NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 19a0324n.06
No. 18-3791
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Jun 25, 2019 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR ) THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF PHILIP SMITH, ) OHIO ) Defendant-Appellant. )
BEFORE: BATCHELDER, GRIFFIN, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM. Philip Smith challenges the procedural and substantive reasonableness of
his 77-month sentence. As set forth below, we AFFIRM Smith’s sentence.
Smith pleaded guilty to possession of a firearm and ammunition by a felon, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Smith’s presentence report set forth a base offense level of 24 on the basis
that he had two prior felony convictions for a crime of violence—his 2004 and 2010 Ohio
convictions for felonious assault. See USSG § 2K2.1(a)(2). Smith received a 3-level reduction
for acceptance of responsibility. See USSG § 3E1.1. Smith’s total offense level of 21 and criminal
history category of VI corresponded to a guidelines range of 77 to 96 months of imprisonment.
Smith objected to the presentence report’s guidelines calculation, asserting that his 2010
felonious-assault conviction, a violation of Ohio Revised Code § 2903.11(A)(1), should not count
as a crime of violence. Smith pointed out that this court had granted en banc review of this issue
in two cases. See Williams v. United States, 875 F.3d 803 (6th Cir. 2017), vacated and reh’g en No. 18-3791, United States v. Smith
banc granted, 882 F.3d 1169 (6th Cir. 2018); United States v. Burris, No. 16-3855, 2017 WL
6368852 (6th Cir. Dec. 13, 2017), vacated and reh’g en banc granted (6th Cir. Feb. 26, 2018)
(order). Smith did not object to his 2004 felonious-assault conviction counting as a crime of
violence. In his written objection to the presentence report, Smith argued his base offense level
should be 20, the base offense level for a defendant with one prior conviction for a crime of
violence, see USSG § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A), resulting in a total offense level of 17 and a guideline range
of 51 to 63 months of imprisonment.
At sentencing, the district court acknowledged Smith’s argument that this court had granted
en banc review as to whether felonious assault under Ohio law constitutes a crime of violence, but
stated that it was required to follow this court’s most recent panel decision in United States v.
Anderson, 695 F.3d 390 (6th Cir. 2012). The district court noted that, if Anderson remained “good
law” and Ohio felonious assault constitutes a crime of violence, then Smith’s guidelines range
would be 77 to 96 months of imprisonment. If the en banc court overruled Anderson, the district
court stated, then Smith’s guidelines range would be 51 to 63 months of imprisonment. Both
parties agreed with the district court’s analysis. In considering the sentencing factors under 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a), the district court pointed out that Smith’s prior sentences of five years and six
years had not deterred him from committing another offense and stated, “I’ve got to give you a
longer sentence than you’ve served before to both punish and deter you.” The district court
determined that the appropriate sentence was 77 months of imprisonment, “independent of either
Guideline range.” The district court concluded, “I’ve got to give you a sentence of more than 72
months as a proper punishment and deterrence. So I come out with 77 months’ custody of the
Attorney General, regardless of the advisory range.” Smith timely appealed his sentence.
In the meantime, this court held in United States v. Burris, 912 F.3d 386 (6th Cir. 2019)
(en banc), that Ohio’s felonious-assault statute is too broad to qualify categorically as a crime of
-2- No. 18-3791, United States v. Smith
violence, overruling Anderson, but that the statute sets forth multiple separate crimes and is
therefore divisible. 912 F.3d at 399, 405. A felonious-assault conviction under Ohio Revised
Code § 2903.11(A)(1) does not qualify as a crime of violence because a defendant could violate
that subsection by causing mental, as opposed to physical, harm to another. 912 F.3d at 397-99.
A felonious assault conviction under Ohio Revised Code § 2903.11(A)(2), which involves the use
of a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance, does qualify as a crime of violence. 912 F.3d at 405-
06.
On appeal, Smith argues that his sentence is (1) procedurally unreasonable because the
district court incorrectly calculated his guidelines range and (2) substantively unreasonable
because his 77-month sentence represents an exceptional variance from the properly calculated
guidelines range. We review Smith’s sentence for procedural and substantive reasonableness
under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. United States v. Battaglia, 624 F.3d 348, 350
(6th Cir. 2010).
In reviewing for procedural reasonableness, we must ensure that the district court correctly
calculated the applicable guidelines range. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). For the
first time on appeal, Smith contends that his 2004 and 2010 convictions for felonious assault were
both violations of Ohio Revised Code § 2903.11(A)(1) and that neither constitutes a crime of
violence based on Burris. With no prior conviction for a crime of violence, Smith now argues his
base offense level should be 14, see USSG § 2K2.1(a)(6), and his guidelines range should be 30
to 37 months of imprisonment. But Smith asserted in his objections to the presentence report that
his guidelines range should be 51 to 63 months of imprisonment and at sentencing agreed with the
district court that, if this court were to overrule Anderson, his applicable guidelines range would
be 51 to 63 months of imprisonment. Because Smith explicitly agreed with the district court’s
alternative guidelines range of 51 to 63 months of imprisonment, which was based on his 2004
-3- No. 18-3791, United States v. Smith
felonious-assault conviction qualifying as a crime of violence, he has waived any claim that the
district court erred in making that alternative calculation. See United States v. Mabee, 765 F.3d
666, 671 (6th Cir. 2014) (“[W]here the defendant has ‘explicitly agreed’ that a particular guideline
calculation or enhancement applies to his sentence, any challenge to that enhancement on appeal
is waived.”).
Even without that waiver, Smith’s challenge to the district court’s alternative guidelines
calculation would fail because he had a prior conviction for a crime of violence aside from his
felonious-assault convictions. Smith’s 2004 conviction included one count of felonious assault
and one count of aggravated robbery with firearm specifications. Both counts of the 2004
conviction were included in the presentence report, but the report only referenced the felonious-
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 19a0324n.06
No. 18-3791
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Jun 25, 2019 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR ) THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF PHILIP SMITH, ) OHIO ) Defendant-Appellant. )
BEFORE: BATCHELDER, GRIFFIN, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM. Philip Smith challenges the procedural and substantive reasonableness of
his 77-month sentence. As set forth below, we AFFIRM Smith’s sentence.
Smith pleaded guilty to possession of a firearm and ammunition by a felon, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Smith’s presentence report set forth a base offense level of 24 on the basis
that he had two prior felony convictions for a crime of violence—his 2004 and 2010 Ohio
convictions for felonious assault. See USSG § 2K2.1(a)(2). Smith received a 3-level reduction
for acceptance of responsibility. See USSG § 3E1.1. Smith’s total offense level of 21 and criminal
history category of VI corresponded to a guidelines range of 77 to 96 months of imprisonment.
Smith objected to the presentence report’s guidelines calculation, asserting that his 2010
felonious-assault conviction, a violation of Ohio Revised Code § 2903.11(A)(1), should not count
as a crime of violence. Smith pointed out that this court had granted en banc review of this issue
in two cases. See Williams v. United States, 875 F.3d 803 (6th Cir. 2017), vacated and reh’g en No. 18-3791, United States v. Smith
banc granted, 882 F.3d 1169 (6th Cir. 2018); United States v. Burris, No. 16-3855, 2017 WL
6368852 (6th Cir. Dec. 13, 2017), vacated and reh’g en banc granted (6th Cir. Feb. 26, 2018)
(order). Smith did not object to his 2004 felonious-assault conviction counting as a crime of
violence. In his written objection to the presentence report, Smith argued his base offense level
should be 20, the base offense level for a defendant with one prior conviction for a crime of
violence, see USSG § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A), resulting in a total offense level of 17 and a guideline range
of 51 to 63 months of imprisonment.
At sentencing, the district court acknowledged Smith’s argument that this court had granted
en banc review as to whether felonious assault under Ohio law constitutes a crime of violence, but
stated that it was required to follow this court’s most recent panel decision in United States v.
Anderson, 695 F.3d 390 (6th Cir. 2012). The district court noted that, if Anderson remained “good
law” and Ohio felonious assault constitutes a crime of violence, then Smith’s guidelines range
would be 77 to 96 months of imprisonment. If the en banc court overruled Anderson, the district
court stated, then Smith’s guidelines range would be 51 to 63 months of imprisonment. Both
parties agreed with the district court’s analysis. In considering the sentencing factors under 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a), the district court pointed out that Smith’s prior sentences of five years and six
years had not deterred him from committing another offense and stated, “I’ve got to give you a
longer sentence than you’ve served before to both punish and deter you.” The district court
determined that the appropriate sentence was 77 months of imprisonment, “independent of either
Guideline range.” The district court concluded, “I’ve got to give you a sentence of more than 72
months as a proper punishment and deterrence. So I come out with 77 months’ custody of the
Attorney General, regardless of the advisory range.” Smith timely appealed his sentence.
In the meantime, this court held in United States v. Burris, 912 F.3d 386 (6th Cir. 2019)
(en banc), that Ohio’s felonious-assault statute is too broad to qualify categorically as a crime of
-2- No. 18-3791, United States v. Smith
violence, overruling Anderson, but that the statute sets forth multiple separate crimes and is
therefore divisible. 912 F.3d at 399, 405. A felonious-assault conviction under Ohio Revised
Code § 2903.11(A)(1) does not qualify as a crime of violence because a defendant could violate
that subsection by causing mental, as opposed to physical, harm to another. 912 F.3d at 397-99.
A felonious assault conviction under Ohio Revised Code § 2903.11(A)(2), which involves the use
of a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance, does qualify as a crime of violence. 912 F.3d at 405-
06.
On appeal, Smith argues that his sentence is (1) procedurally unreasonable because the
district court incorrectly calculated his guidelines range and (2) substantively unreasonable
because his 77-month sentence represents an exceptional variance from the properly calculated
guidelines range. We review Smith’s sentence for procedural and substantive reasonableness
under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. United States v. Battaglia, 624 F.3d 348, 350
(6th Cir. 2010).
In reviewing for procedural reasonableness, we must ensure that the district court correctly
calculated the applicable guidelines range. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). For the
first time on appeal, Smith contends that his 2004 and 2010 convictions for felonious assault were
both violations of Ohio Revised Code § 2903.11(A)(1) and that neither constitutes a crime of
violence based on Burris. With no prior conviction for a crime of violence, Smith now argues his
base offense level should be 14, see USSG § 2K2.1(a)(6), and his guidelines range should be 30
to 37 months of imprisonment. But Smith asserted in his objections to the presentence report that
his guidelines range should be 51 to 63 months of imprisonment and at sentencing agreed with the
district court that, if this court were to overrule Anderson, his applicable guidelines range would
be 51 to 63 months of imprisonment. Because Smith explicitly agreed with the district court’s
alternative guidelines range of 51 to 63 months of imprisonment, which was based on his 2004
-3- No. 18-3791, United States v. Smith
felonious-assault conviction qualifying as a crime of violence, he has waived any claim that the
district court erred in making that alternative calculation. See United States v. Mabee, 765 F.3d
666, 671 (6th Cir. 2014) (“[W]here the defendant has ‘explicitly agreed’ that a particular guideline
calculation or enhancement applies to his sentence, any challenge to that enhancement on appeal
is waived.”).
Even without that waiver, Smith’s challenge to the district court’s alternative guidelines
calculation would fail because he had a prior conviction for a crime of violence aside from his
felonious-assault convictions. Smith’s 2004 conviction included one count of felonious assault
and one count of aggravated robbery with firearm specifications. Both counts of the 2004
conviction were included in the presentence report, but the report only referenced the felonious-
assault count as qualifying as a crime of violence. The government has filed an unopposed motion
to take judicial notice of state court documents from Smith’s prior criminal cases. See Fed. R.
App. P. 10(e)(3). Federal Rule of Evidence 201 allows a court to take judicial notice, at any stage
of the proceeding, of “a fact that is not subject to reasonable dispute because it . . . can be accurately
and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R.
Evid. 201(b); see Fed. R. Evid. 201(d). The indictment from Smith’s prior criminal case satisfies
this standard. See United States v. Ferguson, 681 F.3d 826, 833-35 (6th Cir. 2012). The indictment
charged Smith with aggravated robbery, in violation of Ohio Revised Code § 2911.01, for having
“a dangerous ordnance, to-wit: firearm . . . on or about his person or under his control” while
attempting or committing a theft offense. This court has held that aggravated robbery with a deadly
weapon under Ohio law qualifies as a crime of violence. United States v. Patterson, 853 F.3d 298,
305 (6th Cir. 2017). Because Smith’s 2004 aggravated robbery conviction qualifies as a crime of
-4- No. 18-3791, United States v. Smith
violence, the district court’s alternative guidelines calculation of 51 to 63 months of imprisonment
was correct independent of his felonious-assault convictions.1
“The essence of a substantive-reasonableness claim is whether the length of the sentence
is ‘greater than necessary’ to achieve the sentencing goals set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” United
States v. Tristan-Madrigal, 601 F.3d 629, 632-33 (6th Cir. 2010). In reviewing for substantive
reasonableness, we “take into account the totality of the circumstances, including the extent of any
variance from the Guidelines range.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. But we “must give due deference to
the district court’s decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify the extent of the
variance.” Id. Smith argues that his 77-month sentence was more than double the high end of the
applicable guidelines range. For the reasons discussed above, Smith’s applicable guidelines range
was 51 to 63 months of imprisonment and not, as he now claims, 30 to 37 months of imprisonment.
The district court pointed out that Smith’s prior sentences of five years and six years had not
deterred him from committing another offense and determined that a sentence longer than he had
served before was necessary to meet § 3553(a)’s goals of punishment and deterrence. The district
court concluded that a 77-month sentence, representing “a slight upward variance” from the 51-to-
63-month range, was appropriate. Considering the totality of the circumstances and giving due
deference to the district court’s sentencing decision, we find no abuse of discretion.
For these reasons, we GRANT the government’s motion to take judicial notice and
AFFIRM Smith’s sentence.
1 Furthermore, any error in the district court’s guidelines calculation would have been harmless. “A sentencing error is harmless if we are certain that the error did not affect the district court’s selection of the sentence imposed.” United States v. McCarty, 628 F.3d 284, 294 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. Jeross, 521 F.3d 562, 569 (6th Cir. 2008)). Even if the district court erred in calculating Smith’s guideline’s range, it did not affect his sentence because the district court determined that Smith’s sentence needed “to be a little longer than six years” and concluded that a 77-month sentence was appropriate, “regardless of the advisory range.” -5-