the magistrate judge conducting the plea
hearing specifically noted that Richards was reading from prepared notes and accordingly sought
3 to confirm with him that what he had read was accurate and complete. After confirmation by his
attorneys, Richard responded “Yes, ma’am,” and stated that he did not want to add anything else.
App. at 76-77. Richards’s motion included no allegations sufficient to overcome the presumption
that these sworn statements were true.2
Second, Richards did not raise a “significant question” about the voluntariness of his
plea. Richards contends that he pled guilty (i) under duress, and (ii) while his faculties were
diminished because of medication. With respect to duress, as the district court found, the record
shows that Richards understood what was at stake when he pled guilty. See App. at 57, 64
(testimony at plea allocution that he had reviewed the plea agreement and discussed it with his
attorney); App. at 159 (counsel recalled discussing plea agreement negotiations with Richards).
The district court did not err in rejecting Richards’s claim that he pled guilty because the
government had threatened to investigate his family, and was justified in crediting his counsel’s
sworn statement that he “d[id] not recall the government ever stating that it would ‘go after’
Richards’ family,” App. at 158, and Richards’s own sworn statement at the plea hearing that no
one had threatened or coerced him in any way to get him to plead guilty.
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17-2112-cr United States v. Richards UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and this court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a document filed with this court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.
At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, at 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 13th day of March, two thousand nineteen.
Present: ROBERT A. KATZMANN, Chief Judge, CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY, RICHARD J. SULLIVAN, Circuit Judges. ________________________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. No. 17-2112-cr
ERROL CLIFF RICHARDS, AKA RICHARD,
Defendant-Appellant,
RONALD MOHAMMED NOERAN BADLOE, AKA ROY, Defendant. ____________________________________________
For Defendant-Appellant: AMY ADELSON (Daniela Elliott, on the brief), Law Offices of Amy Adelson LLC, New York, New York.
For Appellee: EMIL BOVE, Michael D. Lockard, Sarah K. Eddy, Assistant United States Attorneys, for Geoffrey S. Berman, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New York, New York. Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New
York (Stein, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Errol Cliff Richards appeals from a judgment of the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York (Stein, J.) entered July 6, 2017, following a guilty plea,
sentencing him principally to 120 months’ imprisonment. On appeal, Richards argues that the
district court erred in denying his motion to withdraw his guilty plea under Federal Rule of
Criminal Procedure 11(d)(2)(B). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the
procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
“The standard for withdrawing a guilty plea is stringent.” United States v. Rose, 891 F.3d
82, 85 (2d Cir. 2018).1 “[A] defendant may withdraw a plea of guilty after it is accepted, but
before sentencing, only if the defendant can show a ‘fair and just reason for requesting the
withdrawal.’” United States v. Rivernider, 828 F.3d 91, 104 (2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Fed. R.
Crim. P. 11(d)(2)(B)). “To determine whether a defendant has met this burden, a court should
consider: (1) whether the defendant has asserted his or her legal innocence in the motion to
withdraw the guilty plea; (2) the amount of time that has elapsed between the plea and the
motion (the longer the elapsed time, the less likely withdrawal would be fair and just); and (3)
whether the government would be prejudiced by a withdrawal of the plea.” United States v.
Carreto, 583 F.3d 152, 157 (2d Cir. 2009). “Courts may also look to whether the defendant has
1 Unless otherwise indicated, all internal citations, quotation marks, and alterations are omitted.
2 raised a significant question about the voluntariness of the original plea.” United States v.
Schmidt, 373 F.3d 100, 103 (2d Cir. 2004).
“We review a district court’s denial of a motion to withdraw a plea for abuse of
discretion.” United States v. Arteca, 411 F.3d 315, 320 (2d Cir. 2005); see also United States v.
Gonzalez, 647 F.3d 41, 57 (2d Cir. 2011). “Adjudicative facts are . . . subject to the clearly-
erroneous standard of review. Whether the facts so found constitute a ‘fair and just reason’ for
the withdrawal of a plea and whether the district judge properly denied the motion to withdraw
the plea are mixed questions of law and fact, reviewed by us only for abuse of discretion.”
United States v. O’Hara, 960 F.2d 11, 13-14 (2d Cir. 1992). Similarly, a district court’s decision
to decide such a motion without a hearing is also reviewed for abuse of discretion. See United
States v. Doe, 537 F.3d 204, 213 (2d Cir. 2008).
First, although Richards asserted his legal innocence, his “bald statement[],” United
States v. Torres, 129 F.3d 710, 715 (2d Cir. 1997), that he is “not guilty of the offense to which
[he] pleaded guilty,” App. 108, is not a sufficient ground to withdraw the plea. “[W]holly
conclusory” “claims of innocence” give “no reason to disturb the strong presumption of verity
that attaches to . . . admissions of guilt at [a] plea allocution.” United States v. Hirsch, 239 F.3d
221, 225 (2d Cir. 2001). Richards argues that his admission of guilt during the plea allocution
should be discounted because he “read from a one paragraph statement his counsel prepared.”
Appellant Br. at 25. However, there is nothing inappropriate about the practice of a defendant
reading from a prepared statement, so long as the defendant confirms that the statement is
accurate and voluntarily adopts it. See, e.g., United States v. Felzenberg, 1998 WL 152569, at
*12-13 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 2, 1998) (Sotomayor, J.). Here, the magistrate judge conducting the plea
hearing specifically noted that Richards was reading from prepared notes and accordingly sought
3 to confirm with him that what he had read was accurate and complete. After confirmation by his
attorneys, Richard responded “Yes, ma’am,” and stated that he did not want to add anything else.
App. at 76-77. Richards’s motion included no allegations sufficient to overcome the presumption
that these sworn statements were true.2
Second, Richards did not raise a “significant question” about the voluntariness of his
plea. Richards contends that he pled guilty (i) under duress, and (ii) while his faculties were
diminished because of medication. With respect to duress, as the district court found, the record
shows that Richards understood what was at stake when he pled guilty. See App. at 57, 64
(testimony at plea allocution that he had reviewed the plea agreement and discussed it with his
attorney); App. at 159 (counsel recalled discussing plea agreement negotiations with Richards).
The district court did not err in rejecting Richards’s claim that he pled guilty because the
government had threatened to investigate his family, and was justified in crediting his counsel’s
sworn statement that he “d[id] not recall the government ever stating that it would ‘go after’
Richards’ family,” App. at 158, and Richards’s own sworn statement at the plea hearing that no
one had threatened or coerced him in any way to get him to plead guilty. Nor did the district
court err in rejecting Richards’s contention that “the government’s surprising, last-minute
production of a devastating motion in limine” on the morning of his guilty plea coerced him into
pleading guilty, Appellant Br. at 31, given that his counsel recalled that the motion in limine was
described to Richards at a proffer session the day before the plea and that Richards was
“nonplussed” by the description. App. at 158.
2 Richards also asks this Court to consider an affidavit he submitted pro se after the district court denied his motion, in which he explained why he was innocent in some detail. However, that submission was not before the district court when it resolved his motion and so we do not consider it. To the extent Richards believes that his counsel were ineffective in bringing his motion to withdraw his guilty plea, he may collaterally attack his conviction under 28 U.S.C. § 2255.
4 As for Richards’s mental state, Richards told the magistrate judge under oath that his
medication did not affect his ability to understand the proceedings and that he was “[v]ery
coherent.” App. at 56. As already noted, such sworn testimony “carries such a strong
presumption of accuracy that a district court does not, absent a substantial reason to find
otherwise, abuse its discretion in discrediting later self-serving and contradictory testimony as to
whether a plea was knowingly and intelligently made.” Rivernider, 828 F.3d at 105. Richards
provided the district court with no such reason.
Third, the district court’s conclusion that the timing of Richards’s motion did not weigh
heavily one way or the other, was not an abuse of discretion. Richards submitted a letter
promptly after his plea hearing stating that he had been made to plead guilty and that he wanted
an opportunity to “right these wrongs.” App. at 138. The district court quickly appointed new
counsel to represent Richards in connection with the claims in his letter, and Richards “agreed
that it would be worthwhile to provide [his new counsel] an opportunity to undertake a fresh
analysis of the evidence produced by the [g]overnment in his case before deciding on a course of
action,” notwithstanding his “stated desire to withdraw his plea.” App. at 200. Then, nearly a
year later, on June 7, 2016, the district court yet again appointed Richards new counsel, who
advised the court that Richards was “no longer wavering,” App. at 144, and filed the instant
motion a few weeks later. While the record could be read as indicating reluctance on the part of
Richards’s counsel to file a motion to withdraw, the district court’s conclusion that Richards
himself was indecisive was not clearly erroneous.3
3 Regardless, the timing of the motion “alone does not create a question as to the voluntariness” of a plea, United States v. Scott, 569 F. App’x 55, 57 (2d Cir. 2014) (summary order), and here no factor weighs in favor of granting Richards’s motion.
5 Fourth, because Richards “fail[ed] to show sufficient grounds to justify withdrawal of the
plea,” “the government need not demonstrate prejudice.” Torres, 129 F.3d at 715.
Finally, the district court did not err in declining to hold an evidentiary hearing before
deciding the motion. “A defendant is not entitled to an evidentiary hearing as a matter of right
whenever he seeks to withdraw his guilty plea.” United States v. Gonzalez, 970 F.2d 1095, 1100
(2d Cir. 1992). Instead, “the defendant must present some significant questions concerning the
voluntariness or general validity of the plea to justify an evidentiary hearing.” Id. For the reasons
already discussed, Richards did not present any significant questions concerning the
voluntariness or general validity of his plea.
We have considered all of Richards’s remaining contentions and have found in them no
basis for reversal. For the reasons stated herein, the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT: CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, CLERK