OPINION OF THE COURT.
The official surveys of these ranchos are objected to by the owners of the former. The principal controversy relates to the location of the northern line of the Buri Buri, or Sanchez grant, which is also the southern boundary of the Visitación Rancho, confirmed to Henry R. Payson et al. The grant to Jose De La Cruz Sanchez was issued on the 23d September, 1S35. The only boundaries it mentions are “San Mateo and the Corral de San Bruno.” The fourth condition describes the land as of the extent of four square leagues,' as shown by the map. In the resolution of approval by the departmental assembly, the boundaries are mentioned with more particularity: “The tract conceded will include the lands now occupied, boufided by the Mission of San Francisco on the north, with the rancho of San Mateo on the south, with the esteros of the bay on the east, and with the rancho of La Costa on the east, which dimensions will be observed at the time of giving possession.” The rancho of Cañada de Guadalupe Visitación y Rodeo Viejo, granted to Jacob P. Leese, is described as bounded “on the east by the bay, on the west by the Camino Real and Portezuelo, on the north by the rancho of Don Comelio Bernal, and on the south by that of Don "Jose Sanchez.” In order, therefore, to establish the southern boundary of the Visitación Rancho, the northern boundary of the Buri Buri must be ascertained. The description in the decree in the Buri Buri case is taken from the record of the judicial possession of the rancho, given in 1835 to the grantee; and this record is referred to in the decree for a more particular description of the boundary. The record contains, as is usual: (1) The depositions of the witnesses who testify to the recognized boundaries of the rancho. (2) The account of the preliminary reconnois-sanee, or “vista de ojos,” where the witnesses point out to the alcalde, on the ground, the boundaries and landmarks, previously described in their depositions. And (3) the record of the actual measurement and estate [472]*472listing of the boundaries, and the formal giving of the possession by the alcalde. The witnesses examined by the alcalde were Bartolo Bojorques. Jose Antonio Alviso, and Antonio Soto. They all describe the northeastern comer and the northern boundary line in the same terms. The eastern and the northern boundaries are the last mentioned, and they are described as follows: “Thence, following a direction to the north along the margin of the esteros of the bay of the port as far as the rincón called San Bruno, at the foot of that hill, and, from east to west, along the foot of that hill, ‘cerro,’ as far as a very short cañada,” etc. Soto describes the line as running north, along the margin of the esteros “as far as the foot of the hill of San Bruno and rincón of the same name, and, from east to west, following the foot of said hill,” etc., thus reversing the order in which the foot of the cerro and the rin-cón are mentioned by the other witnesses, but obviously intending, like them, to indicate a rincón at the south base of the hill of San Bruno.
In the account of the preliminary recon-noissance the alcalde describes the boundary pointed out to him by the witnesses as follows: “I ordered the aforesaid individuals to show me the places, limits, and boundaries, according to the indications they have made in their depositions and in conformity with them. They guided me toward the north as far as the foot of the hill (‘cerro’) named San Bruno, where enters an estero which looks towards the south, and, standing at that place and the point of said estero, which they told me was called the ‘Rincon de San Bruno’; from thence beginning the examination with direction towards the west, following the foot of said hill, they showed me a small cañada,” etc. After making this reconnoissance, swearing the measurers, measuring the cordel, &c., the alcalde proceeds to the formal measurement of the land and establishment of its boundaries. In his record of the proceeding, the measurement of the boundary in question, is described by the alcalde as follows: “They began said measurement from the ‘Solar,’ which looks towards the north, and is situated at the foot of the San Bruno hill, the rincón of that name, and the end of an es-tero which is there and looks towards the south; from said point directing their course towards the west, following the skirt (falda) of said hill,” etc. Prom these descriptions it is very plain that no part of the hill of the San Bruno was included within the limits of the Buri Buri Rancho.
The depositions of the witnesses, the account of the preliminary reconnoissance, and the record of the formal measurement, clearly indicate that in following the eastern boundary in a northerly direction along the esteros they stopped on reaching the rincón or corner at the foot of the hill of San Bruno, and that the northern boundary ran from that point in a westerly direction along the base of the same ridge of hills. The indications of the diseño of the Visitación grant are equally explicit. It is drawn by Vioget, a professional surveyor, and with more than usual care. The southern boundary of the Visitación Rancho is indicated by a dotted line, which commences at the bay to the south of the hill or cerro of San Bruno, and running along the southern base of the range of hills of that name, terminates at the Camino Real. It cannot be doubted that it was intended to include within the limits of this map the hills of San Bruno, and that the boundary between the two ranchos was meant to be drawn at their base. The official survey, following literally the erroneous translation of the word “rincón,” contained in the decree, has adopted as tne point of beginning the “Punta de San Bruno,” or the most easterly extremity of the hills of that name, where, projecting into the bay, they form a point or promontory. Prom thence the line has been surveyed in a westerly direction, running along the hills at a considerable elevation above their base, and in several instances following the line of their crest. But this survey is obviously inconsistent with the terms of the decree as well as with the very explicit language of the act of possession to which the decree refers, and which it was meant to adopt. The language of the decree is, “Beginning at the base of the hill of San Bruno at the point (rincón) of the same name, and the extremity of an estuary which is there and looks to the south, and running thence in a westerly direction along the side of said hill,” etc. Read by the light of the act of possession, it is plain that the point of commencement herein referred to was the extremity of an estuary in a rincón or corner of land, lying at the southerly base of the San Bruno hill, and that the line was to be run thence along the base of the hills towards the Camino Real. The term “falda,” which occurs in the record of measurement, is translated “side” in the decree. But in the depositions of the witnesses, and in the account of the preliminary reconnoissance, the word “pie,” or “foot,” is alone mentioned, and the term “falda,” which means the lower slope of a hill, was undoubtedly used by the alcalde in the same sense. It is perhaps not easy precisely to define the limits of the tract described as the rincón of San Bruno; nor is it necessary. It was evidently a piece of land Tying at the southern base of the hill of San Bruno, within which was an “estero” at the point or head of which the survey commenced. This estero is a natural object readily identified. It is pointed out by Galindo, one of the measurers who assisted at the act of possession. It is the only estero in the immediate vicinity, and its punta or extremity is immediately adjacent to the base, of the cerro, and lies within the limits of the rincón.
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OPINION OF THE COURT.
The official surveys of these ranchos are objected to by the owners of the former. The principal controversy relates to the location of the northern line of the Buri Buri, or Sanchez grant, which is also the southern boundary of the Visitación Rancho, confirmed to Henry R. Payson et al. The grant to Jose De La Cruz Sanchez was issued on the 23d September, 1S35. The only boundaries it mentions are “San Mateo and the Corral de San Bruno.” The fourth condition describes the land as of the extent of four square leagues,' as shown by the map. In the resolution of approval by the departmental assembly, the boundaries are mentioned with more particularity: “The tract conceded will include the lands now occupied, boufided by the Mission of San Francisco on the north, with the rancho of San Mateo on the south, with the esteros of the bay on the east, and with the rancho of La Costa on the east, which dimensions will be observed at the time of giving possession.” The rancho of Cañada de Guadalupe Visitación y Rodeo Viejo, granted to Jacob P. Leese, is described as bounded “on the east by the bay, on the west by the Camino Real and Portezuelo, on the north by the rancho of Don Comelio Bernal, and on the south by that of Don "Jose Sanchez.” In order, therefore, to establish the southern boundary of the Visitación Rancho, the northern boundary of the Buri Buri must be ascertained. The description in the decree in the Buri Buri case is taken from the record of the judicial possession of the rancho, given in 1835 to the grantee; and this record is referred to in the decree for a more particular description of the boundary. The record contains, as is usual: (1) The depositions of the witnesses who testify to the recognized boundaries of the rancho. (2) The account of the preliminary reconnois-sanee, or “vista de ojos,” where the witnesses point out to the alcalde, on the ground, the boundaries and landmarks, previously described in their depositions. And (3) the record of the actual measurement and estate [472]*472listing of the boundaries, and the formal giving of the possession by the alcalde. The witnesses examined by the alcalde were Bartolo Bojorques. Jose Antonio Alviso, and Antonio Soto. They all describe the northeastern comer and the northern boundary line in the same terms. The eastern and the northern boundaries are the last mentioned, and they are described as follows: “Thence, following a direction to the north along the margin of the esteros of the bay of the port as far as the rincón called San Bruno, at the foot of that hill, and, from east to west, along the foot of that hill, ‘cerro,’ as far as a very short cañada,” etc. Soto describes the line as running north, along the margin of the esteros “as far as the foot of the hill of San Bruno and rincón of the same name, and, from east to west, following the foot of said hill,” etc., thus reversing the order in which the foot of the cerro and the rin-cón are mentioned by the other witnesses, but obviously intending, like them, to indicate a rincón at the south base of the hill of San Bruno.
In the account of the preliminary recon-noissance the alcalde describes the boundary pointed out to him by the witnesses as follows: “I ordered the aforesaid individuals to show me the places, limits, and boundaries, according to the indications they have made in their depositions and in conformity with them. They guided me toward the north as far as the foot of the hill (‘cerro’) named San Bruno, where enters an estero which looks towards the south, and, standing at that place and the point of said estero, which they told me was called the ‘Rincon de San Bruno’; from thence beginning the examination with direction towards the west, following the foot of said hill, they showed me a small cañada,” etc. After making this reconnoissance, swearing the measurers, measuring the cordel, &c., the alcalde proceeds to the formal measurement of the land and establishment of its boundaries. In his record of the proceeding, the measurement of the boundary in question, is described by the alcalde as follows: “They began said measurement from the ‘Solar,’ which looks towards the north, and is situated at the foot of the San Bruno hill, the rincón of that name, and the end of an es-tero which is there and looks towards the south; from said point directing their course towards the west, following the skirt (falda) of said hill,” etc. Prom these descriptions it is very plain that no part of the hill of the San Bruno was included within the limits of the Buri Buri Rancho.
The depositions of the witnesses, the account of the preliminary reconnoissance, and the record of the formal measurement, clearly indicate that in following the eastern boundary in a northerly direction along the esteros they stopped on reaching the rincón or corner at the foot of the hill of San Bruno, and that the northern boundary ran from that point in a westerly direction along the base of the same ridge of hills. The indications of the diseño of the Visitación grant are equally explicit. It is drawn by Vioget, a professional surveyor, and with more than usual care. The southern boundary of the Visitación Rancho is indicated by a dotted line, which commences at the bay to the south of the hill or cerro of San Bruno, and running along the southern base of the range of hills of that name, terminates at the Camino Real. It cannot be doubted that it was intended to include within the limits of this map the hills of San Bruno, and that the boundary between the two ranchos was meant to be drawn at their base. The official survey, following literally the erroneous translation of the word “rincón,” contained in the decree, has adopted as tne point of beginning the “Punta de San Bruno,” or the most easterly extremity of the hills of that name, where, projecting into the bay, they form a point or promontory. Prom thence the line has been surveyed in a westerly direction, running along the hills at a considerable elevation above their base, and in several instances following the line of their crest. But this survey is obviously inconsistent with the terms of the decree as well as with the very explicit language of the act of possession to which the decree refers, and which it was meant to adopt. The language of the decree is, “Beginning at the base of the hill of San Bruno at the point (rincón) of the same name, and the extremity of an estuary which is there and looks to the south, and running thence in a westerly direction along the side of said hill,” etc. Read by the light of the act of possession, it is plain that the point of commencement herein referred to was the extremity of an estuary in a rincón or corner of land, lying at the southerly base of the San Bruno hill, and that the line was to be run thence along the base of the hills towards the Camino Real. The term “falda,” which occurs in the record of measurement, is translated “side” in the decree. But in the depositions of the witnesses, and in the account of the preliminary reconnoissance, the word “pie,” or “foot,” is alone mentioned, and the term “falda,” which means the lower slope of a hill, was undoubtedly used by the alcalde in the same sense. It is perhaps not easy precisely to define the limits of the tract described as the rincón of San Bruno; nor is it necessary. It was evidently a piece of land Tying at the southern base of the hill of San Bruno, within which was an “estero” at the point or head of which the survey commenced. This estero is a natural object readily identified. It is pointed out by Galindo, one of the measurers who assisted at the act of possession. It is the only estero in the immediate vicinity, and its punta or extremity is immediately adjacent to the base, of the cerro, and lies within the limits of the rincón. It is evidently the [473]*473point of commencement established by the alcalde, and described in the decree. From this point it is plain that the line should run in a general westerly direction along the base of the hills so as to leave the latter on the north and within the limits of the Visitación Rancho. An effort has been made to prove by the testimony of Bajorques and Alviso that the point of commencement fixed by the alcalde was a shell mound or site of •an Indian ranchería, north of the estero but south of San Bruno point, adopted in the official survey as the point of beginning. But to this suggestion it is enough to say that it is inconsistent with the act of possession and with the language of the decree. Nothing can be clearer than that the point of commencement established by the act of possession and referred to in the decree was the extremity of an estero situated in a rin-cón at the base of the San Bruno hill. It is also sought by the testimony of the same witnesses to show that though the line was in fact run along the base of the hills, it was intended to follow their crest.
It is unnecessary to allude to the admissibility of parol testimony to vary the positive terms of a formal record of a judicial proceeding. The record itself discloses that the statement of the witnesses cannot be true. Their own depositions on which the alcalde acted, fix in the most explicit manner the northern line of the Buri Buri at the “pie” (foot) of the hills, and the alcalde certifies that they pointed out that line to him, and it was measured in their presence along the “falda.” As against a formal record of this kind, the evidence of aged, illiterate and very infirm witnesses as to their recollection of what was done or intended by the alcalde is. even if admissible, entitled to no weight whatever.
It is also objected, on the part of the United States, that the northern line of the surveys is incorrect in not running in a straight line from the extremity of the es-tero to the “Laguna Alta.” The effect of the alteration suggested would be to exclude from the Buri Buri a strip of land of a triangular shape, which it is contended would constitute a “sobrante” not included within either rancho. But it is evident from the terms of the act of possession that the-line from the estero could not have been a straight line, for it is described as following the “falda” of the hills, and it was drawn to a small valley, which begins at the public road, and ends between the Laguna San Bruno and a wooden corral, also called the “Corral de San Bruno.” These objects, the Laguna de San Bruno and the corral of the same name, are clearly identified, and I do not understand the'r position to be disputed.
All the witnesses before the alcalde mention the “Corral de San Bruno,” which is at the margin and south of the laguna of the same name, situated in a small valley, or cañada, as the first boundary, or landmark, of the rancho, and they state that the line runs “from said place of the Corral de San Bruno in a westerly direction to the Laguna Alta.” The principal ground for contending that the line should run directly from the estero to the Laguna Alta is the fact that the record, after describing it as following the falda of the hills to a small caña-da between the Laguna and the Corral de San Bruno, states that it was continued “in the same direction” to the Laguna Alta. But it is not said that the line was a straight line, and we have seen that all the witnesses describe the line from the Corral de San Bruno to the Laguna Alta as running in a westerly direction. In point of fact its course will be considerably to the south of west; but it is highly probable that the alcalde, whose notions of courses by compass were probably as vague as those of the witnesses, assumed, as they did, that the line from the corral would run in a westerly direction, which would be in the same general course as that portion of it from the estero to the corral. But this slight discrepancy is clearly of too little importance to justify us in rejecting the explicit call for the little valley between the Corral de San Bruno and the laguna of the same name, contained in the act of possession, and adopted in the final decree of confirmation. The diseño is also appealed to to show that the line should run directly to the Laguna Alta; but it is evident that both the Laguna Alta and that of San Bruno are very inaccurately laid down on the map, the distance between them being much less than the actual distance. The dotted lines on the diseño seem to have been intended by the alcalde to indicate rather the breadth and length of the tract than its boundaries; for the easternmost line is drawn at some distance from and parallel to the shore of the bay, and yet it is not and cannot be denied that the bay was the eastern boundary. The northern line is drawn at right angles to the eastern line from the estero to the La-guna Alta, but passing near to the Laguna San Bruno at what was no doubt supposed to be the cañada, between the corral and the Laguna San Bruno.
The error already noticed, viz. the supposition that the- line from the corral, or the little valley between it and the Laguna San Bruno to the Laguna Alta, would be in the same direction as the line from the estero to the corral, is reproduced on the diseño, and the line is represented as passing by the Laguna San Bruno, and continuing in the same course to the Alta. The whole delineation is very rude, and obviously inaccurate. It was no doubt made by the al-calde to indicate, roughly, the more important landmarks established by him when giving the possession; but it is of no weight when opposed to the explicit and unmistakable description of the lines actually run and the landmarks established, contained in [474]*474the formal record of his proceedings. The objection last noticed is made by the United States. But it may well be doubted whether, if sustained, the effect would not be to give the strip of land in question to the owners of the Visitación Rancho and not to the United States. That rancho is bounded on the south by the rancho of Sanchez. It was granted subject to the boundaries of the latter, with which it was intended to be colindante. These boundaries, therefore, when finally established by competent authority, would seem to determine the boundaries of the neighboring rancho, especially as it is shown that there is not enough land within the exterior limits of both ranchos to satisfy the calls for quantity. But the owners of the Visitación Rancho make no objection to the northwestern corner as fixed in the official survey, and for the reason above given I am of opinion that the location is substantially correct. My opinion is that the official survey should be modified by drawing the northern line of the Buri Buri Rancho from the extremity of the es-tero, commencing at the stake pointed out by the witnesses, and adopted in the survey of that line by Milo Hoadley; thence following the base of the hills, as indicated in the diagram, marked “Exhibit No. 2,” attached to the deposition of that witness, but changing the last course so that it shall terminate at the station marked “B. B., No. 2,” on said diagram, and also on the official survey.