OPINION
BARRY, Circuit Judge.
Appellant, Raymon Northcutt, appeals his sentence of 100 months imprisonment for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2).
We will affirm.
I.
On October 10, 2004, police were called to the scene of a domestic dispute between appellant and his sister, Shauna. When the police arrived, Shauna ran out of the house and said, “that’s him in the car ... and he’s got a gun.” The police blocked appellant’s vehicle, ordered him to get out, and asked where the gun was located, to which appellant responded, “I’m in enough shit,” before admitting that it was under the driver’s seat; indeed, the gun was protruding from underneath the seat. In addition to the gun, the police recovered a clear plastic baggie containing 6.889 grams of cocaine from the console, and $4,796 in cash from appellant’s pants pocket.
On March 16, 2006, appellant pled guilty to possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2),
and a presentence investigation report (“PSR”) was prepared. The base offense level was 24. U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(2). The PSR recommended a two level upward adjustment because the firearm possessed by appellant was stolen, U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4), and a four level upward adjustment because appellant used or possessed the firearm in connection with other felony offenses, U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5). The other felony offenses were simple assault and possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance, stemming from the allegations that appellant had pointed the gun at his sister and had been found in possession of cocaine at the time of his arrest. The PSR also recommended a three level downward adjustment for acceptance of responsibility. U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1. Based on a total offense level of 27 and a criminal history category of IV, the Guideline range for imprisonment was 100 to 125 months, with a statutory maximum of 120 months. The District Court adopted the PSR’s recommendations and sentenced appellant to 100 months imprisonment. As relevant here, the Court found by a preponderance of the evidence that appellant had pointed the gun at his sister and possessed the gun in connection with his possession of a distributable amount of cocaine.
II.
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742. We exercise plenary review over whether the District Court correctly determined the burden of proof.
United States v. Rodriguez,
342 F.3d 296, 298 (3d Cir.2003). We review the Court’s factual findings for clear error.
United States v. Grier,
475 F.3d 556, 570 (3d Cir.2007). We review the sentence imposed for reasonableness.
United States v. Bungar,
478 F.3d 540, 542 (3d Cir.2007).
III.
Appellant argues, first, that the District Court found that he had possessed the gun in connection with the simple assault as a result of wrongly shifting the burden of proof to him and by relying solely on hearsay.
Second, he argues that the
Court erred in basing its finding that the gun was connected with the felony drug offense only because of its proximity to the cocaine. Third, he argues that the Court should have required that the facts supporting the sentencing enhancement for possession of a gun in connection with another felony offense be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Finally, he argues that the Court overstated his criminal history and imposed a sentence greater than necessary to achieve the goals of sentencing by according presumptive weight to the Guidelines.
Appellant cites
United States v. Guzman,
318 F.3d 1191 (10th Cir.2003), in support of his argument that the District Court shifted the burden of proof to him and relied solely on hearsay. In
Guzman,
the government produced no live witnesses or documentary evidence at the sentencing hearing regarding an incident in which Guzman had intimidated a government infoi’mant and as to which the government sought an obstruction of justice enhancement.
Id.
at 1197. The defendant testified at the hearing, and denied that the incident had occurred.
Id.
at 1195. The Tenth Circuit vacated the sentence and remanded for resentencing, finding that the district court’s adoption of the presentence report with its statement that the defendant had not produced evidence to support his position effectively shifted the burden of proof onto the defendant with regard to the enhancement.
Id.
at 1198. Here, however, the government did not rely exclusively on the PSR, but also produced testimony from a police officer that appellant’s sister told him he had pointed a gun at her. The Court did not shift the burden of proof but merely concluded that the police officer’s testimony tipped the scales in favor of the government when weighed against no evidence to the contrary.
Further, the Federal Rules of Evidence do not generally apply in sentencing proceedings, and hearsay can be used as a basis for sentencing if it has a “sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy.”
United States v. Campbell,
295 F.3d 398, 406 (3d Cir.2002) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3(a)). Here, no evidence casts doubt on the reliability of the police officer’s testimony or Shauna’s statement to him and his testimony was not contradicted by any other evidence. Indeed, appellant does even allege that the testimony was unreliable.
Turning to appellant’s second argument, section 2K2.1(b)(5) of the Guidelines states:
If the defendant used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with another felony offense; or possessed or transferred any firearm or ammunition with knowledge, intent, or reason to believe that it would be used or possessed in connection with another felony offense, increase by 4 levels.
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5).
In
United States v. Loney,
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
OPINION
BARRY, Circuit Judge.
Appellant, Raymon Northcutt, appeals his sentence of 100 months imprisonment for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2).
We will affirm.
I.
On October 10, 2004, police were called to the scene of a domestic dispute between appellant and his sister, Shauna. When the police arrived, Shauna ran out of the house and said, “that’s him in the car ... and he’s got a gun.” The police blocked appellant’s vehicle, ordered him to get out, and asked where the gun was located, to which appellant responded, “I’m in enough shit,” before admitting that it was under the driver’s seat; indeed, the gun was protruding from underneath the seat. In addition to the gun, the police recovered a clear plastic baggie containing 6.889 grams of cocaine from the console, and $4,796 in cash from appellant’s pants pocket.
On March 16, 2006, appellant pled guilty to possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2),
and a presentence investigation report (“PSR”) was prepared. The base offense level was 24. U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(2). The PSR recommended a two level upward adjustment because the firearm possessed by appellant was stolen, U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4), and a four level upward adjustment because appellant used or possessed the firearm in connection with other felony offenses, U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5). The other felony offenses were simple assault and possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance, stemming from the allegations that appellant had pointed the gun at his sister and had been found in possession of cocaine at the time of his arrest. The PSR also recommended a three level downward adjustment for acceptance of responsibility. U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1. Based on a total offense level of 27 and a criminal history category of IV, the Guideline range for imprisonment was 100 to 125 months, with a statutory maximum of 120 months. The District Court adopted the PSR’s recommendations and sentenced appellant to 100 months imprisonment. As relevant here, the Court found by a preponderance of the evidence that appellant had pointed the gun at his sister and possessed the gun in connection with his possession of a distributable amount of cocaine.
II.
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742. We exercise plenary review over whether the District Court correctly determined the burden of proof.
United States v. Rodriguez,
342 F.3d 296, 298 (3d Cir.2003). We review the Court’s factual findings for clear error.
United States v. Grier,
475 F.3d 556, 570 (3d Cir.2007). We review the sentence imposed for reasonableness.
United States v. Bungar,
478 F.3d 540, 542 (3d Cir.2007).
III.
Appellant argues, first, that the District Court found that he had possessed the gun in connection with the simple assault as a result of wrongly shifting the burden of proof to him and by relying solely on hearsay.
Second, he argues that the
Court erred in basing its finding that the gun was connected with the felony drug offense only because of its proximity to the cocaine. Third, he argues that the Court should have required that the facts supporting the sentencing enhancement for possession of a gun in connection with another felony offense be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Finally, he argues that the Court overstated his criminal history and imposed a sentence greater than necessary to achieve the goals of sentencing by according presumptive weight to the Guidelines.
Appellant cites
United States v. Guzman,
318 F.3d 1191 (10th Cir.2003), in support of his argument that the District Court shifted the burden of proof to him and relied solely on hearsay. In
Guzman,
the government produced no live witnesses or documentary evidence at the sentencing hearing regarding an incident in which Guzman had intimidated a government infoi’mant and as to which the government sought an obstruction of justice enhancement.
Id.
at 1197. The defendant testified at the hearing, and denied that the incident had occurred.
Id.
at 1195. The Tenth Circuit vacated the sentence and remanded for resentencing, finding that the district court’s adoption of the presentence report with its statement that the defendant had not produced evidence to support his position effectively shifted the burden of proof onto the defendant with regard to the enhancement.
Id.
at 1198. Here, however, the government did not rely exclusively on the PSR, but also produced testimony from a police officer that appellant’s sister told him he had pointed a gun at her. The Court did not shift the burden of proof but merely concluded that the police officer’s testimony tipped the scales in favor of the government when weighed against no evidence to the contrary.
Further, the Federal Rules of Evidence do not generally apply in sentencing proceedings, and hearsay can be used as a basis for sentencing if it has a “sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy.”
United States v. Campbell,
295 F.3d 398, 406 (3d Cir.2002) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3(a)). Here, no evidence casts doubt on the reliability of the police officer’s testimony or Shauna’s statement to him and his testimony was not contradicted by any other evidence. Indeed, appellant does even allege that the testimony was unreliable.
Turning to appellant’s second argument, section 2K2.1(b)(5) of the Guidelines states:
If the defendant used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with another felony offense; or possessed or transferred any firearm or ammunition with knowledge, intent, or reason to believe that it would be used or possessed in connection with another felony offense, increase by 4 levels.
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5).
In
United States v. Loney,
219 F.3d 281 (3d Cir.2000), we considered the meaning of “in connection with” to determine whether the discovery of a gun and twenty-nine packets of heroin in the clothing of the defendant warranted a finding that the gun was used in connection with the drug offense. The defendant admitted that the drugs were for purposes of sale, but stated that the gun was for his personal protection.
Id.
at 288. We found that it was reasonable for the district court
to have inferred that, because the defendant possessed valuable and illegal drugs and possibly large amounts of cash following a sale, the gun was used for protection
because
of his drug dealing.
Id.
We held that “[t]he immediate availability of the gun while the defendant commits a crime that involves in-person transactions,” and “the gun’s ‘potential of facilitating’ such an in-person felony offense is sufficient to establish a relationship between the gun possession and the other offense.”
Id.
Thus, “when a defendant has a loaded gun on his person while caught in the midst of a crime that involves in-person transactions, whether involving drugs or not, a district judge can reasonably infer that there is a relationship between the gun and the offense____”
Id.
Similarly, here, the District Court correctly found that it was reasonable to infer from the presence of $4,796 in cash and a distributable amount of cocaine in close proximity to where the gun was discovered that appellant possessed the gun in connection with his possession of the cocaine for distribution.
We summarily dispose of appellant’s third argument. We have made clear that the preponderance of the evidence standard applies to all facts relevant to the Guidelines, even when those facts constitute a separate offense.
Grier,
475 F.3d at 567-68.
Finally, when calculating a sentence, a court must consider the Guidelines and the relevant factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
United States v. Gunter,
462 F.3d 237, 247 (3d Cir.2006). These factors include the nature and circumstances of the offense and the characteristics of the defendant.
In
Gunter,
we vacated a sentence and remanded for resentencing when it was clear that the district court felt bound by the crack-cocaine Guideline and did not consider any other relevant factors.
Id.
at 247-49. Here, the District Court considered the relevant factors, did not view the Guidelines as mandatory, and did not accord them presumptive weight. Stating “your history caught up with you here today,” the Court noted appellant’s extensive history of criminal offenses, which included theft, terroristic threats, simple assault, and possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance, dating back to when he was sixteen-years old. Although appellant argues that these offenses were minor, and that the Court overstated their seriousness when calculating his criminal history points, we disagree, and find that it was surely not unreasonable for the Court to sentence, as it did, at the bottom of the Guidelines range, just as it was not unreasonable for the Court to reject appellant’s contention that his history of drug abuse, lack of education, and the fact that he grew up in a poor drug addicted family warranted a sentence below the Guidelines range.
IY.
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.