United States v. Munoz-Peralta

97 F. App'x 719

Opinion

MEMORANDUM

*

Defendant/Appellant Javier Munoz-Peralta “was not under constant observation by governmental authorities from the moment he set foot in this country until the moment of his arrest.” United States v. Ramos-Godinez, 273 F.3d 820, 825 (9th Cir.2001) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Munoz-Peralta crossed the border undetected, and the government was first alerted to the possibility that someone may have crossed the border when Munoz-Peralta triggered the sensor approximately 200 yards from the border. Additionally, the government tracked Munoz-Peralta by following his footprints. See United States v. Hernandez-Herrera, 273 F.3d 1213, 1219 (9th Cir.2001) (holding that a defendant is free from official restraint when “[pjersistent tracking, rather than visual surveillance, led to [the alien’s] apprehension”).

The district court properly declined to give an “official restraint” jury instruction, because the evidence did not support such a theory. See United States v. Castellanos-Garcia, 270 F.3d 773, 777 (9th Cir.2001). Likewise, the denial of MunozPeralta’s motion for acquittal was appropriate, because the government presented sufficient evidence from which a rational trier of fact could have concluded that Munoz-Peralta entered the United States free from official restraint. See Ramos-Godinez, 273 F.3d at 825; see also Hernandez-Herrera, 273 F.3d at 1218 (articulating the standard of review for a motion for acquittal).

AFFIRMED.

This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.