NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 26a0111n.06
Case No. 24-2020
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Mar 06, 2026 ) KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN PATRICK CRAIG HARRISON, ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN Defendant-Appellant. ) ) OPINION
Before: COLE, CLAY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
COLE, Circuit Judge. Patrick Craig Harrison appeals the district court’s imposition of a
$5,000 Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act (JVTA) special assessment and a five-year term of
supervised release. First, Harrison contends that the district court plainly erred by imposing the
JVTA assessment because he is indigent. Second, Harrison argues that his five-year supervised
release sentence is unreasonable. For the reasons below, we affirm.
I.
In 2024, Harrison pleaded guilty, without a plea agreement, to possession of child
pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(5)(B) and (b)(2). The probation office
prepared a presentence report (PSR) to which neither party objected. The PSR detailed Harrison’s
education, work history, and financial status. The probation department recommended various
financial penalties, including the JVTA assessment, and calculated a Guidelines range of 97 to 121
months’ imprisonment and a mandatory minimum supervised release term of five years. No. 24-2020, United States v. Harrison
During the sentencing hearing, the district court stated the Guidelines range for the
violation and noted the mandatory minimum supervised release term. The court ultimately varied
downwards and sentenced Harrison to 70 months of imprisonment followed by five years of
supervised release. The court also imposed various financial penalties, including a $100 felony
special assessment, a $5,000 JVTA special assessment, and $33,000 in restitution. Harrison did
not object to any aspect of his sentence.
Harrison timely appeals.
II.
Harrison argues that the district court erred by imposing the JVTA special assessment and
five years of supervised release. He failed to object to the special assessment and his supervised
release sentence below, so we review both challenges for plain error. United States v. Babcock,
753 F.3d 587, 590 (6th Cir. 2014); United States v. Meek, 32 F.4th 576, 580–81 (6th Cir. 2022).
To establish plain error, Harrison must show “(1) an error, (2) that was obvious or clear, (3) that
affected his substantial rights, and (4) that affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of
his judicial proceedings.” United States v. Inman, 666 F.3d 1001, 1003–04 (6th Cir. 2012) (per
curiam). We address each challenge in turn.
A.
We first consider whether the district court erred by imposing the JVTA special assessment
pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3014. Harrison’s offenses arose under chapter 110. See 18 U.S.C.
§§ 2252A(a)(5)(B), (b)(2). Section 3014 requires district courts to impose a $5,000 special
assessment “on any non-indigent person or entity convicted of an offense under . . . chapter 110
(relating to sexual exploitation and other abuse of children).” Id. § 3014(a)(3). The JVTA
-2- No. 24-2020, United States v. Harrison
assessment is thus mandatory for any non-indigent defendant guilty of a qualifying offense. United
States v. Shepherd, 922 F.3d 753, 757 (6th Cir. 2019).
“The defendant bears the burden of proving indigency,” and a district court may not impose
the JVTA assessment on a defendant who meets this burden. United States v. Wandahsega, 924
F.3d 868, 889–90 (6th Cir. 2019) (citation modified). When assessing indigency, courts consider
a defendant’s current and future ability to pay the assessment, including potential in-prison and
post-release earnings. Shepherd, 922 F.3d at 757–59. Section 3014 does not require district courts
to make explicit findings of non-indigency so long as “it can be inferred that the district court
considered the defendant’s ability to pay and other factors required by law.” Wandahsega, 924
F.3d at 888 (quoting United States v. Powell, 423 F. App’x 602, 610–11 (6th Cir. 2011)). We have
previously inferred that a district court considered a defendant’s ability to pay where the court
made no factual findings with respect to ability to pay at sentencing, but the PSR detailed the
defendant’s financial position. See id. at 888–89.
The PSR prepared by the probation department detailed Harrison’s employment history,
ability to work, net worth, and income. Prior to sentencing, Harrison had a net worth of $5,206
and monthly retirement income of $153. The probation department stated that Harrison should be
able to work in prison or during supervised release. The district court reviewed the PSR, including
the financial information contained within it, and adopted it in full. When discussing the JVTA
special assessment, the district court explained that it “d[id]n’t think there has been a
demonstration of [indigency].” (Sentencing Hr’g Tr., R. 45, PageID 208.)
The district court did not plainly err in finding Harrison failed to demonstrate his indigency.
We agree with Harrison that the PSR stated that he lacked the means to satisfy a lump-sum
payment. The JVTA, however, gives defendants twenty years after release from prison to satisfy
-3- No. 24-2020, United States v. Harrison
the debt. 18 U.S.C. §§ 3014(g), 3613(b). Thus, the district court did not have to rely on only
Harrison’s current ability to pay the fine. See Shepherd, 922 F.3d at 757–59. The PSR noted that
Harrison should be able to work in prison or during supervised release. Although the district court
appointed counsel on Harrison’s behalf, as Harrison acknowledges, qualifying for court-appointed
counsel “is probative but not dispositive” of indigency. See id. at 759.
Finally, Harrison contends that the district court erred by failing to make explicit factual
findings related to his non-indigency and thus hindering our review. From the record, however,
we can infer that the district court considered Harrison’s future earning potential and other factors
required by law. See Wandahsega, 924 F.3d at 888; Shepherd, 922 F.3d at 760. The district court
fully adopted the PSR and concluded that Harrison failed to demonstrate his indigency. We cannot
conclude the district court plainly erred by doing so.
Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s imposition of the $5,000 JVTA special
assessment.
B.
Next, we examine whether Harrison’s five-year supervised release sentence is
unreasonable. A district court must impose a sentence that is both substantively and procedurally
reasonable. United States v. Walters, 775 F.3d 778, 781 (6th Cir. 2015). Harrison argues that his
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 26a0111n.06
Case No. 24-2020
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Mar 06, 2026 ) KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN PATRICK CRAIG HARRISON, ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN Defendant-Appellant. ) ) OPINION
Before: COLE, CLAY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
COLE, Circuit Judge. Patrick Craig Harrison appeals the district court’s imposition of a
$5,000 Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act (JVTA) special assessment and a five-year term of
supervised release. First, Harrison contends that the district court plainly erred by imposing the
JVTA assessment because he is indigent. Second, Harrison argues that his five-year supervised
release sentence is unreasonable. For the reasons below, we affirm.
I.
In 2024, Harrison pleaded guilty, without a plea agreement, to possession of child
pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(5)(B) and (b)(2). The probation office
prepared a presentence report (PSR) to which neither party objected. The PSR detailed Harrison’s
education, work history, and financial status. The probation department recommended various
financial penalties, including the JVTA assessment, and calculated a Guidelines range of 97 to 121
months’ imprisonment and a mandatory minimum supervised release term of five years. No. 24-2020, United States v. Harrison
During the sentencing hearing, the district court stated the Guidelines range for the
violation and noted the mandatory minimum supervised release term. The court ultimately varied
downwards and sentenced Harrison to 70 months of imprisonment followed by five years of
supervised release. The court also imposed various financial penalties, including a $100 felony
special assessment, a $5,000 JVTA special assessment, and $33,000 in restitution. Harrison did
not object to any aspect of his sentence.
Harrison timely appeals.
II.
Harrison argues that the district court erred by imposing the JVTA special assessment and
five years of supervised release. He failed to object to the special assessment and his supervised
release sentence below, so we review both challenges for plain error. United States v. Babcock,
753 F.3d 587, 590 (6th Cir. 2014); United States v. Meek, 32 F.4th 576, 580–81 (6th Cir. 2022).
To establish plain error, Harrison must show “(1) an error, (2) that was obvious or clear, (3) that
affected his substantial rights, and (4) that affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of
his judicial proceedings.” United States v. Inman, 666 F.3d 1001, 1003–04 (6th Cir. 2012) (per
curiam). We address each challenge in turn.
A.
We first consider whether the district court erred by imposing the JVTA special assessment
pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3014. Harrison’s offenses arose under chapter 110. See 18 U.S.C.
§§ 2252A(a)(5)(B), (b)(2). Section 3014 requires district courts to impose a $5,000 special
assessment “on any non-indigent person or entity convicted of an offense under . . . chapter 110
(relating to sexual exploitation and other abuse of children).” Id. § 3014(a)(3). The JVTA
-2- No. 24-2020, United States v. Harrison
assessment is thus mandatory for any non-indigent defendant guilty of a qualifying offense. United
States v. Shepherd, 922 F.3d 753, 757 (6th Cir. 2019).
“The defendant bears the burden of proving indigency,” and a district court may not impose
the JVTA assessment on a defendant who meets this burden. United States v. Wandahsega, 924
F.3d 868, 889–90 (6th Cir. 2019) (citation modified). When assessing indigency, courts consider
a defendant’s current and future ability to pay the assessment, including potential in-prison and
post-release earnings. Shepherd, 922 F.3d at 757–59. Section 3014 does not require district courts
to make explicit findings of non-indigency so long as “it can be inferred that the district court
considered the defendant’s ability to pay and other factors required by law.” Wandahsega, 924
F.3d at 888 (quoting United States v. Powell, 423 F. App’x 602, 610–11 (6th Cir. 2011)). We have
previously inferred that a district court considered a defendant’s ability to pay where the court
made no factual findings with respect to ability to pay at sentencing, but the PSR detailed the
defendant’s financial position. See id. at 888–89.
The PSR prepared by the probation department detailed Harrison’s employment history,
ability to work, net worth, and income. Prior to sentencing, Harrison had a net worth of $5,206
and monthly retirement income of $153. The probation department stated that Harrison should be
able to work in prison or during supervised release. The district court reviewed the PSR, including
the financial information contained within it, and adopted it in full. When discussing the JVTA
special assessment, the district court explained that it “d[id]n’t think there has been a
demonstration of [indigency].” (Sentencing Hr’g Tr., R. 45, PageID 208.)
The district court did not plainly err in finding Harrison failed to demonstrate his indigency.
We agree with Harrison that the PSR stated that he lacked the means to satisfy a lump-sum
payment. The JVTA, however, gives defendants twenty years after release from prison to satisfy
-3- No. 24-2020, United States v. Harrison
the debt. 18 U.S.C. §§ 3014(g), 3613(b). Thus, the district court did not have to rely on only
Harrison’s current ability to pay the fine. See Shepherd, 922 F.3d at 757–59. The PSR noted that
Harrison should be able to work in prison or during supervised release. Although the district court
appointed counsel on Harrison’s behalf, as Harrison acknowledges, qualifying for court-appointed
counsel “is probative but not dispositive” of indigency. See id. at 759.
Finally, Harrison contends that the district court erred by failing to make explicit factual
findings related to his non-indigency and thus hindering our review. From the record, however,
we can infer that the district court considered Harrison’s future earning potential and other factors
required by law. See Wandahsega, 924 F.3d at 888; Shepherd, 922 F.3d at 760. The district court
fully adopted the PSR and concluded that Harrison failed to demonstrate his indigency. We cannot
conclude the district court plainly erred by doing so.
Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s imposition of the $5,000 JVTA special
assessment.
B.
Next, we examine whether Harrison’s five-year supervised release sentence is
unreasonable. A district court must impose a sentence that is both substantively and procedurally
reasonable. United States v. Walters, 775 F.3d 778, 781 (6th Cir. 2015). Harrison argues that his
supervised release sentence is unreasonable in duration and was not adequately explained by the
district court. He does not challenge any of the conditions of supervised release imposed. We
construe his arguments as challenges to the substantive and procedural reasonableness of his
supervised release sentence.
-4- No. 24-2020, United States v. Harrison
1.
We first consider whether Harrison’s sentence is substantively unreasonable. Harrison
contends that his five-year supervised release sentence is unreasonable in its duration. “A claim
that a sentence is substantively unreasonable is a claim that a sentence is too long (if a defendant
appeals) or too short (if the government appeals).” United States v. Rayyan, 885 F.3d 436, 442
(6th Cir. 2018). When a mandatory minimum sentence is challenged as too high, it “is by
definition substantively reasonable.” United States v. Marshall, 736 F.3d 492, 501 (6th Cir. 2013).
Harrison pleaded guilty to possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 2252A(a)(5)(B) and (b)(2). Under the applicable statute, the term of supervised release for
certain offenses, including violations of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A, “is any term of years not less than 5,
or life.” 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k). Thus, the mandatory minimum sentence is five years of supervised
release. Id.; see also Babcock, 753 F.3d at 593. Because Harrison’s conviction carried with it a
mandatory minimum supervised release term of five years, his five-year term of supervised release
is substantively reasonable. See Babcock, 753 F.3d at 593.
Thus, under these circumstances, we cannot conclude that Harrison’s five-year supervised
release sentence is unreasonable in duration.
2.
Next, we evaluate Harrison’s procedural reasonableness challenge. For a sentence to be
procedurally reasonable, the district court must properly calculate the Guidelines range and treat
it as advisory, consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, avoid considering impermissible factors,
rely on facts that are not clearly erroneous, and adequately explain its chosen sentence. Rayyan,
885 F.3d at 440. Harrison challenges only the adequacy of the district court’s explanation of his
supervised release sentence. We limit our analysis accordingly.
-5- No. 24-2020, United States v. Harrison
A district court must “adequately explain the chosen sentence to allow for meaningful
appellate review and to promote the perception of fair sentencing.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S.
38, 50 (2007) (citing Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 351 (2007)). When imposing a term of
supervised release, a district court’s explanation for a custodial sentence may also outline the
reasons supporting a term of supervised release. Babcock, 753 F.3d at 593.
In imposing its sentence, the court fully explained why it concluded that a custodial
sentence of 70 months is appropriate. As for the five-year term of supervised release, the district
court explained that the applicable “statute requires a minimum [of] five years, which . . . is
appropriate in this case.” (Sentencing Hr’g Tr., R. 45, PageID 206.) Because the term of
supervised release imposed by the district court is consistent with the statutory requirements, the
district court did not have “to provide an extensive explanation” as to its reasons for imposing a
five-year term of supervised release. See United States v. Zabel, 35 F.4th 493, 509 (6th Cir. 2022)
(citation modified). On this record, Harrison failed to show that the district court plainly erred by
failing to provide an extensive explanation supporting a five-year term of supervised release.
We therefore conclude that Harrison’s five-year term of supervised release is procedurally
reasonable.
III.
For these reasons, we affirm Harrison’s sentence.
-6-