EVANS, District Judge.
The first count in the indictment in this case charges, in brief, that the defendants, being the owners of a certain vessel of more than 15 tons burden, bearing the name of “R. Nash,” and propelled by means of fluid and gasoline power, engaged the said vessel in freight and passenger carriage for hire to and from Louisville, Ky., and to and from other points on the Ohio river, and that while so engaged the hull, tank, and appliances for storing, generating, and applying such fluid and gasoline as its motive power were not under license or certificate of inspection as required by law, nor were said hull, tank, and appliances then, nor had they theretofore been, inspected as required by law. The second count charges the defendants with having unlawfully and knowingly navigated said vessel without having thereon, and in charge and control of its engines and machinery, an engineer duly licensed as such, as required by law. The defendants have moved the court to quash the indictment upon two grounds, namely-—First, that the court has no jurisdiction of the offenses charged; and, second, that jurisdiction to punish such offenses is, by the laws of the United States, given exclusively to the surveyor of customs.
By the provisions of many enactments now grouped in title 52 of the Revised Statutes, congress has undertaken to make a comprehensive code for regulating navigation,, and providing for the safety of vessels propelled by steam and other motive powers, and for the safety of the passengers and freight carried thereon, and from time to time has since improved this code by various separate amendments. The chief object of all this legislation was, of course, to secure the protection of life and property as against the many dangers naturally incident to the navigation of vessels of every character. At the time, however, of the enactment of the original legislation, steam was mainly the motive power in vogue. Eater, others were introduced, and, becoming prevalent, vessels propelled by them were [527]*527embraced in certain amendments to tlie various sections of the Revised Statutes in the title referred to.
In some cases congress, it is contended, has authorized the imposition and collection of penalties by the surveyors of customs, and sections 4496 and 4499 are relied upon to support 'that view, and probably many persons subjected to sucb exactions have paid them without questioning the power of congress to authorize this mode of procedure. It. the case now before the court it is quite unim portant to attempt definitely to determine whether congress has such power or not. The question does not necessarily arise, particularhas the two last-named sections do not seem to reach the point at issue here, but, as I am pressed to do so, I will say this much upon if. The sixlh amendment to the constitution of the United States expressly provides that:
“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy tlie right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of tlie state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of tlie nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have tiie assistance of counsel for his defense.”
This being so, I should be greatly predisposed to hold that those provisions of the legislation referred to, if fairly susceptible of the construction contended for, would he unauthorized—First, because they did not, in conformity to that constitutional principle, in anyway provide for a trial by a jury of tlie issue of the guilt or innocence of die person accused; and, second, because it is an attempt to bestow judicial powers upon merely executive officers, and to make them at. once judges, jurors, and executioners. While? therefore, 1 should he much disposed to so hold if the question were involved in the pending motion, I make no decision upon it, for the reason indicated.
The real question to be determined is, has this court jurisdiction of the offenses charged in the indictment? It may be said that, even if the surveyor of customs had die power to enforce the penalties prescribed for violating any law or regulation respecting such matters, it would by no means necessarily follow that the courts would not also have jurisdiction if a public offense had been committed, and especially in order to give efiect to the sixth amendment to the constitution. The matter now to be decided is, does the indict mem charge any public offense made punishable under the criminal law-of the United States? It is essential, therefore, to inquire whether the facts stated in the indictment, if true, constitute offenses, under the laws of the United States, which are punishable through its courts. It is argued by the learned counsel for the defendant that sections 4496, 4499, Rev. St., put the matter entirely in the hands of the surveyor of customs. Those sections read as follows:
"Sec. 4496. All collectors or other chief odieers of the customs, and all innuH-ior.s within the several districts, shall enforce the provisions of this titV against, all steamers arriving and departing.”
"Sec. 4469. If any vessel propelled in whole or in part by steam be navigated witlumt complying with the terms of this tifie, (be owner shall be liable to the railed States in a penalty of live hundred dollars for each [528]*528offense, one-half for the use of the informer, for which sum the vessel so navigated shall be liable, and may be seized and proceeded against by way of libel in any district court of the United States having jurisdiction of the offense.”
He contends that the facts alleged in the indictment do not constitute public offenses punishable by the courts, not only because the matter is committed entirely to the surveyors, but also because only a “penalty” is prescribed, and in his argument he cites authorities tending to show the difference between a “fine” as such and a “penalty” as such. He says that:
“A ‘fine’ is defined as follows: ‘In ordinary legal language, the term “fine” means a sum of money, the payment of which is imposed by a court according to law, as a punishment for a crime or misdemeanor.’ 13 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (New Ed.) p. 53, § 2. ‘A fine is a pecuniary punishment imposed by a lawful tribunal upon a person convicted of crime or misdemeanor.’ 1 Bouv. Law Dict. p. 786. A ‘penalty’ is defined as follows: ‘Specifically, a penalty' means a sum of money, the payment of which the law exacts by way of punishment for doing some act which is prohibited, or omitting to do some act which is reauired.’ 13 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (New Ed.) pp. 53, 54, § 3; Huntington v. Attrill, 146 U. S. 657, 13 Sup. Ct. 224, 36 L. Ed. 1123.”
From the two statutory provisions last quoted and these authorities he deduces the conclusion that, while the court can impose a “fine,” it cannot inflict a “penalty,” through an indictment. The court, however, is of opinion that, while the word “penalty” has a broader meaning than the word “fine,” still that a fine, in the judicial sense, is always a penalty, although a penalty may sometimes not be a fine, or even a criminal punishment. For example, penalties are often inserted in bonds, official or otherwise, as a measure of damages, and the enforcement of them in no way invokes the criminal processes of the courts.
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EVANS, District Judge.
The first count in the indictment in this case charges, in brief, that the defendants, being the owners of a certain vessel of more than 15 tons burden, bearing the name of “R. Nash,” and propelled by means of fluid and gasoline power, engaged the said vessel in freight and passenger carriage for hire to and from Louisville, Ky., and to and from other points on the Ohio river, and that while so engaged the hull, tank, and appliances for storing, generating, and applying such fluid and gasoline as its motive power were not under license or certificate of inspection as required by law, nor were said hull, tank, and appliances then, nor had they theretofore been, inspected as required by law. The second count charges the defendants with having unlawfully and knowingly navigated said vessel without having thereon, and in charge and control of its engines and machinery, an engineer duly licensed as such, as required by law. The defendants have moved the court to quash the indictment upon two grounds, namely-—First, that the court has no jurisdiction of the offenses charged; and, second, that jurisdiction to punish such offenses is, by the laws of the United States, given exclusively to the surveyor of customs.
By the provisions of many enactments now grouped in title 52 of the Revised Statutes, congress has undertaken to make a comprehensive code for regulating navigation,, and providing for the safety of vessels propelled by steam and other motive powers, and for the safety of the passengers and freight carried thereon, and from time to time has since improved this code by various separate amendments. The chief object of all this legislation was, of course, to secure the protection of life and property as against the many dangers naturally incident to the navigation of vessels of every character. At the time, however, of the enactment of the original legislation, steam was mainly the motive power in vogue. Eater, others were introduced, and, becoming prevalent, vessels propelled by them were [527]*527embraced in certain amendments to tlie various sections of the Revised Statutes in the title referred to.
In some cases congress, it is contended, has authorized the imposition and collection of penalties by the surveyors of customs, and sections 4496 and 4499 are relied upon to support 'that view, and probably many persons subjected to sucb exactions have paid them without questioning the power of congress to authorize this mode of procedure. It. the case now before the court it is quite unim portant to attempt definitely to determine whether congress has such power or not. The question does not necessarily arise, particularhas the two last-named sections do not seem to reach the point at issue here, but, as I am pressed to do so, I will say this much upon if. The sixlh amendment to the constitution of the United States expressly provides that:
“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy tlie right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of tlie state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of tlie nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have tiie assistance of counsel for his defense.”
This being so, I should be greatly predisposed to hold that those provisions of the legislation referred to, if fairly susceptible of the construction contended for, would he unauthorized—First, because they did not, in conformity to that constitutional principle, in anyway provide for a trial by a jury of tlie issue of the guilt or innocence of die person accused; and, second, because it is an attempt to bestow judicial powers upon merely executive officers, and to make them at. once judges, jurors, and executioners. While? therefore, 1 should he much disposed to so hold if the question were involved in the pending motion, I make no decision upon it, for the reason indicated.
The real question to be determined is, has this court jurisdiction of the offenses charged in the indictment? It may be said that, even if the surveyor of customs had die power to enforce the penalties prescribed for violating any law or regulation respecting such matters, it would by no means necessarily follow that the courts would not also have jurisdiction if a public offense had been committed, and especially in order to give efiect to the sixth amendment to the constitution. The matter now to be decided is, does the indict mem charge any public offense made punishable under the criminal law-of the United States? It is essential, therefore, to inquire whether the facts stated in the indictment, if true, constitute offenses, under the laws of the United States, which are punishable through its courts. It is argued by the learned counsel for the defendant that sections 4496, 4499, Rev. St., put the matter entirely in the hands of the surveyor of customs. Those sections read as follows:
"Sec. 4496. All collectors or other chief odieers of the customs, and all innuH-ior.s within the several districts, shall enforce the provisions of this titV against, all steamers arriving and departing.”
"Sec. 4469. If any vessel propelled in whole or in part by steam be navigated witlumt complying with the terms of this tifie, (be owner shall be liable to the railed States in a penalty of live hundred dollars for each [528]*528offense, one-half for the use of the informer, for which sum the vessel so navigated shall be liable, and may be seized and proceeded against by way of libel in any district court of the United States having jurisdiction of the offense.”
He contends that the facts alleged in the indictment do not constitute public offenses punishable by the courts, not only because the matter is committed entirely to the surveyors, but also because only a “penalty” is prescribed, and in his argument he cites authorities tending to show the difference between a “fine” as such and a “penalty” as such. He says that:
“A ‘fine’ is defined as follows: ‘In ordinary legal language, the term “fine” means a sum of money, the payment of which is imposed by a court according to law, as a punishment for a crime or misdemeanor.’ 13 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (New Ed.) p. 53, § 2. ‘A fine is a pecuniary punishment imposed by a lawful tribunal upon a person convicted of crime or misdemeanor.’ 1 Bouv. Law Dict. p. 786. A ‘penalty’ is defined as follows: ‘Specifically, a penalty' means a sum of money, the payment of which the law exacts by way of punishment for doing some act which is prohibited, or omitting to do some act which is reauired.’ 13 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (New Ed.) pp. 53, 54, § 3; Huntington v. Attrill, 146 U. S. 657, 13 Sup. Ct. 224, 36 L. Ed. 1123.”
From the two statutory provisions last quoted and these authorities he deduces the conclusion that, while the court can impose a “fine,” it cannot inflict a “penalty,” through an indictment. The court, however, is of opinion that, while the word “penalty” has a broader meaning than the word “fine,” still that a fine, in the judicial sense, is always a penalty, although a penalty may sometimes not be a fine, or even a criminal punishment. For example, penalties are often inserted in bonds, official or otherwise, as a measure of damages, and the enforcement of them in no way invokes the criminal processes of the courts. Sometimes, when taxes are not paid when due, a penalty is added; but in such instances no crime has been committed, and the word “penalty” is used in a restricted sense, and does not include any idea of criminal punishment. It is rarely, if ever, made a criminal offense, by express provisions of the statutes, to omit to pay taxes at the exact time when they become due, and the enlargement of the amount of taxation which results from such failure is measured by way of interest or otherwise. While this, in a certain sense, is the infliction of a penalty, there is no provision for punishment therefor under the criminal laws. A crime is well known to be “an act committed or omitted in violation of a public law forbidding or commanding it.” Bouv. Law Diet. If such law be supplemented by a provision imposing some punishment or penalty for its violation, the idea of a public offense is complete, though, of course, there are different degrees of crime, some being felonies and some misdemeanors. Bearing this definition in mind, it seems to the court that the decision of the pending question must depend upon whether the act done or omitted is made a public offense,' punishable by law as such. This being, as we think, the proper test, we find that section 4426 of the Revised Statutes, as originally enacted, is as follows:
“The bull and boilers of every ferry-boat, canal-boat, yacbt, or other small craft of like character, propelled by steam, shall be inspected under the provisions of this title. Such other provisions of law for the better security of [529]*529life, as may be applicable to such vessels, shall, by the regulations of the hoard of supervising inspectors, also he required to be complied with, before a certificate of inspection shall be granted; and no such vessel shall be navigated without a licensed engineer and a licensed pilot.”
While the phraseology is somewhat peculiar, the opinion of the court is that the language of the first clause of the act of January 18, 1897 (29 Stat. 489; 2 Supp. 539), is manifestly an amendment to section 4426, Rev. St., and must, as to all cases arising after that date, be read as -if it had been originally embraced in section 4426, as a part hereof. The language of that clause is as follows:
“lie it enacted,” etc., “that all vessels of above fifteen tons burden carrying freight or passengers for hire, propelled by gas, finid, naphtha or electric motors, shall he, and are hereby, made subject to all the provisions of section forty-four hundred and twenty-six of the Revised Statutes of the United States, relating to the inspection of hulls and boilers, and requiring engineers and pilots.”
The explicit requirement of the statute thus amended is that “no such vessel shall be navigated without a licensed engineer and a licensed pilot,” and it is a plain violation of the statute to navigate such a vessel without both a licensed engineer and a pilot. The omission to have the licensed engineer in charge and control of the boat's engines and machinery was the omission to clo what a public law commanded, and comes strictly within the definition of the word “crime.” If what has been indicated be the proper construction' of section 4426. as amended, it seems to the court that it must necessarily be read in connection with section 4300, Rev. St., and from tiiis it would seem to follow that, unless some other provision controls, section 4500 would be applicable, and would supply the necessary provision for the punishment of the offense charged in the second count. .Section 4500 is in this language:
“The penalty for the violation of any provision of this title, not otherwise specially provided for, shall be a fine of five hundred dollars, recoverable one-half for the use of the informer.”
It seems to the court that sections 4496 and 4499 in no way prevent this result, and were never intended in any way to do so.
What lias been said would seem to dispose adversely of the motion to quash, so far as it applies to the second count in the indictment, and the court is clearly of opinion that this result is not and cannot be avoided by the legislative policy announced in the statute of giving one-half of the fine to the informer.
it may be added that the authorities are clear and explicit that section 4426 must, since the amendment of January 18, 1897, be read precisely as if the matter contained in that amendment had been embraced in section 4426, when originally enacted. Black, Interp. Laws, § 131; End. Interp. St. §§ 40, 294. If this be true, then section 4500, Rev. St., must inevitably supply the punishment for the willful doing of what the last clause of section 4426 has forbidden. Certainly, the judicial tribunals may enforce this as well as the other criminal laws of the United States, indictment is the well-established proceeding for doing this as against the persons offending, whatever oilier course may be pursued as against the vessel itself.
We come now to the first count. Bearing in mind all that has [530]*530been said, we have been unable to find, and the learned counsel for the United States have not pointed out to the court, any express provision of the statute which forbids the owners of a vessel of the character described in that count, and operated by the motive power therein mentioned, from navigating it without a license or certificate of inspection, nor for navigating it before it had been inspected. As to this, the language of section 4426, as amended, is different, and, while it does require certain acts at the hands of the officials, it does not contain an express prohibition against the running of the boat by the owner before inspection, although there is an express prohibition against navigating it without putting a licensed engineer in charge of its engines and machinery. Doubtless it was the duty of the government officials to inspect it, but I have not found any express provision forbidding the owner to navigate it previous to such performance-of duty by'the proper officials. Steam vessels might possibly invoke a different result, but the first count, as drawn, does not show, so far. as the statutes have been brought to my attention, any violation by the owner of any law in respect to a vessel operated by fluid and gasoline as a motive power. No amendment to the statute is pointed out which, in respect to this charge, would expand the statute so as to embrace anything but vessels operated by steam, unless regulations were properly made, and none are alluded to in the count. The facts stated in the first count are not sufficient, in my judgment, to constitute a public offense, particularly in the absence of an averment that specific regulations were made and disobeyed.
It results that the motion to quash the first couut'should be sustained, unless the district attorney chooses to enter a nolle prosequi as to that count, but the motion to quash the second count is overruled.