UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Criminal Action No. 21-738 (BAH)
v. Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell
MICHAEL OLIVERAS,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Defendant Michael Oliveras faces trial on February 20, 2023 on four misdemeanor
charges stemming from his alleged conduct at the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021. Pending
before the Court is Oliveras’s pre-trial motion to transfer venue to the District of New Jersey.
Def.’s Mot. Transfer Venue (“Def.’s Mot.”) at 1, ECF No. 36. According to Oliveras, he cannot
obtain a fair and impartial trial related to the events of January 6, 2021, in the District of
Columbia. For the reasons discussed below, and consistent with this Court’s previous
disposition of virtually identical arguments by other defendants facing charges for offense
conduct at the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, the motion is denied.
I. DISCUSSION
Defendant contends that a transfer of venue for trial of this matter is warranted both to
obtain a fair jury and for his own convenience. Each reason is addressed separately below and
neither is persuasive.
A. Proceedings will not be transferred under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 21(a) for prejudice.
The right to an impartial jury is constitutionally enshrined by the Fifth and Sixth
Amendments, but its primary safeguard is in the voir dire process. See United States v.
1 Haldeman, 559 F.2d 31, 63 (D.C. Cir. 1976) (en banc). In this Circuit, it is “well established
procedure” to deny pre-voir dire requests for a change of venue; only once the voir dire process
reveals that an impartial jury cannot be selected should a change of venue occur. Id. at 60–64.
In extreme cases of “extraordinary local prejudice,” however, juror prejudice should be
presumed. United States v. Skilling, 561 U.S. 358, 378–81 (2010). Skilling guides courts to
consider three factors in determining whether this presumption should attach: (1) “the size and
characteristics of the community in which the crime occurred,” (2) the presence of “blatantly
prejudicial information” in news stories available to jurors, and (3) the time elapsed between the
alleged crime and trial. Id. at 382. Contrary to defendant’s arguments, and much like in Skilling
itself, none of these factors weighs in favor of transferring venue.
As to the first Skilling factor—the size and characteristics of the District of Columbia—
defendant’s arguments about the nature of D.C. residents fail to establish that a fair jury cannot
be found in the District. Further, they reveal Oliveras’s caricatured assumptions about a diverse
city that comprises far more than Capitol Hill. First, Oliveras argues that “a huge proportion” of
D.C. residents are “closely connected to the federal government” because they work for the
federal government or law enforcement groups, or because they know someone who does.
Def.’s Mot. at 4–5. Federal employees, the motion contends, were uniquely affected by the
attack on the Capitol because “[t]he government has characterized the events of January 6 . . . as
an attack on our elections, government institutions generally, and democracy as a whole,”
suggesting that “District residents closely connected to the government are more likely to view
themselves as the direct victims.” Def.’s Mot. at 5. Under this logic, however, virtually no
district would satisfy Oliveras: the direct victims of an attack on “democracy as a whole”
comprises the entire American polity. See United States v. Haldeman, 559 F.2d 31, 64 n.43
2 (D.C. Cir. 1976) (“Scandal at the highest levels of federal government is simply not a local crime
of peculiar interest to the residents of the District of Columbia.”). 1
Oliveras next argues that District of Columbia residents were “deeply traumatized” by the
attack on the Capitol and its aftermath, including the city-wide curfew, enhanced law
enforcement presence, and state of emergency. Def.’s Mot. at 5–6. To be sure, the immediate
local impact on the residents of D.C. was undoubtedly substantial, but this fact alone is
insufficient to necessitate transfer. Courts have declined to transfer venue in cases involving far
more visceral local effects. See, e.g., In re Tsarnaev, 780 F.3d 14, 16 (1st Cir. 2015) (upholding
district court’s denial of venue transfer in prosecution of Boston Marathon bomber, whose
actions killed three, injured hundreds, and resulted in a shelter-in-place order); United States v.
Yousef, 327 F.3d 56, 155 (2d Cir. 2003) (upholding denial of venue transfer in prosecution of
1993 World Trade Center bomber, whose actions killed six and injured thousands). Moreover,
only limited areas of D.C. in the immediate vicinity of the U.S. Capitol were subjected to
enhanced law enforcement presence and all of the most visible security steps necessitated by the
January 6, 2021 attack on the Capitol have long since disappeared.
Nor do the voting patterns of D.C. residents, another basis for Oliveras’s argument,
Def.’s Mot. at 7, give rise to a presumption of prejudice in this case. The D.C. Circuit, sitting en
banc, has already rejected the argument that D.C. residents are incapable of fairness in highly
politically-charged criminal prosecutions. Haldeman, 559 F.2d at 64, n.43. Biden voters will
constitute substantial share of any jury pool, even outside of this District—after all, President
Biden prevailed in the 2020 presidential election garnering over 7 million more votes than his
opponent.
1 Oliveras’s argument that D.C. residents who know federal employees or law enforcement officers cannot be impartial is merely a more attenuated branch of this argument, and even less convincing. 3 As to the second Skilling factor—pretrial publicity—the extensive nature of local media
coverage of the events of January 6, 2021 and their aftermath does not necessitate transfer.
Defendant portrays the District of Columbia as “saturat[ed]” with coverage of the events of
January 6, 2021 that is “almost entirely unprecedented” in its “volume, depth of coverage, and
duration of the reporting,” which coverage uses language that is “especially charged and
inflammatory” and in some cases has been “factually inaccurate.” Def.’s Mot. at 9–11. The
mere fact of extensive and even hostile coverage is not sufficient to presume prejudice: “In these
days of swift, widespread and diverse methods of communication, an important case can be
expected to arouse the interest of the public in the vicinity, and scarcely any of those best
qualified to serve as jurors will not have formed some impression or opinion as to the merits of
the case,” and presuming these jurors’ prejudice would create an “impossible standard.”
Haldeman, 559 F.2d at 60 (quoting Irvin v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717, 722–23 (1961)). Accord
Murphy v. Florida, 421 U.S. 794, 800 (1975) (holding that extensive press coverage about a
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Criminal Action No. 21-738 (BAH)
v. Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell
MICHAEL OLIVERAS,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Defendant Michael Oliveras faces trial on February 20, 2023 on four misdemeanor
charges stemming from his alleged conduct at the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021. Pending
before the Court is Oliveras’s pre-trial motion to transfer venue to the District of New Jersey.
Def.’s Mot. Transfer Venue (“Def.’s Mot.”) at 1, ECF No. 36. According to Oliveras, he cannot
obtain a fair and impartial trial related to the events of January 6, 2021, in the District of
Columbia. For the reasons discussed below, and consistent with this Court’s previous
disposition of virtually identical arguments by other defendants facing charges for offense
conduct at the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, the motion is denied.
I. DISCUSSION
Defendant contends that a transfer of venue for trial of this matter is warranted both to
obtain a fair jury and for his own convenience. Each reason is addressed separately below and
neither is persuasive.
A. Proceedings will not be transferred under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 21(a) for prejudice.
The right to an impartial jury is constitutionally enshrined by the Fifth and Sixth
Amendments, but its primary safeguard is in the voir dire process. See United States v.
1 Haldeman, 559 F.2d 31, 63 (D.C. Cir. 1976) (en banc). In this Circuit, it is “well established
procedure” to deny pre-voir dire requests for a change of venue; only once the voir dire process
reveals that an impartial jury cannot be selected should a change of venue occur. Id. at 60–64.
In extreme cases of “extraordinary local prejudice,” however, juror prejudice should be
presumed. United States v. Skilling, 561 U.S. 358, 378–81 (2010). Skilling guides courts to
consider three factors in determining whether this presumption should attach: (1) “the size and
characteristics of the community in which the crime occurred,” (2) the presence of “blatantly
prejudicial information” in news stories available to jurors, and (3) the time elapsed between the
alleged crime and trial. Id. at 382. Contrary to defendant’s arguments, and much like in Skilling
itself, none of these factors weighs in favor of transferring venue.
As to the first Skilling factor—the size and characteristics of the District of Columbia—
defendant’s arguments about the nature of D.C. residents fail to establish that a fair jury cannot
be found in the District. Further, they reveal Oliveras’s caricatured assumptions about a diverse
city that comprises far more than Capitol Hill. First, Oliveras argues that “a huge proportion” of
D.C. residents are “closely connected to the federal government” because they work for the
federal government or law enforcement groups, or because they know someone who does.
Def.’s Mot. at 4–5. Federal employees, the motion contends, were uniquely affected by the
attack on the Capitol because “[t]he government has characterized the events of January 6 . . . as
an attack on our elections, government institutions generally, and democracy as a whole,”
suggesting that “District residents closely connected to the government are more likely to view
themselves as the direct victims.” Def.’s Mot. at 5. Under this logic, however, virtually no
district would satisfy Oliveras: the direct victims of an attack on “democracy as a whole”
comprises the entire American polity. See United States v. Haldeman, 559 F.2d 31, 64 n.43
2 (D.C. Cir. 1976) (“Scandal at the highest levels of federal government is simply not a local crime
of peculiar interest to the residents of the District of Columbia.”). 1
Oliveras next argues that District of Columbia residents were “deeply traumatized” by the
attack on the Capitol and its aftermath, including the city-wide curfew, enhanced law
enforcement presence, and state of emergency. Def.’s Mot. at 5–6. To be sure, the immediate
local impact on the residents of D.C. was undoubtedly substantial, but this fact alone is
insufficient to necessitate transfer. Courts have declined to transfer venue in cases involving far
more visceral local effects. See, e.g., In re Tsarnaev, 780 F.3d 14, 16 (1st Cir. 2015) (upholding
district court’s denial of venue transfer in prosecution of Boston Marathon bomber, whose
actions killed three, injured hundreds, and resulted in a shelter-in-place order); United States v.
Yousef, 327 F.3d 56, 155 (2d Cir. 2003) (upholding denial of venue transfer in prosecution of
1993 World Trade Center bomber, whose actions killed six and injured thousands). Moreover,
only limited areas of D.C. in the immediate vicinity of the U.S. Capitol were subjected to
enhanced law enforcement presence and all of the most visible security steps necessitated by the
January 6, 2021 attack on the Capitol have long since disappeared.
Nor do the voting patterns of D.C. residents, another basis for Oliveras’s argument,
Def.’s Mot. at 7, give rise to a presumption of prejudice in this case. The D.C. Circuit, sitting en
banc, has already rejected the argument that D.C. residents are incapable of fairness in highly
politically-charged criminal prosecutions. Haldeman, 559 F.2d at 64, n.43. Biden voters will
constitute substantial share of any jury pool, even outside of this District—after all, President
Biden prevailed in the 2020 presidential election garnering over 7 million more votes than his
opponent.
1 Oliveras’s argument that D.C. residents who know federal employees or law enforcement officers cannot be impartial is merely a more attenuated branch of this argument, and even less convincing. 3 As to the second Skilling factor—pretrial publicity—the extensive nature of local media
coverage of the events of January 6, 2021 and their aftermath does not necessitate transfer.
Defendant portrays the District of Columbia as “saturat[ed]” with coverage of the events of
January 6, 2021 that is “almost entirely unprecedented” in its “volume, depth of coverage, and
duration of the reporting,” which coverage uses language that is “especially charged and
inflammatory” and in some cases has been “factually inaccurate.” Def.’s Mot. at 9–11. The
mere fact of extensive and even hostile coverage is not sufficient to presume prejudice: “In these
days of swift, widespread and diverse methods of communication, an important case can be
expected to arouse the interest of the public in the vicinity, and scarcely any of those best
qualified to serve as jurors will not have formed some impression or opinion as to the merits of
the case,” and presuming these jurors’ prejudice would create an “impossible standard.”
Haldeman, 559 F.2d at 60 (quoting Irvin v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717, 722–23 (1961)). Accord
Murphy v. Florida, 421 U.S. 794, 800 (1975) (holding that extensive press coverage about a
defendant’s previous trials and convictions did not corrupt the fairness of the jurors).
As defendant acknowledges, “some in the jury pool may not have heard of Mr. Oliveras
specifically.” Def’s Mot. at 12. That is likely a vast understatement and this Court would be
surprised if anyone in the jury pool has heard of this defendant. Indeed, defendant has pointed to
no specific news report about himself to suggest that jurors would recognize him from coverage
of January 6, 2021, and voir dire will draw out whether jurors have seen any media reports about
him specifically. Oliveras’s absence from recent publicity stands in stark contrast with the
“foundation precedent” for this question, Rideau v. Louisiana, 373 U.S. 723 (1963), which
involved news stories with “blatantly prejudicial information,” namely, a televised in-custody
confession by the defendant to the crimes for which he would be tried. Skilling, 561 U.S. at 379,
382. The Supreme Court held that the broadcast at issue in that case “in a very real sense was
4 Rideau’s trial—at which he pleaded guilty to murder.” Rideau, 373 U.S. at 726. Here, by
contrast, the public is unlikely to even recognize Oliveras.
Recent media coverage of the attack on the Capitol may even be helpful to this defendant.
The U.S. House of Representatives’ Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on
the United States Capitol has held several hearings over this past year. These hearings and
ensuing media coverage have shifted media focus from the rioters to the actions of high-level
officials. Rather than containing a “confession or other blatantly prejudicial information” about
defendant, Skilling, 561 U.S. at 382, recent local and national news coverage about the attack on
the Capitol has concerned the responsibility of persons other than this defendant. 2
The final Skilling factor—the elapsed time between the charged conduct and the trial—
also weighs against Oliveras. Nearly two years after the attack on the Capitol, the curfew and
state of emergency have long since lifted; residents have resumed their daily lives, if they ever
paused them; the National Mall has returned to its role as the host of kickball league
competitions rather than barricades and police. The First Circuit held that two years after the
Boston Marathon Bombings was sufficient for the “decibel level of publicity about the crimes
themselves to drop and community passions to diminish.” Tsarnaev, 780 F.3d at 22. So too
here: any jurors who carry the memory of January 6 particularly heavily such that he or she
cannot be fair to the defendant can be ferreted out in voir dire.
2 Similar logic applies to undermine Oliveras’s argument that statements made by this Court, and later reported by the media, support prejudice. The article to which defendant cites, see Def.’s Mot. at 12 & n.5 (citing Kyle Cheney and Josh Gerstein, ‘Almost schizophrenic’: Judge rips DOJ approach to Jan. 6 prosecutions, POLITICO (Oct. 28, 2021), https://www.politico.com/news/2021/10/28/almost-schizophrenic-judge-rips-doj-approach-to-jan-6- prosecutions-517442), references the Court’s observation about the government’s “scorching rhetoric” used to describe the seriousness of the attack on the U.S. Capitol in a case where prosecutors charged merely a petty offense, Class B misdemeanor and described those who entered the Capitol building as “mere trespassers.” Id. This critique of the government’s approach in litigating January 6-related cases was focused on government conduct without mentioning any defendant in particular, further shielding Oliveras and those similarly situated from any prejudicial sentiment by prospective jurors. Voir dire is also available to ensure the selection of only jurors with an unencumbered ability to decide issues before them, regardless of media reporting or statements made by the president, any member of Congress, or Judges in this Court or any other. 5 Judges on this Court have consistently rejected arguments similar to that of defendant.
See, e.g., United States v. Bender, No. 21-508, Memorandum & Order, ECF No. 78 (D.D.C.
Nov. 22, 2022) (denying Def.’s Mot. Change Venue, ECF No. 49) (Howell, C.J.); United States
v. Ballenger, 2022 WL 16533872 (D.D.C. Oct. 28, 2022) (Boasberg, J.); United States v. Eicher,
2022 WL 11737926 (D.D.C. Oct. 20, 2022) (Kollar-Kotelly, J.); United States v. Nassif, 2022
WL 4130841, at *8–11 (D.D.C. Sept. 12, 2022) (Bates, J.); United States v. Herrera, 21-cr-619,
Memorandum & Order, ECF No. 54 (D.D.C. Aug. 4, 2022) (denying Def.’s Mot. to Change
Venue, ECF No. 36) (Howell, C.J.); United States v. Bledsoe, 21-cr-204-1, Min. Order (July 15,
2022) (denying Def.’s Mot. to Change Venue, ECF No. 190) (Howell, C.J.); United States v.
Bochene, 2022 WL 123893 (D.D.C. Jan. 12, 2022) (Moss, J.); United States v. Garcia, 2022 WL
2904352 (D.D.C. July 22, 2022) (Berman Jackson, J.); United States v. Rhodes, 2022 WL
2315554 (D.D.C. June 28, 2022) (Mehta, J.); United States v. Williams, 21-cr-377, Min. Order
(June 10, 2022) (denying Def.’s Mot. to Change Venue, ECF No. 40) (Howell, C.J.). Oliveras
does not acknowledge this brick wall of decisions by this Court that have already rejected his
arguments, see generally Def.’s Mot. at 12–13, and makes no effort whatsoever to address or
show any deficiency in the reasoning in any of the other decisions issued by this Judge and every
other Judge on this Court denying venue transfer motions. This Court finds those decisions to
remain persuasive.
B. Proceedings will not be transferred under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 21(b) for convenience.
Finally, Oliveras requests that venue be transferred pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 21(b), which permits transfer “for the convenience of the parties, any victim, and the
witnesses.” Def.’s Mot. at 13–14. Defendant argues that a change in venue to the District of
New Jersey will allow him to remain closer to his family and job and reduce his and his
6 counsel’s travel costs to the District of Columbia. These arguments do not justify a Rule 21(b)
transfer of venue.
As the government correctly notes, there is a constitutionally rooted “general
presumption that a criminal prosecution should be retained in the original district.” Gov’t’s
Opp’n Def.’s Mot. Transfer Venue (“Gov’t’s Opp’n”) at 13–14, ECF No. 42 (quoting United
States v. Bowdoin, 770 F. Supp. 2d 133, 138 (D.D.C. 2011)). A Rule 21(b) change in venue is
only justified where the defendant demonstrates that trial in the district where the crime occurred
“would be so unduly burdensome that fairness requires the transfer to another district of proper
venue where a trial would be less burdensome.” Bowdoin, 770 F. Supp. 2d at 138 (internal
quotation omitted). The ten factors to be considered as part of this inquiry are the:
(1) location of the defendant; (2) location of possible witnesses; (3) location of events likely to be in issue; (4) location of documents and records likely to be involved; (5) disruption to defendant’s business if the case is not transferred; (6) the expense to the parties; (7) the location of counsel; (8) relative accessibility of place of trial; (9) docket conditions of each district or division involved; and (10) any other special elements which might affect the transfer.
Platt v. Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co., 376 U.S. 240, 243–44 (1964); see also Bochene, 2022
WL 123893, at *1. Here, these factors strongly support retaining this prosecution in the District
of Columbia. The location of the events at issue is here, as are the key law enforcement
witnesses and the assigned prosecutors. See Gov’t’s Opp’n at 14–15. As a result, while
defendant and his counsel will incur expenses traveling to D.C., so too would the government if
it had to arrange travel to New Jersey for its counsel and numerous D.C.-based witnesses. See
id. at 14. Oliveras readily traveled to D.C. for the events of January 6, 2021, and the fact that he
may be inconvenienced by the need to travel here once more to stand trial for the offense
conduct he allegedly engaged in while here, does not outweigh the many other factors
establishing that retaining venue in D.C. best serves the overall interests of convenience.
7 II. ORDER
For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby
ORDERED that defendant’s Motion to Change Venue, ECF No. 36, is DENIED.
SO ORDERED.
Date: January 17, 2023
__________________________ BERYL A. HOWELL Chief Judge