USCA4 Appeal: 22-4436 Doc: 99 Filed: 04/22/2025 Pg: 1 of 15
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 22-4436
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff – Appellee,
v.
RAYMOND RONALD JENNINGS,
Defendant – Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, at Greensboro. William L. Osteen, Jr., District Judge. (1:21-cr-00213-WO-1)
No. 23-4259
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, at Greensboro. Thomas D. Schroeder, District Judge. (1:22-cr-00214-TDS-1) USCA4 Appeal: 22-4436 Doc: 99 Filed: 04/22/2025 Pg: 2 of 15
Argued: October 30, 2024 Decided: April 22, 2025
Before WYNN, HARRIS, HEYTENS, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Harris wrote the opinion, in which Judge Wynn and Judge Heytens joined.
ARGUED: Anne Margaret Hayes, Cary, North Carolina, for Appellant. Julie Carol Niemeier, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Sandra J. Hairston, United States Attorney, Margaret M. Reece, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4436 Doc: 99 Filed: 04/22/2025 Pg: 3 of 15
PAMELA HARRIS, Circuit Judge:
When the government tried to indict Raymond Ronald Jennings on drug and firearm
charges, it made a series of mistakes that rendered Jennings’s first and second indictments
defective. By the time the government finally corrected its errors, the Speedy Trial Act
clock had run. To remedy that violation, the district court dismissed Jennings’s case
without prejudice. The government re-indicted Jennings, and a jury ultimately convicted
Jennings on all counts.
On appeal, Jennings argues primarily that the Speedy Trial Act violation he suffered
resulted from the government’s many lapses and entitled him to a with-prejudice dismissal,
barring further prosecution. The government’s errors in this case are indeed troubling. But
under the highly deferential standard we apply to the district court’s choice of remedies,
we cannot say the court abused its discretion in dismissing Jennings’s indictment without
prejudice. Nor are we persuaded by Jennings’s other challenges to his conviction and
sentence. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
I.
A.
Raymond Ronald Jennings was arrested in connection with a drug investigation
after a search warrant executed at his home yielded a firearm, drugs, and other evidence of
drug distribution. A federal grand jury in the Middle District of North Carolina returned a
four-count indictment against Jennings. The first two counts charged him with offenses
related to fentanyl: in Count I, possessing with intent to distribute fentanyl; and in Count II,
3 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4436 Doc: 99 Filed: 04/22/2025 Pg: 4 of 15
maintaining a premises for the purpose of manufacturing, distributing, and using fentanyl.
Count III charged Jennings with knowing possession of a firearm in furtherance of the drug
offenses in Counts I and II – but it described those offenses as involving the distribution of
heroin, not fentanyl. J.A. 24–25.1 And Count IV charged knowing possession of a firearm
by a felon.
Jennings was arrested and made his initial appearance on December 29, 2021. That
appearance started the “clock” for purposes of the Speedy Trial Act, under which a
defendant who pleads not guilty – as Jennings did – must be tried within 70 days, subject
to certain exclusions, of his initial appearance. See 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1). On appeal,
there is no dispute that the 70-day period was exceeded in the months that followed, which
featured government errors and oversights as well as repeated turnovers of defense counsel
and other complicating factors.
1.
The government’s first error emerged almost immediately, when the magistrate
judge at Jennings’s December 29 initial appearance noticed the defect in the indictment:
The first two counts charged Jennings with fentanyl-related offenses, but the third switched
from fentanyl to heroin. The magistrate judge suggested that the government might want
to file a superseding indictment to correct the error, but the government did not do so, at
least not right away.
1 Citations to the “J.A.” refer to the Joint Appendix filed by the parties in this appeal.
4 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4436 Doc: 99 Filed: 04/22/2025 Pg: 5 of 15
Instead, more than a month later, and still operating under the defective indictment,
the parties executed a written plea agreement, filed on February 4, 2022, in which Jennings
agreed to plead guilty to Count IV – possession of a firearm by a felon, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) – in exchange for dismissal of the remaining counts. During Jennings’s
Rule 11 plea colloquy, the district court expressed significant concern about the
discrepancy in Jennings’s indictment, labeling the error “really troubling” and noting the
“damage” that could be done to Jennings’s confidence in the proceedings against him. J.A.
51–52, 54.2 The court continued the Rule 11 hearing so it could question the government
attorney who drafted the indictment, who was not in court. But the hearing never resumed,
overtaken by the subsequent events described below.
2.
A few weeks after the hearing, on February 22, the government corrected its first
error. In a superseding indictment, the government again charged, in Counts I and II,
offenses related to fentanyl – and this time, in Count III, correctly tracked those counts and
charged possession of a firearm in furtherance of drug offenses related to fentanyl. But
somehow, the government also introduced a new error into the superseding indictment:
While the original indictment had properly labeled fentanyl a Schedule II controlled
substance, see 21 U.S.C. § 812, the superseding indictment misidentified fentanyl as a
2 During the early stages of Jennings’s case, both Judge Loretta C. Biggs and Judge William L. Osteen, Jr. of the Middle District of North Carolina presided over certain portions of the proceedings. Judge Biggs conducted the Rule 11 colloquy referenced above, while Judge Osteen issued the Speedy Trial Act ruling on appeal.
5 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4436 Doc: 99 Filed: 04/22/2025 Pg: 6 of 15
Schedule I controlled substance. Finally, Count IV continued to charge possession of a
firearm by a felon.
In the meantime, Jennings was obtaining new counsel. Immediately after the Rule
11 hearing, Jennings’s counsel moved to withdraw – and Jennings moved pro se to remove
him – based on conversations related to the error in the indictment. The court granted the
motion and appointed Jennings’s second lawyer on March 4, 2022. And then – nothing
happened. The case remained dormant for two more months, until May 4, 2022, when
Jennings pleaded not guilty at his second arraignment. Critically, that two-month delay,
on top of the earlier, shorter gap between Jennings’s first arraignment and his plea
agreement, brought the case outside the Speedy Trial Act’s 70-day period.3
Recognizing the timing issue, the district court ordered the government to submit
briefing on the Speedy Trial Act. It also addressed continued difficulties between defense
counsel and Jennings, who had discovered the latest error in his indictment and faulted
counsel for not pressing the point. In early June, the district court allowed Jennings’s
second appointed counsel to withdraw and appointed Jennings a third attorney.
3.
On June 27, 2022, the government finally filed an error-free indictment: a second
superseding indictment, otherwise unchanged, that correctly identified fentanyl as a
3 At Jennings’s second arraignment on May 4, 2022, Jennings’s new lawyer moved for a continuance, which was granted. As the district court would later explain, this effectively stopped the Speedy Trial Act clock on May 4, because the continuance and all subsequent periods of delay were excludable under the Act.
6 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4436 Doc: 99 Filed: 04/22/2025 Pg: 7 of 15
Schedule II controlled substance. Jennings was arraigned for a third time and again pleaded
not guilty.
On July 15, 2022, the district court held the Speedy Trial Act hearing directly at
issue in this appeal. After a thorough review of the complex timeline outlined above, the
district court agreed with Jennings that the Speedy Trial Act had been violated. See J.A.
107–55. Some periods of time following Jennings’s initial appearance were excludable
under the Act, the court determined. But what remained unexcluded – most critically, the
days between March 4 and May 4, during which there was no activity at all on Jennings’s
case – amounted to 93 days, exceeding the 70-day limit imposed by the Speedy Trial Act
by 23 days.
As the district court recognized, the statutory remedy for a violation of the Speedy
Trial Act is dismissal of the indictment against the defendant. See 18 U.S.C. § 3162(a)(2).
But the statute leaves to the district court whether that dismissal should be with prejudice
– which would bar further prosecution – or without. See id. To make that decision, the
court turned to the factors set out by § 3162(a)(2): the seriousness of the offense; the facts
and circumstances leading to dismissal; and the impact of a reprosecution on the
administration of the Speedy Trial Act and on the administration of justice. Id.
After addressing those factors at length, the court concluded that dismissal without
prejudice was the appropriate remedy. The court focused on the most significant delay in
Jennings’s proceedings: the period after the government filed its first superseding
indictment and Jennings was appointed new counsel on March 4, and before Jennings
finally was arraigned on that indictment on May 4. J.A. 131 (“[I]t is clear from the record
7 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4436 Doc: 99 Filed: 04/22/2025 Pg: 8 of 15
that this case was simply ignored from March 4, 2022, until May 4, 2022.”). While the
government’s failure to more promptly schedule the arraignment was “not acceptable,” the
court declared, the “unusual circumstances” of the case may have caused some confusion,
and there was nothing to suggest any “intentional dilatory conduct or pattern of neglect”
by the government. J.A. 139–41. Given all of the circumstances and the absence of any
significant prejudice to the defendant, the court determined that a dismissal without
prejudice was appropriate and would advance the goals of the Speedy Trial Act while still
recognizing the seriousness of the defendant’s conduct.
B.
After the district court dismissed Jennings’s case without prejudice, the government
recharged Jennings, filing a new indictment with the same four counts as its prior
indictment. Jennings was appointed a fourth lawyer, who served as standby counsel after
Jennings successfully moved to represent himself at trial. The jury convicted Jennings on
all counts. Jennings again represented himself at his sentencing hearing – this time with a
fifth appointed lawyer serving as standby counsel – and was sentenced to a total of 248
months’ incarceration.
Jennings timely appealed the district court’s judgment.4
4 Jennings sought to proceed pro se on appeal, but we instead appointed appellate counsel for Jennings. We appreciate the assistance of appointed counsel with this matter.
8 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4436 Doc: 99 Filed: 04/22/2025 Pg: 9 of 15
II.
Jennings’s primary argument on appeal is that the district court erred in dismissing
the indictment against him without prejudice under the Speedy Trial Act. The Act provides
that the district court “shall” dismiss an indictment when a defendant’s trial does not begin
within 70 non-excludable days of, as relevant here, the defendant’s initial appearance
before the court. 18 U.S.C. §§ 3161(c)(1), 3162(a)(2). That dismissal may be with or
without prejudice, see 18 U.S.C. § 3162(a)(2), and neither is a “presumptive remedy” under
the Act, United States v. Taylor, 487 U.S. 326, 334 (1988). Instead, “the decision to dismiss
with or without prejudice [is] left to the guided discretion of the district court,” after
consideration of the factors set out in § 3162(a)(2). Id. at 335. The court’s judgment of
“how opposing considerations balance should not lightly be disturbed,” so long as the court
“properly considered” the statutory factors and its “supporting factual findings are not
clearly in error.” Id. at 337. Reviewing for an abuse of discretion under this deferential
standard, see United States v. Jones, 887 F.2d 492, 494 (4th Cir. 1989), we find no abuse
of discretion here in the district court’s selection of remedy.
The basic parameters of this case are undisputed. There is no doubt as to the
existence of a Speedy Trial Act violation. The district court calculated that 93 non-
excludable days elapsed after Jennings’s initial appearance, exceeding by 23 days the
9 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4436 Doc: 99 Filed: 04/22/2025 Pg: 10 of 15
Speedy Trial Act’s 70-day limit, and the government does not contest that on appeal.5 For
his part, Jennings does not argue that the district court abused its discretion by ignoring an
enumerated § 3162(a)(2) factor, or failing to “clearly articulate” its effect on the analysis.
Cf. Taylor, 487 U.S. at 336 (“[A] district court must carefully consider [the statutory]
factors as applied to the particular case and, whatever its decision, clearly articulate their
effect in order to permit meaningful appellate review.”). Instead, Jennings takes issue with
how the district court assessed the government’s contributions to the delay and weighed
the relevant considerations. But that is precisely the case-specific judgment left to the
district court’s discretion, see Taylor, 487 U.S. at 337, and we see no grounds for disturbing
it here.
The first factor, recall, is the seriousness of the offense with which Jennings was
charged. See 18 U.S.C. § 3162(a)(2). Jennings does not dispute the district court’s
conclusion that the first three counts of his indictment alone – charging drug distribution
and an associated firearms offense – “clearly weigh[] in favor of dismissal without
prejudice.” J.A. 133. This is an important concession, because at the end of the day, as
the district court explained, the goal is a remedy that advances the “administration of
justice” and the ends of the Speedy Trial Act “without diminishing the seriousness of the
Jennings suggests that the district court miscalculated and that the correct number 5
of non-excludable days is 96, not 93. But Jennings does not ask us to reverse on that ground, and we need not resolve the issue here. The district court gave no indication that its decision might have been different based on this handful of days, and our analysis on appeal would likewise remain the same whether the Speedy Trial Act had been exceeded by 23 days or 26.
10 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4436 Doc: 99 Filed: 04/22/2025 Pg: 11 of 15
defendant’s offenses.” J.A. 146; see Jones, 887 F.2d at 495 (in cases involving very serious
charged crimes, sanction of dismissal with prejudice “should ordinarily be imposed only
for serious delay”).
Jennings does challenge the district court’s assessment of the second factor, “the
facts and circumstances of the case which led to the dismissal.” 18 U.S.C. § 3162(a)(2).
According to Jennings, the court “downplayed” the seriousness of the government’s errors
and lapses, which necessitated a second (and a third) arraignment and then delayed that
second arraignment by months. But the district court did appreciate the gravity of these
errors, describing as a “serious cause for concern” the government’s “failure to schedule
or request scheduling” of Jennings’s case for the two months between March 4 and May 4.
J.A. 134; see also J.A. 139 (“[T]here is no excuse for [the government’s] failure to . . .
schedule the matter some time in March or April. . . . [T]hat failure by the government is
not acceptable[.]”). The court also found, however, that this case featured some “unusual
circumstances,” J.A. 140, that may have contributed to confusion around scheduling
Jennings’s second arraignment: the never-completed Rule 11 hearing; the withdrawal and
replacement of defense counsel; and, perhaps most important, the signed plea agreement,
which remained pending after the partial Rule 11 hearing and left both the government and
the court unsure as to how Jennings wished to proceed.
After a full review of the record, the court concluded that the government’s failings
here were inadvertent, not a product of “bad faith or intentional misconduct or delay.” J.A.
141. Nor, the court determined, was there any evidence of a “pattern of neglect” by the
government. Id.; cf. Taylor, 487 U.S. at 339 (explaining that finding of “bad faith” or
11 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4436 Doc: 99 Filed: 04/22/2025 Pg: 12 of 15
“pattern of neglect” would “alter[] the balance” under § 3162(a)(2) factors). That
determination was expressly predicated on the district court’s long experience with the
local United States Attorney’s office in its district – a matter especially within the purview
and knowledge of a district court. We cannot say that the district court’s assessment of the
facts and circumstances of this case was clearly erroneous as a factual matter or outside its
wide discretion under § 3162(a)(2).
For similar reasons, we find no error in the district court’s evaluation of the third
factor, the impact of reprosecution on the administration of the Speedy Trial Act and the
administration of justice. Under that factor, as the district court explained, a court considers
the need to deter future violations of the Act, as well as the presence or absence of prejudice
to the defendant. See Taylor, 487 U.S. at 334, 342. The court again relied on its
determination that “the mistakes here causing the violation of the Act [were] isolated and
not mistakes in which the Government attempted to gain advantage,” this time to find that
a with-prejudice dismissal was not required to deter future violations of the Act. J.A. 146.
And Jennings had shown no substantial prejudice from the delay, the court reasoned: When
his second arraignment finally occurred on May 4, he requested a further continuance; and
he was detained for only 23 days (26, according to Jennings) in excess of the Speedy Trial
Act maximum. See Jones, 887 F.2d at 495 (26-day violation of Speedy Trial Act “was not
overly long” where defendant was charged with serious crimes). All things considered, the
court concluded, a dismissal without prejudice would do justice to the aims of the Speedy
Trial Act while also recognizing the seriousness of the crimes with which Jennings was
charged.
12 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4436 Doc: 99 Filed: 04/22/2025 Pg: 13 of 15
This kind of balancing of interests is at the heart of a district court’s discretion under
§ 3162(a)(2), and we cannot find that the district court here “fail[ed] to act within the limits
prescribed by Congress.” Taylor, 487 U.S. at 337. We share the district court’s concern
about the government’s oversights and errors in this case, and it is possible that another
district court might have weighed the factors differently. But the district court here
engaged thoroughly with what it recognized as a “close issue,” J.A. 145, carefully
analyzing each statutory factor in light of the full record and “clearly articulat[ing]” its
reasoning, Taylor, 487 U.S. at 336. Under those circumstances, we have no grounds for
disturbing the district court’s decision to dismiss Jennings’s indictment without prejudice.6
We may dispense more briefly with Jennings’s remaining claims on appeal. With
respect to his convictions, Jennings challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to
suppress the evidence seized from his residence, arguing that the search warrant for his
home lacked probable cause. Reviewing the district court’s legal conclusions de novo and
its factual findings for clear error, United States v. Orozco, 41 F.4th 403, 407 (4th Cir.
2022), we conclude that the motion to suppress was properly denied. We agree with the
district court that the warrant was supported by probable cause, based on law enforcement
6 In connection with the Speedy Trial Act violation in this case, Jennings also raises ineffective assistance of counsel claims against his second and third appointed counsel. Claims of ineffective assistance are cognizable on direct appeal only where ineffective assistance “conclusively appears on the face of the record.” United States v. Faulls, 821 F.3d 502, 507–08 (4th Cir. 2016). The present record does not conclusively establish that Jennings’s appointed counsel rendered ineffective assistance. Therefore, Jennings’s claims “should be raised, if at all, in a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion.” Id. at 508.
13 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4436 Doc: 99 Filed: 04/22/2025 Pg: 14 of 15
surveillance of Jennings’s residence and statements from two individuals implicating
Jennings. We also agree with the district court’s alternative conclusion that even in the
absence of probable cause, the evidence from Jennings’s home would be admissible
because the officers relied in good faith on a search warrant in conducting their search. See
United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 919–23 (1984).7
With respect to his sentence, Jennings argues that the district court miscalculated
his Sentencing Guidelines advisory range. Specifically, Jennings objects to the district
court’s inclusion of heroin in the quantity of drugs attributed to him under U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1, given that he was convicted only of crimes involving fentanyl. But district courts
“enjoy considerable leeway” in estimating the quantity of drugs attributable to a defendant,
and may consider both “‘[t]ypes and quantities of drugs not specified in the count of
conviction’ . . . as long as those drugs were part of ‘relevant conduct’ under the
Guidelines.” United States v. Williamson, 953 F.3d 264, 269–70, 273 (4th Cir. 2020)
(quoting U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, cmt. n.5); see U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3. We discern no clear error in
the district court’s drug quantity estimation or in its conclusion that, under the
circumstances of this case, Jennings’s admitted selling of heroin was conduct relevant to
7 Jennings also preserves challenges to one of his convictions, for possession of a firearm by a felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), under Rehaif v. United States, 588 U.S. 225 (2019), and the Second Amendment. Jennings concedes that these challenges are not supported by current law, and we do not address them further.
14 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4436 Doc: 99 Filed: 04/22/2025 Pg: 15 of 15
the fentanyl-related activity for which he was charged and convicted. See United States v.
Crawford, 734 F.3d 339, 342 (4th Cir. 2013) (noting standard of review).8
III.
For the reasons given above, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
AFFIRMED
8 In recognition of her client’s desire to proceed pro se on appeal, Jennings’s appointed counsel has requested that we also consider the additional arguments Jennings raises in his own informal briefs. Under the circumstances of this case, we have reviewed those additional claims, and we find them unavailing.