USCA11 Case: 19-13249 Date Filed: 10/06/2021 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 19-13249 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus REGINALD GLENN,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 4:19-cr-00002-CDL-MSH-1 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 19-13249 Date Filed: 10/06/2021 Page: 2 of 7
2 Opinion of the Court 19-13249
Before JILL PRYOR, LUCK, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Reginald Glenn appeals his 42-month sentence for being a felon in possession of a firearm. He argues that the district court improperly determined that his prior Georgia aggravated-assault conviction qualified as a “crime of violence” under the United States Sentencing Guidelines. U.S.S.G. §§ 2K2.1(a)(4)(A), 4B1.2(a)(2). Because this argument is foreclosed by United States v. Morales-Alonso, 878 F.3d 1311 (11th Cir. 2018), we grant the gov- ernment’s motion for summary affirmance. I. A federal grand jury indicted Glenn on one count of pos- sessing a firearm as a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). Glenn pleaded guilty without a plea agree- ment. A probation officer calculated Glenn’s base offense level as twenty, under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A), because Glenn committed the offense after sustaining a felony conviction for a crime of vio- lence. Specifically, the probation officer cited Glenn’s 2015 convic- tion for aggravated assault in Georgia, which involved him firing a gun at a witness while leaving the scene of a burglary. Glenn objected to the calculation of his offense level. He ar- gued that his prior Georgia conviction for aggravated assault did not qualify as a “crime of violence” under Section 4B1.2(a) because Georgia’s “aggravated assault statute is broader than generic USCA11 Case: 19-13249 Date Filed: 10/06/2021 Page: 3 of 7
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aggravated assault.” The district court overruled Glenn’s objection. It reasoned that, under this Court’s precedent in Morales-Alonso, a conviction for Georgia aggravated assault with a deadly weapon qualified as a crime of violence under Section 4B1.2’s enumerated- offenses clause. The district court reduced Glenn’s total offense level for his acceptance of responsibility, resulting in a guideline range of 37 to 46 months. It sentenced him to 42 months’ impris- onment, followed by a 3-year term of supervised release. Glenn now appeals his sentence, and the government moves the Court for summary affirmance and for stay of the briefing schedule. II. We review de novo whether a defendant’s prior conviction qualifies as a crime of violence under the Sentencing Guidelines. United States v. Palomino Garcia, 606 F.3d 1317, 1326 (11th Cir. 2010). Summary disposition is appropriate where “the position of one of the parties is clearly right as a matter of law so that there can be no substantial question as to the outcome of the case, or where, as is more frequently the case, the appeal is frivolous.” Groendyke Transp., Inc. v. Davis, 406 F.2d 1158, 1162 (5th Cir. 1969). Under the Guidelines, the base offense level for an offense involving the unlawful possession of firearms is twenty if the de- fendant committed any part of the offense after sustaining one fel- ony conviction of a “crime of violence.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A). An offense punishable by more than a year can amount to a “crime of violence” under either of two definitions in Section 4B1.2(a). The elements clause in Subsection (a)(1) defines a “crime of USCA11 Case: 19-13249 Date Filed: 10/06/2021 Page: 4 of 7
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violence” as an offense that “has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of an- other.” The enumerated-offenses clause in Subsection (a)(2) con- tains a list of offenses that qualify as crimes of violence, including “aggravated assault.” Glenn contends that his previous conviction for aggravated assault is not a crime of violence under either clause. We start (and end) with the enumerated offenses clause. A conviction “constitutes a crime of violence under the enumerated offenses clause . . . if the elements of the statute of conviction are the same as, or narrower than, the generic version of the enumer- ated offense.” Morales-Alonso, 878 F.3d at 1315. In relevant part, the 2015 version of the Georgia aggravated assault statute (under which Glenn was convicted) required proof of two essential ele- ments: (1) an assault, and (2) aggravation of the assault by the use of a deadly weapon. O.C.G.A. § 16-5-21(b) (2015); see also Smith v. Hardrick, 464 S.E.2d 198, 200 (Ga. 1995). Georgia’s simple assault statute provides that “[a] person commits the offense of simple as- sault when he . . . (1) Attempts to commit a violent injury to the person of another; or (2) Commits an act which places another per- son in reasonable apprehension of immediately receiving a violent injury.” O.C.G.A. § 16-5-20. In Morales-Alonso, we held that a conviction for Georgia ag- gravated assault was a crime of violence under the commentary to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, which listed “aggravated assault” as an enumer- ated crime. 878 F.3d at 1320. Applying our decision in United States v. Palomino Garcia, 606 F.3d 1317, 1332 (11th Cir. 2010), we stated USCA11 Case: 19-13249 Date Filed: 10/06/2021 Page: 5 of 7
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that generic aggravated assault has two elements: (1) a “criminal assault” that (2) is “accompanied by either the intent to cause seri- ous bodily injury to the victim or the use of a deadly weapon.” Mo- rales-Alonso, 878 F.3d at 1315. Because the Georgia aggravated as- sault statute contained substantially the same elements, we held that it satisfied the enumerated-offenses clause. Id. at 1320. It is true that Morales-Alonso dealt with the enumerated-of- fenses clause in Section 2L1.2, not Section 4B1.2. Id. But we must interpret the definition of “crime of violence” consistently through- out the Guidelines. See United States v. Lockley, 632 F.3d 1238, 1241 (11th Cir. 2011). And both sections define the term “crime of violence” in the same way by enumerating “aggravated assault” as a covered offense. Compare U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, comment. (n.2), with id. § 4B1.2(a)(2) (citing Section 2L1.2 cases when interpreting “crime of violence” in Section 4B1.2). Accordingly, our decision in Morales-Alonso about Section 2L1.2 is controlling here. Glenn argues that we did not consider in Morales-Alonso his argument that the mens rea element of the Georgia aggravated- assault statute is broader than the generic version of aggravated as- sault. But our decisions remain binding unless they are overruled or undermined to the point of abrogation, regardless of any “fail[ure] to consider certain critical issues or arguments.” United States v. Lee,
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USCA11 Case: 19-13249 Date Filed: 10/06/2021 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 19-13249 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus REGINALD GLENN,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 4:19-cr-00002-CDL-MSH-1 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 19-13249 Date Filed: 10/06/2021 Page: 2 of 7
2 Opinion of the Court 19-13249
Before JILL PRYOR, LUCK, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Reginald Glenn appeals his 42-month sentence for being a felon in possession of a firearm. He argues that the district court improperly determined that his prior Georgia aggravated-assault conviction qualified as a “crime of violence” under the United States Sentencing Guidelines. U.S.S.G. §§ 2K2.1(a)(4)(A), 4B1.2(a)(2). Because this argument is foreclosed by United States v. Morales-Alonso, 878 F.3d 1311 (11th Cir. 2018), we grant the gov- ernment’s motion for summary affirmance. I. A federal grand jury indicted Glenn on one count of pos- sessing a firearm as a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). Glenn pleaded guilty without a plea agree- ment. A probation officer calculated Glenn’s base offense level as twenty, under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A), because Glenn committed the offense after sustaining a felony conviction for a crime of vio- lence. Specifically, the probation officer cited Glenn’s 2015 convic- tion for aggravated assault in Georgia, which involved him firing a gun at a witness while leaving the scene of a burglary. Glenn objected to the calculation of his offense level. He ar- gued that his prior Georgia conviction for aggravated assault did not qualify as a “crime of violence” under Section 4B1.2(a) because Georgia’s “aggravated assault statute is broader than generic USCA11 Case: 19-13249 Date Filed: 10/06/2021 Page: 3 of 7
19-13249 Opinion of the Court 3
aggravated assault.” The district court overruled Glenn’s objection. It reasoned that, under this Court’s precedent in Morales-Alonso, a conviction for Georgia aggravated assault with a deadly weapon qualified as a crime of violence under Section 4B1.2’s enumerated- offenses clause. The district court reduced Glenn’s total offense level for his acceptance of responsibility, resulting in a guideline range of 37 to 46 months. It sentenced him to 42 months’ impris- onment, followed by a 3-year term of supervised release. Glenn now appeals his sentence, and the government moves the Court for summary affirmance and for stay of the briefing schedule. II. We review de novo whether a defendant’s prior conviction qualifies as a crime of violence under the Sentencing Guidelines. United States v. Palomino Garcia, 606 F.3d 1317, 1326 (11th Cir. 2010). Summary disposition is appropriate where “the position of one of the parties is clearly right as a matter of law so that there can be no substantial question as to the outcome of the case, or where, as is more frequently the case, the appeal is frivolous.” Groendyke Transp., Inc. v. Davis, 406 F.2d 1158, 1162 (5th Cir. 1969). Under the Guidelines, the base offense level for an offense involving the unlawful possession of firearms is twenty if the de- fendant committed any part of the offense after sustaining one fel- ony conviction of a “crime of violence.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A). An offense punishable by more than a year can amount to a “crime of violence” under either of two definitions in Section 4B1.2(a). The elements clause in Subsection (a)(1) defines a “crime of USCA11 Case: 19-13249 Date Filed: 10/06/2021 Page: 4 of 7
4 Opinion of the Court 19-13249
violence” as an offense that “has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of an- other.” The enumerated-offenses clause in Subsection (a)(2) con- tains a list of offenses that qualify as crimes of violence, including “aggravated assault.” Glenn contends that his previous conviction for aggravated assault is not a crime of violence under either clause. We start (and end) with the enumerated offenses clause. A conviction “constitutes a crime of violence under the enumerated offenses clause . . . if the elements of the statute of conviction are the same as, or narrower than, the generic version of the enumer- ated offense.” Morales-Alonso, 878 F.3d at 1315. In relevant part, the 2015 version of the Georgia aggravated assault statute (under which Glenn was convicted) required proof of two essential ele- ments: (1) an assault, and (2) aggravation of the assault by the use of a deadly weapon. O.C.G.A. § 16-5-21(b) (2015); see also Smith v. Hardrick, 464 S.E.2d 198, 200 (Ga. 1995). Georgia’s simple assault statute provides that “[a] person commits the offense of simple as- sault when he . . . (1) Attempts to commit a violent injury to the person of another; or (2) Commits an act which places another per- son in reasonable apprehension of immediately receiving a violent injury.” O.C.G.A. § 16-5-20. In Morales-Alonso, we held that a conviction for Georgia ag- gravated assault was a crime of violence under the commentary to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, which listed “aggravated assault” as an enumer- ated crime. 878 F.3d at 1320. Applying our decision in United States v. Palomino Garcia, 606 F.3d 1317, 1332 (11th Cir. 2010), we stated USCA11 Case: 19-13249 Date Filed: 10/06/2021 Page: 5 of 7
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that generic aggravated assault has two elements: (1) a “criminal assault” that (2) is “accompanied by either the intent to cause seri- ous bodily injury to the victim or the use of a deadly weapon.” Mo- rales-Alonso, 878 F.3d at 1315. Because the Georgia aggravated as- sault statute contained substantially the same elements, we held that it satisfied the enumerated-offenses clause. Id. at 1320. It is true that Morales-Alonso dealt with the enumerated-of- fenses clause in Section 2L1.2, not Section 4B1.2. Id. But we must interpret the definition of “crime of violence” consistently through- out the Guidelines. See United States v. Lockley, 632 F.3d 1238, 1241 (11th Cir. 2011). And both sections define the term “crime of violence” in the same way by enumerating “aggravated assault” as a covered offense. Compare U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, comment. (n.2), with id. § 4B1.2(a)(2) (citing Section 2L1.2 cases when interpreting “crime of violence” in Section 4B1.2). Accordingly, our decision in Morales-Alonso about Section 2L1.2 is controlling here. Glenn argues that we did not consider in Morales-Alonso his argument that the mens rea element of the Georgia aggravated- assault statute is broader than the generic version of aggravated as- sault. But our decisions remain binding unless they are overruled or undermined to the point of abrogation, regardless of any “fail[ure] to consider certain critical issues or arguments.” United States v. Lee, 886 F.3d 1161, 1163 n.3 (11th Cir. 2018); United States v. Archer, 531 F.3d 1347, 1352 (11th Cir. 2008). This rule applies even where the advocates in the precedent case failed to argue the issue in the first place. See Tippitt v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., USCA11 Case: 19-13249 Date Filed: 10/06/2021 Page: 6 of 7
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457 F.3d 1227, 1234 (11th Cir. 2006) (“[A] prior panel precedent can- not be circumvented or ignored on the basis of arguments not made to or considered by the prior panel.”) (citing Cohen v. Off. Depot, Inc., 204 F.3d 1069, 1076 (11th Cir. 2000) (“[T]he holding of a prior decision . . . is the law of this Circuit regardless of what might have happened had other arguments been made . . . .”)). So the fact that we did not address Glenn’s mens rea argument does not undermine Morales-Alonso’s binding effect. Neither have later decisions from this or the Supreme Court undermined our holding in Morales-Alonso. In United States v. Moss, we held that a Georgia conviction for aggravated assault does not qualify as a violent felony under the Armed Career Crim- inal Act’s elements clause. 920 F.3d 752, 758–59 (11th Cir. 2019), opinion reinstated, 4 F.4th 1292 (11th Cir. 2021) (en banc); accord United States v. Carter, 7 F.4th 1039, 1045 (11th Cir. 2021) (apply- ing Moss in concluding that the defendant’s aggravated assault con- viction under O.C.G.A. § 16-5-21(a)(2) did not qualify as a violent felony under the ACCA’s elements clause). But Morales-Alonso controls whether Georgia aggravated assault qualifies as a crime of violence under the Guidelines’ enumerated-offenses clause, not the elements clause. Likewise, the Supreme Court in Borden v. United States addressed whether an offense that could be committed with a mens rea of recklessness could satisfy the elements clause in the ACCA. 141 S. Ct. 1817, 1834 (2021). Because the enumerated of- fenses clause supports the sentencing enhancement applied by the district court, we need not address whether the elements clause USCA11 Case: 19-13249 Date Filed: 10/06/2021 Page: 7 of 7
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provides an additional basis for the enhancement. See Morales- Alonso, 878 F.3d at 1314 n.4. III. The government’s position that a Georgia conviction for ag- gravated assault with a deadly weapon is a crime of violence under the enumerated-offenses clause of Section 4B1.2 is “clearly right as a matter of law,” and there is no substantial question as to the out- come of Glenn’s appeal. See Groendyke Transp., 406 F.2d at 1162. Accordingly, we GRANT the government’s motion for summary affirmance and DENY as moot its motion to stay the briefing sched- ule.