United States v. Phinizy

12 M.J. 40, 1981 CMA LEXIS 12371
CourtUnited States Court of Military Appeals
DecidedOctober 26, 1981
DocketNo. 39,398; CM 438655
StatusPublished
Cited by12 cases

This text of 12 M.J. 40 (United States v. Phinizy) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering United States Court of Military Appeals primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Phinizy, 12 M.J. 40, 1981 CMA LEXIS 12371 (cma 1981).

Opinions

Opinion of the Court

FLETCHER, Judge:

The appellant was tried by general court-martial in the Federal Republic of Germany on August 7, 1979. Contrary to his pleas, he was found guilty of the wrongful sale of cocaine, in violation of Article 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 934. His general court-martial composed of members sentenced him to a bad-conduct discharge, 9 months’ confinement at hard labor, forfeiture of all pay and allowances and reduction to E-l. The convening authority approved the findings and sentence. The United States Army Court of Military Review affirmed in an unpublished opinion.

The appeal1 before this Court concerns the admissibility of prosecution exhibit 5, [41]*41$20 in United States currency. This bill, seized from the appellant’s person at the time of his arrest, was purportedly employed by Criminal Investigation Division (CID) agents in monitoring an alleged sale of cocaine by the appellant to a fellow soldier, Specialist Four Gonzales, an informant. The Army Court of Military Review found the following facts with respect to this military police operation:

On 19 April 1979, . . . [Specialist Four] Early, a CID Agent, was contacted by a confidential informant, . . . [Specialist Four] Gonzalez. Gonzalez told Early that he had been in contact with an individual in the 1st Signal Battalion who had offered to sell a packet of cocaine to him for $20.00. Early met with Gonzalez, searched him, and gave him a $20 bill to buy the cocaine. Before giving the $20 bill to Gonzalez, Early recorded its serial number.
Gonzalez left and returned about ten minutes later with a packet of cocaine. He gave Early a description of the person from whom he had brought the cocaine including the fact that he was wearing a yellow jacket. He also told him that the seller was in Room 104 of Building 3200, Kleber Kaserne.
Early did not write down the room number, but he and two other CID agents immediately went to Building 3200 and informed the unit commander that they were going to make an apprehension in his billets. Followed by appellant’s company commander and, eventually, his platoon sergeant, . . . [Sergeant First Class] Lilly, the agents went to Room 104 only to find that there was a Room 104A and a Room 104B. They entered one of them and were told that the man they were looking for was in the other. The door to that room was locked. When Lilly knocked on the door, he was told that the people inside could not unlock the door. Lilly obtained a key and he, Early and one of the other agents entered the room. There were several persons in the room— the record does not disclose how many. Early went directly to and apprehended and searched the appellant, the only person wearing a yellow jacket. Early testified he knew “which one [he] was.” A $20 bill was found in appellant’s jacket pocket. Its serial number was the same as on the bill Early had given to Gonzalez.
At trial the $20 bill was offered as an exhibit and received in evidence without objection.

One of the issues granted for review by this Court challenges the probable cause determination made by Agent Early prior to his apprehension of the appellant. See Article 7, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 807; United States v. Paige, 7 M.J. 480, 484 (C.M.A.1979). Acknowledging the fact that no objection was raised at trial to this determination, the appellant now asserts that it was plain error for the trial judge to admit the $20 bill seized incident to such an invalid apprehension. See United States v. Hendrix, 21 U.S.C.M.A. 412, 416, 45 C.M.R. 186, 190 (1972); United States v. Dupree, 1 U.S.C.M.A. 665, 670, 5 C.M.R. 93, 98 (1952). In particular, he asserts that there is insufficient evidence in this record of trial to show that Agent Early had probable cause to apprehend him as the person who sold drugs earlier that day to Gonzalez. See generally United States v. Wilson, 6 M.J. 214, 215 (C.M.A.1979). We disagree.

The record of trial provides sufficient evidence from which the trial judge could conclude that Agent Early had probable cause to apprehend the appellant for this offense. Cf. United States v. Hendrix, supra. The informant, Gonzalez, testified that he described the person of the appellant to Agent Early, the clothing he wore, including a yellow jacket, and the building and room number where the drug operator would be found. Agent Early confirmed that he had this information prior to his entry of the appellant’s room which had the same number and was in the same building as that reported by the informant. Moreover, after some initial confusion caused by [42]*42the fact that there was both a room 104A and 104B, Sergeant Lilly stated to Agent Early that he knew a soldier with a yellow jacket lived in room 104B. The absence of a formal name and the fact that several persons in the barracks had yellow jackets does not undermine the reasonableness of the agent’s conclusion that the offender was in room 104B. Although more specific details might have been afforded the military judge concerning this probable cause determination, their absence in the present case did not make the judge’s admission of the evidence plainly erroneous (see generally United States v. Wilson, supra) or create any sua sponte obligation on his part to inquire further into the matter. Cf. United States v. Ross, 7 M.J. 174 (C.M.A.1979), and United States v. Graves, 1 M.J. 50 (C.M.A.1975) .

A related issue granted (9 M.J. 421) for review by this Court is whether:

THE MILITARY JUDGE ERRED IN RECEIVING INTO EVIDENCE PROSECUTION EXHIBIT 5 BECAUSE IT WAS THE PRODUCT OF A SEARCH CONDUCTED IN VIOLATION OF PAYTON V. NEW YORK [445 U.S. 573, 100 S.Ct. 1371, 63 L.Ed.2d 639 (1980)] AND UNITED STATES V. DAVIS [8 M.J. 79 (C.M.A.1979)].

Nominally, the question asked is whether a military police officer with probable cause may enter a locked barracks room to arrest a soldier for a recent criminal offense without a formal arrest warrant. The search of appellant’s person which produced the challenged evidence, the serial-recorded money, was incident to this arrest; thus its validity is dependent on the lawfulness of the entry and arrest. See generally United States v. Cordero, 11 M.J. 210 (C.M.A.1981). Counsel for appellant calls our attention to the decision of the Supreme Court in Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 100 S.Ct. 1371, 63 L.Ed.2d 639 (1980), the order of this Court in United States v. Davis, 8 M.J. 79 (C.M.A.1979), and an opinion of the United States Army Court of Military Review in United States v. Jamison, 2 M.J. 906 (A.C.M.R.1976) . He assumes sub silentio that no exigent circumstances existed in this case which would distinguish it from those cited. See Steagald v. United States, 451 U.S. 204, 211, 221, 101 S.Ct. 1642, 1647, 1652, 68 L.Ed.2d 38 (1981); Payton v. New York, supra 445 U.S. at 582-83, 100 S.Ct. at 1377-78.

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Bluebook (online)
12 M.J. 40, 1981 CMA LEXIS 12371, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-phinizy-cma-1981.