United States v. Napoleon Foster

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
• Decided: August 31, 2018
• Docket: 17-3236
• Status: Published

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 17‐3236 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff‐Appellee, v.

NAPOLEON FOSTER, Defendant‐Appellant. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 1:08‐cr‐00880‐1 — Robert W. Gettleman, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED JULY 5, 2018 — DECIDED AUGUST 31, 2018 ____________________

Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and SCUDDER and ST. EVE, Circuit Judges. SCUDDER, Circuit Judge. For his part in the armed robbery of a credit union, Napoleon Foster was convicted of robbing a financial institution, using a firearm during the robbery, and possessing a firearm as a felon. The district court sentenced Foster as an armed career criminal but later vacated the sen‐ tence because one of his prior convictions no longer qualified as a predicate offense. On appeal from resentencing, Foster 2 No. 17‐3236

argues that the district court erred in its determination of the advisory guidelines range applicable to the robbery offense by imposing an enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) for his coconspirator’s threat to detonate a bomb during the robbery. Relying on the language used by the Sentencing Commission in Application Note 4 to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4, he con‐ tends that the sentence he received under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) accounts for the bomb threat and thus the threat cannot also enhance the advisory range for the robbery conviction. We agree and therefore vacate Foster’s sentence and remand for resentencing. I In January 2006, Foster hatched a plan with Asia Hill to rob a credit union in Riverdale, Illinois. Hill then recruited Charles Anderson, and the trio met on the day of the robbery to review the plan. Foster supplied Hill and Anderson with guns to use during the robbery, drove them to the credit union, and waited nearby while they went inside. During the robbery, Hill directed a teller to empty the cash drawers and threatened to shoot her if she pressed any alarms. Meanwhile, Anderson held another employee at gunpoint and ordered him to open and empty the vault. Before leaving, Anderson also threatened to detonate a bomb: “Nobody move for ten minutes. I got a bomb and I’ll blow this place up.” Anderson and Hill made off with approximately $250,000 and met Foster a short distance from the credit union. The three later split the proceeds, with Foster pocketing around $100,000. A grand jury indicted Foster for committing an armed robbery of the credit union, 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), (d); using a firearm during a crime of violence, id. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i); and possessing a firearm as a felon, id. § 922(g)(1). The case No. 17‐3236 3

proceeded to trial, and a jury found Foster guilty on all counts. The district court sentenced Foster to 284 months’ imprisonment. We upheld the convictions and sentence on direct appeal. United States v. Foster, 652 F.3d 776 (7th Cir. 2011). Invoking 28 U.S.C. § 2255, Foster later moved to vacate his sentence, contending that resentencing was warranted because, in the wake of Samuel Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), his prior conviction for burglary no longer qualified as a predicate offense under the Armed Career Criminal Act. Once the Supreme Court decided Mathis v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243 (2016), the government conceded the point, and the district court ordered resentencing. Prior to resentencing, the Probation Office revised its computation of the advisory guidelines range. The revised range reflected a two‐level enhancement pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) based on both Hill’s threat to shoot the teller and Anderson’s threat to detonate a bomb. Foster objected, arguing that Application Note 4 to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4 prohibited any death‐threat enhancement where, as here, a defendant also received a sentence for committing a firearms offense under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Pointing to our decision in United States v. White, 222 F.3d 363 (7th Cir. 2000), the district court determined the two‐level enhancement was authorized as a legal matter. The sentencing judge also determined the enhancement was warranted on the facts, as Foster effectively ordered Anderson and Hill to “terrorize this bank” and thus could have foreseen a death threat being conveyed during the robbery. The resulting advisory guidelines range was 97 to 4 No. 17‐3236

121 months for the robbery and felon‐in‐possession counts, reflecting a total offense level of 28 and a criminal history category of III. Without the death‐threat enhancement, the total offense level would have been 26, which, in turn, would have reduced the advisory range to 78 to 97 months. The district court imposed concurrent sentences of 121 months for the robbery and felon‐in‐possession convictions to be followed by the 60‐month mandatory consecutive term for the § 924(c) conviction, yielding a total sentence of 181 months’ imprisonment. II A Foster renews his challenge to the two‐level death‐threat enhancement he received pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F). In doing so, he focuses on whether Anderson’s threat to detonate a bomb during the robbery supported the enhancement because, as the government concedes, our decision in United States v. Katalinic prevents Hill’s threat to shoot the teller with a gun from serving as the basis for the enhancement. See 510 F.3d 744, 748 (7th Cir. 2007) (“We choose to adopt the rule used by our sister circuits that death threats related to the firearm forming the basis of the § 924(c) sentence cannot be double counted by increasing the base offense level for the underlying crime.”). Foster does not contend that the bomb threat somehow fell short of constituting a death threat. His point is a legal one: relying on Application Note 4 to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4, he contends that the district court was not permitted to impose the enhancement “for any weapon‐ or explosive‐related conduct—be it part of No. 17‐3236 5

the underlying offense or relevant conduct—when that defendant is also convicted under § 924(c).” We approach an interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines as we would a question of statutory interpretation—by starting with the text of the guidelines. See United States v. Vizcarra, 668 F.3d 516, 520 (7th Cir. 2012). Here, no particular guideline answers the question presented. The source of the two‐level death‐threat enhancement is U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F), a subsection of the offense guideline applicable to Foster’s armed robbery conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), (d). But neither the text of nor commentary to § 2B3.1 suggests a limit on imposing the enhancement in conjunction with a sentence under § 924(c). The same is true of the text of U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4, the guideline applicable to violations of § 924(c). The controlling guidance comes from the Sentencing Commission’s commentary to § 2K2.4, and, more specifically, Application Note 4. As the Supreme Court has explained, we treat such commentary as “authoritative unless it violates the Constitution or a federal statute, or is inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous reading of, that guideline.” Stinson v. United States, 508 U.S. 36, 38 (1993). So, too, has the Court recognized that revisions to the guidelines can occur through amend‐ ments to the commentary, including in response to a “prior judicial construction[] of a particular guideline.” Id. at 46.

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By its terms, Application Note 4 to § 2K2.4 provides: If a sentence under this guideline is imposed in conjunction with a sentence for an underlying offense, do not apply any specific offense char‐ acteristic for possession, brandishing, use, or discharge of an explosive or firearm when de‐ termining the sentence for the underlying of‐ fense. A sentence under this guideline accounts for any explosive or weapon enhancement for the underlying offense of conviction, including any such enhancement that would apply based on conduct for which the defendant is account‐ able under § 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct). The language of Application Note 4 precluded the district court’s imposition of the two‐level enhancement challenged by Foster. The note starts with an instruction not to apply “any specific offense characteristic for possession, brandish‐ ing, use, or discharge of an explosive … when determining the sentence for the underlying offense”—here, armed rob‐ bery of a financial institution. By its terms, the two‐level death‐threat enhancement in § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) is a “specific of‐ fense characteristic” of a robbery. Furthermore, during the course of the armed robbery, Anderson announced that he had a “bomb” and referred to the bomb as part of telling those present not to “move for ten minutes,” lest he “blow this place up.” Anyone present surely thought Anderson was using an explosive to convey a death threat. On these facts, Anderson’s statements sufficed to constitute “use” of an “explosive” within the meaning of Application Note 4. No. 17‐3236 7

The second sentence of Application Note 4 proves this construction. That sentence turns the focus to whether the conduct giving rise to “any explosive or weapon enhance‐ ment” constitutes relevant conduct within the meaning of § 1B1.3. Because Anderson’s bomb threat was made during the robbery to further his and Hill’s escape and, as the district court found, was “reasonably foreseeable” to Foster, it was “relevant conduct” to the robbery. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B). The text of Application Note 4 makes plain the consequence of our reading: Foster’s § 924(c) sentence already “accounts for any explosive or weapon enhancement” for the underlying robbery, including any enhancement that would apply based on the relevant conduct of Anderson’s bomb threat. Accordingly, no enhancement for the bomb threat could be applied to the offense level for purposes of computing the advisory range applicable to Foster’s armed robbery conviction. B The path that led the Commission to Application Note 4 as it stands today reinforces our conclusion. In 2000, the Commission revised the note, previously located at Application Note 2 to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4. (We refer to the note as Application Note 4 throughout this opinion and point out when we are discussing the earlier version.) The Commission explained that it “intended [the 2000 amendment] to avoid the duplicative punishment that results when sentences are increased under both the statutes and the guidelines for substantially the same harm” and to “conform application of guideline weapon enhancements with general guideline principles.” U.S.S.G. Supp. to App. C, Amend. 599 (2000). 8 No. 17‐3236

Comparing the language of the pre‐amendment application note and the post‐amendment application note is instructive: Pre‐Amendment Post‐Amendment U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4 n.2 U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4 n.4 Where a sentence under this If a sentence under this section is imposed in con‐ guideline is imposed in junction with a sentence for conjunction with a sen‐ an underlying offense, any tence for an underlying of‐ specific offense characteristic fense, do not apply any for the possession, use, or specific offense character‐ discharge of an explosive or istic for possession, bran‐ firearm (e.g. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(A)‐ dishing, use, or discharge (F) (Robbery)) is not to be ap‐ of an explosive or firearm plied in respect to the guide‐ when determining the sen‐ line for the underlying of‐ tence for the underlying fense. offense. A sentence under this guideline accounts for any explosive or weapon enhancement for the un‐ derlying offense of convic‐ tion, including any such enhancement that would apply based on conduct for which the defendant is accountable under § 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct). The additional language in the revised application note prohibits “any explosive or weapon enhancement” based on relevant conduct where a defendant also receives a sentence under § 924(c). U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4 n.4 (emphasis added). The No. 17‐3236 9

amended language broadens the inquiry under the applica‐ tion note to all relevant conduct: if the enhancement is based on relevant conduct, it is precluded. The amended note con‐ tains no indication that the Commission intended to reach only those enhancements imposed for the same conduct un‐ derlying the § 924(c) conviction. In issuing the amendment, the Commission identified a Ninth Circuit case, United States v. Willett, 90 F.3d 404 (9th Cir. 1996), as an example of a misinterpretation of the application note. See U.S.S.G. Supp. to App. C, Amend. 599. Pointing to Willett, the Commission explained, “offenders have received both the mandated [§ 924(c)] penalty and a guideline weapon enhancement in circumstances in which the guidelines generally would require a single weapon enhancement.” Id. In Willett, the Ninth Circuit concluded that an enhancement for possessing a knife and silencer was permitted under the application note because possessing those weapons in addition to a gun “poses a greater risk,” so the enhancement “was necessary to reflect fully the wrongfulness of the defendant’s conduct.” 90 F.3d at 408. The Ninth Circuit has since concluded that Willett is no longer good law in light of the amendment to the application note. United States v. Aquino, 242 F.3d 859, 864 (9th Cir. 2001) (“It is now beyond question that where a defendant is convicted of a § 924(c) violation, his sentence may not be enhanced at all for any conduct for which the defendant is accountable within the scope of relevant conduct under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3.”). C The government presses a different construction of Application Note 4. It argues that a death‐threat enhancement triggered by conduct separate from the conduct punished by 10 No. 17‐3236

§ 924(c) is permissible. It urges us to uphold the district court’s imposition of the death‐threat enhancement here by concluding that “[n]either Guideline § 2K2.4 nor its application note expressly precludes a court from applying an enhancement for a threat of death where the threat is not directly related to the firearm for which [the] defendant received a mandatory sentence under § 924(c).” But the government’s proposed distinction between con‐ duct related to the § 924(c) offense and unrelated conduct can‐ not be squared with the text of the amended note, which broadly prohibits “any explosive or weapons enhancement” based on relevant conduct where a defendant also receives a sentence under § 924(c). U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4 n.4 (emphasis added). The breadth of the Commission’s language in the amendment does not allow for the limitation proposed by the government. Nor does the government have an answer to the Sentencing Commission’s stated objective of amending Application Note 4 to change the outcome of cases like Willett. Recall that Willett did not involve any real bombs or other explosive devices. To the contrary, the offense conduct that led to the imposition of a two‐level enhancement for the possession of a dangerous weapon there was the defendant’s possession of a silencer and a knife. See Willett, 90 F.3d at 408. If the government’s position were correct, we would have expected the Commission to leave the outcome of Willett alone, as Charles Willett’s possession of the knife—which was not related to his § 924(c) conviction—could have been seen as independently sufficing to warrant the two‐level enhancement. But the Commission chose a different course, making plain that its 2000 amendment was designed to No. 17‐3236 11

preclude such enhancements in future cases. The government’s reading of Application Note 4 as limited to the firearm (or explosive) underlying a defendant’s § 924(c) conviction cannot be squared with the broad and expanded limitations intended by the Commission through its 2000 amendment. Turning back to Foster’s case, Application Note 4 and its commentary require us to decline the government’s invitation to distinguish between threats “directly related” to the firearm underlying his § 924(c) conviction and threats unrelated to the firearm in the § 924(c) conviction. The government also argues that the Commission’s limitation extends only to enhancements for the “possession, brandishing, use, or discharge of an explosive or firearm.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4 n.4 (emphasis added). Quick to concede that Anderson and Hill’s use of guns during the robbery cannot provide the basis for a death‐threat enhancement to Foster’s sentence—as any other conclusion would run afoul of our conclusion in Katalinic—the government contends that nothing about the offense conduct here involved the “use” of any “explosive.” Yes, Anderson conveyed a death threat by warning that he had a bomb and would blow up the credit union if anyone moved, but that conduct, the government’s reasoning runs, does not entail the use of any explosive, just a reference to one. The government roots part of its argument in the history of Application Note 4. Prior to the amendment, the applica‐ tion note specifically listed the enhancement for making a death threat, § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F), as among the enhancements for possession, use, or discharge of an explosive or firearm. The 2000 amendment removed this reference, leading the govern‐ 12 No. 17‐3236

ment to contend that “any explosive or weapon enhance‐ ment” in the amended note no longer encompasses every death‐threat enhancement. We remain unpersuaded that the offense conduct here did not involve the “use” of an “explosive.” As a preliminary matter, our decision in Katalinic precludes the argument that the removal of the application note’s specific reference to § 2B3.1(b)(2)(A)–(F) means that “any explosive or weapon enhancement” no longer encompasses a death threat. See 510 F.3d at 747 (discussing the amendment as it related to death‐threat enhancements and concluding “[t]he Commission was presumably aware of the caselaw prohibiting death‐threat adjustments in this context and tacitly approved the interpretation by not criticizing it”). And for good reason: we know of nothing suggesting that the Sentencing Commission intended to narrow (and not broaden) the reach of the limitation found in Application Note 4. Moreover, the government’s reading invites an absurd result. Take, for example, an armed robbery like the one that occurred here but where Anderson or Hill possessed a real bomb. On the government’s reading, there unquestionably would be a use of an explosive and thus the limitation in Application Note 4 would prevent imposition of the death‐ threat enhancement in § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F). It makes little sense to permit the enhancement here, where nobody had a bomb but referred to one as part of leveling a death threat, but not where the offenders went to the added—and more blameworthy—effort of acquiring a real bomb and then using it during a robbery. No. 17‐3236 13

Consider another example. Application Note 4 makes plain (in a paragraph just under the one at issue here) that, in circumstances where a defendant is convicted of a drug of‐ fense and a § 924(c) violation, the drug sentence cannot be en‐ hanced for any use of violence or credible threat to use vio‐ lence. The limitation applies broadly, requiring no nexus to the § 924(c) offense conduct. It is incoherent to conclude that the Commission intended to foreclose altogether threat en‐ hancements in drug cases but to permit them in robbery cases so long as the facts show that the threat in a robbery case did not involve the same firearm or explosive underlying the § 924(c) offense. The better conclusion is that the Commission intended Application Note 4 to apply broadly, including where, as here, application of the relevant conduct rule shows that the threat to blow up the credit union occurred during the course of the armed robbery. III That would be the end of this appeal if we were writing from a blank slate. Not so, though, and far from it. In several prior cases we have encountered Application Note 4 and sug‐ gested different interpretations—some consistent with each other and others not. The time has come to land on a unified position. Before issuing this opinion, we circulated it to the full court under Circuit Rule 40(e). No judge in active service requested to hear the case en banc. The beginning point is our 2000 decision in United States v. White, 222 F.3d 363 (7th Cir. 2000) (White I). Rodney White robbed a bank using a gun and a fake bomb. A conviction un‐ der § 924(c) followed, and, akin to Foster here, White received a two‐level enhancement to his robbery sentence for using a fake bomb. Id. at 372–73. He challenged the enhancement as 14 No. 17‐3236

impermissible double counting, citing U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4 n.2 (1998), the earlier version of the application note that prohib‐ ited applying “any specific offense characteristic for the pos‐ session, use, or discharge of an explosive or firearm” for the underlying offense if the defendant also was convicted under § 924(c). Id. at 373 & n.4. We concluded that a defendant like White could receive both a § 924(c) sentence and a sentencing enhancement as long as they were imposed for “different un‐ derlying conduct.” Id. at 373. We reasoned that using a fake bomb was not the same conduct as using a gun: they are sep‐ arate “offenses” under § 924(c) that carry substantially differ‐ ent penalties. Id. at 375. Tracking the Ninth Circuit’s reason‐ ing in Willett, we explained that there was a difference in the degree and kind of harm posed by a bomb versus a gun. Id. Thus, White had not been punished for the bomb “to the ex‐ tent Congress intended,” and the district court was free to en‐ hance the robbery sentence for that conduct. Id. We decided White I before the Sentencing Commission amended Application Note 4. The Commission’s specific ref‐ erence to Willett as an outcome the amendment was intended to avoid was significant because there, as in White I, the en‐ hancement was based on at least one weapon (a knife) unre‐ lated to the conduct underlying the § 924(c) conviction. On this understanding, we later agreed with White that he was eligible for a sentence reduction based on the Commission’s 2000 amendment: Because White’s use of the fake bomb was rele‐ vant conduct to the underlying bank robbery of‐ fense, see U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(A), the § 924(c) conviction “account[ed] for” the possibility of an upward adjustment under § 2B3.1(b)(2)(E). No. 17‐3236 15

Had the amendment been in place at the time of White’s sentencing imposing the upward ad‐ justment would have been forbidden. United States v. White (White II), 309 F. App’x 7, 9 (7th Cir. 2009). White II supports Foster’s contention that the district court erred when imposing an enhancement to his robbery sentence for the bomb threat. In clear and precise terms, we recognized that the amendment to the application note abrogated the dis‐ tinction made in White I between enhancements based on the same weapon and conduct underlying the § 924(c) conviction, and enhancements based on different underlying conduct. See id. Just as Application Note 4 forbids an enhancement for using a fake bomb because it is already taken into account by the § 924(c) conviction, an enhancement for making a bomb threat—another “use” of a bomb—would be similarly prohib‐ ited. This analysis is clouded, however, by three of our deci‐ sions issued after the 2000 amendment. In those decisions, we recognized and reinforced the distinction made in White I be‐ tween enhancements for the same weapon and conduct un‐ derlying a § 924(c) conviction and enhancements for different underlying conduct without directly addressing whether that division withstands the amendment to Application Note 4. In Katalinic, we held that a death‐threat enhancement can‐ not be imposed for “death threats relating to the firearm form‐ ing the basis of the § 924(c) sentence.” 510 F.3d at 748. Our conclusion reflected an interpretation of the amended appli‐ cation note and reliance on White I’s distinction between en‐ hancements arising from § 924(c) offense conduct and those 16 No. 17‐3236

reflecting conduct unrelated to the use of a firearm. See id. at 747 (describing White I as permitting a weapons‐related en‐ hancement to a robbery sentence because the use of a bomb was “different underlying conduct” than the conduct leading to a § 924(c) firearms conviction). In a subsequent nonprecedential decision, we remarked that Katalinic had “reaffirmed” White I after the 2000 amend‐ ment to Application Note 4. United States v. Moses, 284 F. App’x 361, 363 (7th Cir. 2008). But we did not decide in Moses whether the amended note prohibited an increase to a rob‐ bery sentence for using a fake bomb when the defendant al‐ ready had a § 924(c) conviction for using a firearm during the same robbery. Id. Instead, we upheld the sentence in question because the district court had alternatively justified it under the statutory sentencing factors. Id. Most recently, in United States v. Eubanks, 593 F.3d 645, 649–50 (7th Cir. 2010), we employed White I’s framework to assess whether an en‐ hancement for using a B.B. gun to pistol whip a victim during a robbery was permitted by the application note. We con‐ cluded that the enhancement could not be applied because the defendant’s § 924(c) conviction for a firearm accounted for all of the guns (including the B.B. gun) he and his codefendants used during a robbery. Id. at 650. So, although we have cited White I favorably in a few sub‐ sequent decisions, their holdings did not depend on its con‐ tinued validity. Moses was able to avoid the question about the scope of Application Note 4. Katalinic reflected a straight‐ forward conclusion that enhancements for death threats re‐ lated to the firearm underlying the § 924(c) conviction are pro‐ hibited—an outcome observed to be consistent with White I’s focus on whether the enhancement in question reflected the No. 17‐3236 17

same or different conduct vis‐à‐vis the § 924(c) offense con‐ duct. And Eubanks relied on dicta in White I about treating all firearms the same more than it relied on White I’s holding about treating bombs and guns differently. We take this opportunity to harmonize our caselaw. To the extent that White I drew a line between enhancements based on the same and different underlying conduct, that distinction does not survive the Commission’s amendment to Application Note 4 where the conduct is relevant conduct. But we need not overturn Katalinic, Moses, and Eubanks because, although they invoke White I approvingly, none depend on White I’s pre‐amendment reasoning. Our conclusion flows from the language the Commission used in amending Application Note 4. It instructs that a dis‐ trict court is not permitted to impose any explosive or weapon enhancement, whether it is part of the underlying offense or relevant conduct, when a defendant is also sentenced under § 924(c). In so holding, our decision today in no way pre‐ cludes consideration of that conduct at sentencing as a factor under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). IV Accordingly, the district court should not have applied the enhancement for making a death threat to Foster’s sentence for the underlying robbery count because Application Note 4 instructs that the threat was already accounted for by his § 924(c) sentence. We therefore VACATE Foster’s sentence and REMAND for resentencing.