NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ____________
No. 17-1178 ____________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
RICARDO DONATE-CARDONA, Appellant
____________
On Appeal from the District Court of the Virgin Islands Division of St. Thomas and St. John (D.C. No. 3-15-cr-00041-003) District Judge: Honorable Curtis V. Gomez ____________
Argued December 10, 2018 Before: CHAGARES, HARDIMAN, and RESTREPO, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: April 4, 2019)
Jeannine N. Rodriguez [ARGUED] JNR Law Group 300 Sevilla Avenue Suite 304 Coral Gables, FL 33134 Counsel for Appellant
Joycelyn Hewlett Acting United States Attorney Sigrid M. Tejo-Sprotte [ARGUED] David W. White Assistant United States Attorney Office of United States Attorney 5500 Veterans Drive, Suite 260 United States Courthouse St. Thomas, VI 00802 Counsel for Appellee ____________
OPINION* ____________
HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge.
A jury convicted Ricardo Donate-Cardona of federal drug trafficking and firearms
possession offenses and the District Court sentenced him to 274 months in prison.
Donate-Cardona appeals his judgment of conviction and sentence. We will affirm.
I1
Donate-Cardona first raises a claim under the Jencks Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3500, which
requires the Government to disclose certain recorded statements of its witnesses. United
States v. Hill, 976 F.2d 132, 139 (3d Cir. 1992). When the Government violates the
Jencks Act, the remedy (if any) remains at the discretion of the trial court. See United
States v. Jackson, 649 F.2d 967, 972 & n.6 (3d Cir. 1981). Our decision in Jackson
weighs heavily against Donate-Cardona’s Jencks Act argument.
Here, as in Jackson, a Jencks Act violation occurred. The Government concedes
that it failed to timely disclose reports and notes made by agents of the Drug Enforcement
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. 1 The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3241. United States v. Ayala, 913 F.3d 752, 755 (3d Cir. Mar. 6, 2019). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
2 Administration and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. But the Government’s delay was
brief (one day at most), and both agents were available for cross-examination about the
documents in question. Under these circumstances, the Government’s violation was
neither “willful” nor “in reckless disregard of its obligation” under the Jencks Act.
Jackson, 649 F.2d at 972. Accordingly, we hold that the District Court did not abuse its
discretion when it declined to strike the agents’ testimony or declare a mistrial.
II
Donate-Cardona also argues that the District Court violated the Confrontation
Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution when it permitted agent Chad
Foreman of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives to testify about a
report prepared by his fellow ATF agent, Steve Waters. Donate-Cardona correctly notes
that Waters did not testify, but he errs when he claims that Foreman’s testimony was
based only on Waters’s report. In fact, Foreman testified to the interstate nexus of the
firearms at issue based on his own “original research.” Supp. App. 262; see Supp. App.
250. Agent Foreman physically examined the firearms both before and during his
testimony, and all but one of the guns had markings showing where they were
manufactured. Supp. App. 263, 309–10; cf. Williams v. Illinois, 567 U.S. 50, 62, 70–79
(2012) (plurality opinion) (finding no Confrontation Clause violation even though
witness hadn’t conducted or observed any testing herself). So the admission of Agent
3 Foreman’s testimony—which was subject to cross-examination by defense counsel—did
not violate the Confrontation Clause.2
III
We turn next to Donate-Cardona’s contention that the District Court erred when it
refused to instruct the jury on multiple conspiracies. In his view, there were separate and
distinct conspiracies in St. Thomas and Puerto Rico. The Government counters that the
conduct on both islands was part of the same conspiracy. The three-factor test we have
applied to make this determination supports the Government’s position. See United States
v. Kelly, 892 F.2d 255, 259 (3d Cir. 1989); see also United States v. Greenidge, 495 F.3d
85, 93–95 (3d Cir. 2007) (applying Kelly).
First, the evidence shows there was a “common goal among the conspirators,”
Kelly, 892 F.2d at 259—namely, to distribute cocaine in both Puerto Rico and St.
Thomas. The record shows that the conspirators agreed to ship 150 kilograms of cocaine
and several firearms. The guns and 100 kilograms of drugs were meant for St. Thomas,
while 50 kilograms were bound for Puerto Rico. Although the destinations included two
islands, the conspiracy involved one transaction.
Second, the conspiracy contemplated a “continuous result that [would] not
continue without the continuous cooperation of the conspirators.” Id. (quoting United
2 Even had Agent Foreman’s testimony been inadmissible, the error would have been harmless. Agent Mark Joseph of the Drug Enforcement Administration established the interstate nexus based on his experience and physical examination of the firearms at issue. And Joseph’s testimony satisfied the five factors stated in Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 684 (1986).
4 States v. DeVarona, 872 F.2d 114, 119 (5th Cir. 1989)). An unbroken chain of events
confirms the conspiracy’s continuous character. At a meeting in Puerto Rico, the
conspirators agreed on two payments for the cocaine shipment: about $1.5 million to be
paid in Puerto Rico, and $480,000 and three firearms to be paid in St. Thomas. See Supp.
App. 184–88, 213, 221, 241–42. After the initial payment was made in Puerto Rico, the
Government’s confidential source (CS) met the conspirators in St. Thomas to exchange
the second payment ($480,000 and guns) for what the conspirators thought would be the
cocaine.
Third, the dealings of the conspirators overlapped significantly. See Kelly, 892
F.2d at 260. Donate-Cardona and others met the CS in Puerto Rico to negotiate the drug
transaction. They boarded a boat together, and the CS recorded the conspirators and a
secret compartment on the boat. Later that day, Donate-Cardona and two conspirators
arrived in St. Thomas on the boat they had shown the CS in Puerto Rico. The
conspirators then gave the CS the firearms and the second cash payment.
These factors support the Government’s claim of a single conspiracy, so the
District Court did not err when it declined to give a multiple-conspiracies jury instruction.
IV
Finally, Donate-Cardona claims entitlement to a new sentence because the District
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ____________
No. 17-1178 ____________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
RICARDO DONATE-CARDONA, Appellant
____________
On Appeal from the District Court of the Virgin Islands Division of St. Thomas and St. John (D.C. No. 3-15-cr-00041-003) District Judge: Honorable Curtis V. Gomez ____________
Argued December 10, 2018 Before: CHAGARES, HARDIMAN, and RESTREPO, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: April 4, 2019)
Jeannine N. Rodriguez [ARGUED] JNR Law Group 300 Sevilla Avenue Suite 304 Coral Gables, FL 33134 Counsel for Appellant
Joycelyn Hewlett Acting United States Attorney Sigrid M. Tejo-Sprotte [ARGUED] David W. White Assistant United States Attorney Office of United States Attorney 5500 Veterans Drive, Suite 260 United States Courthouse St. Thomas, VI 00802 Counsel for Appellee ____________
OPINION* ____________
HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge.
A jury convicted Ricardo Donate-Cardona of federal drug trafficking and firearms
possession offenses and the District Court sentenced him to 274 months in prison.
Donate-Cardona appeals his judgment of conviction and sentence. We will affirm.
I1
Donate-Cardona first raises a claim under the Jencks Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3500, which
requires the Government to disclose certain recorded statements of its witnesses. United
States v. Hill, 976 F.2d 132, 139 (3d Cir. 1992). When the Government violates the
Jencks Act, the remedy (if any) remains at the discretion of the trial court. See United
States v. Jackson, 649 F.2d 967, 972 & n.6 (3d Cir. 1981). Our decision in Jackson
weighs heavily against Donate-Cardona’s Jencks Act argument.
Here, as in Jackson, a Jencks Act violation occurred. The Government concedes
that it failed to timely disclose reports and notes made by agents of the Drug Enforcement
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. 1 The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3241. United States v. Ayala, 913 F.3d 752, 755 (3d Cir. Mar. 6, 2019). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
2 Administration and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. But the Government’s delay was
brief (one day at most), and both agents were available for cross-examination about the
documents in question. Under these circumstances, the Government’s violation was
neither “willful” nor “in reckless disregard of its obligation” under the Jencks Act.
Jackson, 649 F.2d at 972. Accordingly, we hold that the District Court did not abuse its
discretion when it declined to strike the agents’ testimony or declare a mistrial.
II
Donate-Cardona also argues that the District Court violated the Confrontation
Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution when it permitted agent Chad
Foreman of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives to testify about a
report prepared by his fellow ATF agent, Steve Waters. Donate-Cardona correctly notes
that Waters did not testify, but he errs when he claims that Foreman’s testimony was
based only on Waters’s report. In fact, Foreman testified to the interstate nexus of the
firearms at issue based on his own “original research.” Supp. App. 262; see Supp. App.
250. Agent Foreman physically examined the firearms both before and during his
testimony, and all but one of the guns had markings showing where they were
manufactured. Supp. App. 263, 309–10; cf. Williams v. Illinois, 567 U.S. 50, 62, 70–79
(2012) (plurality opinion) (finding no Confrontation Clause violation even though
witness hadn’t conducted or observed any testing herself). So the admission of Agent
3 Foreman’s testimony—which was subject to cross-examination by defense counsel—did
not violate the Confrontation Clause.2
III
We turn next to Donate-Cardona’s contention that the District Court erred when it
refused to instruct the jury on multiple conspiracies. In his view, there were separate and
distinct conspiracies in St. Thomas and Puerto Rico. The Government counters that the
conduct on both islands was part of the same conspiracy. The three-factor test we have
applied to make this determination supports the Government’s position. See United States
v. Kelly, 892 F.2d 255, 259 (3d Cir. 1989); see also United States v. Greenidge, 495 F.3d
85, 93–95 (3d Cir. 2007) (applying Kelly).
First, the evidence shows there was a “common goal among the conspirators,”
Kelly, 892 F.2d at 259—namely, to distribute cocaine in both Puerto Rico and St.
Thomas. The record shows that the conspirators agreed to ship 150 kilograms of cocaine
and several firearms. The guns and 100 kilograms of drugs were meant for St. Thomas,
while 50 kilograms were bound for Puerto Rico. Although the destinations included two
islands, the conspiracy involved one transaction.
Second, the conspiracy contemplated a “continuous result that [would] not
continue without the continuous cooperation of the conspirators.” Id. (quoting United
2 Even had Agent Foreman’s testimony been inadmissible, the error would have been harmless. Agent Mark Joseph of the Drug Enforcement Administration established the interstate nexus based on his experience and physical examination of the firearms at issue. And Joseph’s testimony satisfied the five factors stated in Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 684 (1986).
4 States v. DeVarona, 872 F.2d 114, 119 (5th Cir. 1989)). An unbroken chain of events
confirms the conspiracy’s continuous character. At a meeting in Puerto Rico, the
conspirators agreed on two payments for the cocaine shipment: about $1.5 million to be
paid in Puerto Rico, and $480,000 and three firearms to be paid in St. Thomas. See Supp.
App. 184–88, 213, 221, 241–42. After the initial payment was made in Puerto Rico, the
Government’s confidential source (CS) met the conspirators in St. Thomas to exchange
the second payment ($480,000 and guns) for what the conspirators thought would be the
cocaine.
Third, the dealings of the conspirators overlapped significantly. See Kelly, 892
F.2d at 260. Donate-Cardona and others met the CS in Puerto Rico to negotiate the drug
transaction. They boarded a boat together, and the CS recorded the conspirators and a
secret compartment on the boat. Later that day, Donate-Cardona and two conspirators
arrived in St. Thomas on the boat they had shown the CS in Puerto Rico. The
conspirators then gave the CS the firearms and the second cash payment.
These factors support the Government’s claim of a single conspiracy, so the
District Court did not err when it declined to give a multiple-conspiracies jury instruction.
IV
Finally, Donate-Cardona claims entitlement to a new sentence because the District
Court should have found him responsible for 133 kilograms of cocaine instead of 150
kilograms. He relies on the fact that the money seized ($1,733,036) would have paid for
only 133 kilograms of cocaine (at the agreed-on price of $13,000 per kilogram).
5 Although Donate-Cardona’s mathematical calculation is accurate, the CS testified
that the conspirators agreed to purchase 150 kilograms of cocaine. The CS also testified
that he had expected to receive $480,000 in St. Thomas, which would have led to a cash
total of $1,963,036—enough to purchase 151 kilograms of cocaine. Consequently, the
District Court weighed the CS’s testimony against the $230,000 discrepancy between the
cash actually seized and the amount needed to purchase 150 kilograms of cocaine. And it
credited that testimony.
In view of the conflicting evidence, we cannot say the District Court clearly erred
when it found by a preponderance of the evidence that the conspirators agreed to a 150
kilogram deal. See United States v. Sau Hung Yeung, 241 F.3d 321, 322 (3d Cir. 2001).
The moment Donate-Cardona agreed to distribute cocaine, he joined a conspiracy in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. See United States v. Gibbs, 190 F.3d 188, 197 & n.2 (3d
Cir. 1999). And the CS who participated in (and recorded) the agreement testified that the
conspirators agreed to purchase 150 kilograms of cocaine. That suffices to support the
District Court’s decision as to drug weight, even if the cash seized was $230,000 short of
what was needed to buy 150 kilograms. Thus, resentencing is unwarranted.3
3 Donate-Cardona also argues that his judgment of conviction must be set aside because the District Court lacked jurisdiction and because District Judge Gomez presided in violation of the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution. These arguments are foreclosed by our recent opinion in Ayala, 2019 WL 1051579.
6 * * *
For the reasons stated, we will affirm Donate-Cardona’s judgment of conviction
and sentence.