Case: 19-12724 Date Filed: 03/19/2020 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-12724 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cr-00340-KD-B-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
MARCO ANTONIO PEREZ,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama ________________________
(March 19, 2020)
Before NEWSOM, BRANCH, and LUCK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 19-12724 Date Filed: 03/19/2020 Page: 2 of 8
Marco Perez appeals his fifty-one-month sentence for possession of stolen
firearms in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(j). He argues that the district court incor-
rectly applied the sentencing guidelines. The government claims that, regardless of
whether the district court erred, we should still affirm the sentence because the dis-
trict court stated it would impose an identical sentence notwithstanding any error in
its guidelines calculations. See United States v. Keene, 470 F.3d 1347, 1350 (11th
Cir. 2006) (“[I]t would make no sense to set aside [a] reasonable sentence and send
the case back to the district court [because of an error in calculating the sentencing
guidelines] since it has already told us that it would impose exactly the same sen-
tence, a sentence we would be compelled to affirm.”). We agree that Keene applies;
if there was any error in the district court’s guidelines calculations, it was harmless;
and the sentence was substantively reasonable. We therefore affirm.
BACKGROUND
Perez pleaded guilty to one count of possession of stolen firearms. At his
sentencing hearing, he objected to a two-level sentence enhancement because his
offense involved four firearms and a two-level enhancement for obstructing justice.
Perez also objected to the district court’s refusal to apply a three-level reduction for
acceptance of responsibility. The district court overruled all three objections. Based
on the presentence investigation report, the district court noted a total offense level
of twenty with a criminal history category of IV, resulting in a guidelines sentencing
2 Case: 19-12724 Date Filed: 03/19/2020 Page: 3 of 8
range of fifty-one to sixty-three months. According to Perez, the appropriate guide-
lines sentencing range should have been twenty-four to thirty months based on an
offense level of thirteen and a criminal history category of IV.
At the sentencing hearing, after considering the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors,
the district court sentenced Perez to fifty-one months’ imprisonment and noted that
was “an appropriate sentence, whether [it had] correctly calculated the guidelines or
not.” In making that determination, it gave Perez credit for pleading guilty and not
forcing the government to prove its case. It also acknowledged that Perez had an
extensive criminal history consisting of fourteen prior burglary and theft offenses
and that he absconded from pretrial supervision during which time he fatally shot
Mobile Police Department Officer Sean Tuder.
Perez now appeals his sentence. He argues that the district court inappropri-
ately applied the enhancements and that it should have applied the three-level reduc-
tion for acceptance of responsibility. Perez also claims, for the first time on appeal,
that had the district court sustained his objections and the proper guidelines range
was twenty-four to thirty months, it could not have made an upward departure from
the sentencing guidelines to impose a fifty-one-month sentence because he had not
received notice of its intent to impose an upward departure. The government re-
sponds that we do not need to consider Perez’s arguments regarding his guidelines
3 Case: 19-12724 Date Filed: 03/19/2020 Page: 4 of 8
range because the district court stated that it would impose the same sentence re-
gardless of any guidelines error and that notice was not required.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We normally review a district court’s application of the sentencing guidelines
de novo and its factual findings for clear error. United States v. Maitre, 898 F.3d
1151, 1159 (11th Cir. 2018). When a district court states that it would have imposed
the same sentence irrespective of an alleged guidelines calculation error, however,
the assumed error is harmless, and we will affirm the sentence if it is reasonable.
Keene, 470 F.3d at 1348–49. We review whether a sentence is substantively rea-
sonable for abuse of discretion. United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1188 (11th
Cir. 2010) (en banc).
DISCUSSION
Sentence
We first review Perez’s claims regarding error in the district court’s guidelines
calculation. In Keene, much like in this case, the defendant argued that the district
court made a guidelines calculation error. 470 F.3d at 1348. In that case, the district
court imposed a sentence within the guidelines range over the defendant’s objection,
but also noted that it would have imposed the same sentence under 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) even if it got the guidelines calculation wrong. Id. We observed that “it
would make no sense to set aside [a] reasonable sentence and send the case back to
4 Case: 19-12724 Date Filed: 03/19/2020 Page: 5 of 8
the district court” where the district court had already stated that it would impose the
same sentence regardless of the guidelines and we, therefore, “would be compelled
to affirm.” Id. at 1350.
To determine whether the Keene rule applies, we first ask whether “the district
court would have reached the same result even if it had decided the guidelines issue
the other way.” Id. at 1349. Second, we ask whether “the sentence would be rea-
sonable even if the guidelines issue had been decided in the defendant’s favor.” Id.
In assessing reasonableness, we assume that the claimed guidelines calculation error
occurred, adjust the guidelines range accordingly, and ask whether the sentence im-
posed is reasonable under the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. Id. at 1349. The defend-
ant has the burden of “prov[ing] that his sentence is unreasonable in light of the
record and § 3553(a).” Id. at 1350. If the district court imposed a reasonable sen-
tence, we affirm.
Here, the district court imposed a guidelines sentence, but also found the sen-
tence reasonable even if it had made a guidelines error. It said that fifty-one months
was “an appropriate sentence, whether [it had] correctly calculated the guidelines or
not.” Keene therefore applies, and we turn to whether the sentence was reasonable.
Perez makes no claim that the district court imposed an unreasonable sentence, but
even if he did, the claim would fail because the district court appropriately consid-
ered the § 3553(a) factors. Granting Perez’s objections, his guidelines range should
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Case: 19-12724 Date Filed: 03/19/2020 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-12724 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cr-00340-KD-B-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
MARCO ANTONIO PEREZ,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama ________________________
(March 19, 2020)
Before NEWSOM, BRANCH, and LUCK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 19-12724 Date Filed: 03/19/2020 Page: 2 of 8
Marco Perez appeals his fifty-one-month sentence for possession of stolen
firearms in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(j). He argues that the district court incor-
rectly applied the sentencing guidelines. The government claims that, regardless of
whether the district court erred, we should still affirm the sentence because the dis-
trict court stated it would impose an identical sentence notwithstanding any error in
its guidelines calculations. See United States v. Keene, 470 F.3d 1347, 1350 (11th
Cir. 2006) (“[I]t would make no sense to set aside [a] reasonable sentence and send
the case back to the district court [because of an error in calculating the sentencing
guidelines] since it has already told us that it would impose exactly the same sen-
tence, a sentence we would be compelled to affirm.”). We agree that Keene applies;
if there was any error in the district court’s guidelines calculations, it was harmless;
and the sentence was substantively reasonable. We therefore affirm.
BACKGROUND
Perez pleaded guilty to one count of possession of stolen firearms. At his
sentencing hearing, he objected to a two-level sentence enhancement because his
offense involved four firearms and a two-level enhancement for obstructing justice.
Perez also objected to the district court’s refusal to apply a three-level reduction for
acceptance of responsibility. The district court overruled all three objections. Based
on the presentence investigation report, the district court noted a total offense level
of twenty with a criminal history category of IV, resulting in a guidelines sentencing
2 Case: 19-12724 Date Filed: 03/19/2020 Page: 3 of 8
range of fifty-one to sixty-three months. According to Perez, the appropriate guide-
lines sentencing range should have been twenty-four to thirty months based on an
offense level of thirteen and a criminal history category of IV.
At the sentencing hearing, after considering the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors,
the district court sentenced Perez to fifty-one months’ imprisonment and noted that
was “an appropriate sentence, whether [it had] correctly calculated the guidelines or
not.” In making that determination, it gave Perez credit for pleading guilty and not
forcing the government to prove its case. It also acknowledged that Perez had an
extensive criminal history consisting of fourteen prior burglary and theft offenses
and that he absconded from pretrial supervision during which time he fatally shot
Mobile Police Department Officer Sean Tuder.
Perez now appeals his sentence. He argues that the district court inappropri-
ately applied the enhancements and that it should have applied the three-level reduc-
tion for acceptance of responsibility. Perez also claims, for the first time on appeal,
that had the district court sustained his objections and the proper guidelines range
was twenty-four to thirty months, it could not have made an upward departure from
the sentencing guidelines to impose a fifty-one-month sentence because he had not
received notice of its intent to impose an upward departure. The government re-
sponds that we do not need to consider Perez’s arguments regarding his guidelines
3 Case: 19-12724 Date Filed: 03/19/2020 Page: 4 of 8
range because the district court stated that it would impose the same sentence re-
gardless of any guidelines error and that notice was not required.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We normally review a district court’s application of the sentencing guidelines
de novo and its factual findings for clear error. United States v. Maitre, 898 F.3d
1151, 1159 (11th Cir. 2018). When a district court states that it would have imposed
the same sentence irrespective of an alleged guidelines calculation error, however,
the assumed error is harmless, and we will affirm the sentence if it is reasonable.
Keene, 470 F.3d at 1348–49. We review whether a sentence is substantively rea-
sonable for abuse of discretion. United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1188 (11th
Cir. 2010) (en banc).
DISCUSSION
Sentence
We first review Perez’s claims regarding error in the district court’s guidelines
calculation. In Keene, much like in this case, the defendant argued that the district
court made a guidelines calculation error. 470 F.3d at 1348. In that case, the district
court imposed a sentence within the guidelines range over the defendant’s objection,
but also noted that it would have imposed the same sentence under 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) even if it got the guidelines calculation wrong. Id. We observed that “it
would make no sense to set aside [a] reasonable sentence and send the case back to
4 Case: 19-12724 Date Filed: 03/19/2020 Page: 5 of 8
the district court” where the district court had already stated that it would impose the
same sentence regardless of the guidelines and we, therefore, “would be compelled
to affirm.” Id. at 1350.
To determine whether the Keene rule applies, we first ask whether “the district
court would have reached the same result even if it had decided the guidelines issue
the other way.” Id. at 1349. Second, we ask whether “the sentence would be rea-
sonable even if the guidelines issue had been decided in the defendant’s favor.” Id.
In assessing reasonableness, we assume that the claimed guidelines calculation error
occurred, adjust the guidelines range accordingly, and ask whether the sentence im-
posed is reasonable under the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. Id. at 1349. The defend-
ant has the burden of “prov[ing] that his sentence is unreasonable in light of the
record and § 3553(a).” Id. at 1350. If the district court imposed a reasonable sen-
tence, we affirm.
Here, the district court imposed a guidelines sentence, but also found the sen-
tence reasonable even if it had made a guidelines error. It said that fifty-one months
was “an appropriate sentence, whether [it had] correctly calculated the guidelines or
not.” Keene therefore applies, and we turn to whether the sentence was reasonable.
Perez makes no claim that the district court imposed an unreasonable sentence, but
even if he did, the claim would fail because the district court appropriately consid-
ered the § 3553(a) factors. Granting Perez’s objections, his guidelines range should
5 Case: 19-12724 Date Filed: 03/19/2020 Page: 6 of 8
have been twenty-four to thirty months. At the sentencing hearing, the district court
assessed all the “facts and circumstances” of the case, including that Perez ab-
sconded from pretrial supervision and fatally shot Officer Tuder, that his offense
involved several instances of breaking into cars to steal firearms so that he could
later sell them, and that he had an extensive criminal history. That history consisted
of fourteen separate breaking and entering offenses in less than three years. While
the district court considered more than Perez’s criminal history, we have previously
“upheld large upward deviations based solely on an offender’s extensive criminal
history.” United States v. Osorio-Moreno, 814 F.3d 1282, 1288 (11th Cir. 2016)
(sentence exceeding guidelines maximum by fifty-seven months not substantively
unreasonable because of defendant’s twenty prior convictions); United States v.
Shaw, 560 F.3d 1230, 1239 (11th Cir. 2009) (sentence exceeding guidelines maxi-
mum by eighty-three months not substantively unreasonable primarily because of
“twenty-six known episodes of criminal behavior”). Given Perez’s extensive crim-
inal history and the number of other serious considerations examined at the sentenc-
ing hearing, the district court did not abuse its discretion by imposing a sentence
twenty-one months greater than Perez’s claimed guidelines maximum.
Notice
We turn then to Perez’s argument that the district court could not impose an
upward departure from what the guidelines range should have been (according to
6 Case: 19-12724 Date Filed: 03/19/2020 Page: 7 of 8
him) without notice. The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure require the court to
provide notice to the parties if it contemplates a “departure” from the applicable
guidelines sentencing range. Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(h). “‘Departure’ is a term of art
under the Guidelines and refers only to non-Guidelines sentences imposed under the
framework set out in the Guidelines.” Irizarry v. United States, 553 U.S. 708, 714
(2008). The notice requirement therefore applies only when the district court im-
poses a departure authorized by 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b). Id. It does not apply to “var-
iances from Guidelines ranges that a district court may find justified under the sen-
tencing factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” Id. at 715; see also United States
v. Plasencia, 886 F.3d 1336, 1344–45 (11th Cir. 2018) (“[N]otice, although neces-
sary for a court to issue an upward departure, is not necessary for a court to issue an
upward variance.” (footnote omitted)). In other words, if the district court contem-
plates adjusting a guidelines sentence based on the factors identified by § 3553(b) (a
“departure”), it must provide the parties notice. If the district court modifies a sen-
tence using the factors in § 3553(a) (a variance), it need not provide notice to the
parties.
Here, the district court did not impose a “departure.” Even assuming that Pe-
rez was correct and the guidelines range should have been much lower, the district
court used its sentencing authority under § 3553(a) to apply an upward variance fit-
ting the facts and circumstances of Perez’s case, rather than a departure from the
7 Case: 19-12724 Date Filed: 03/19/2020 Page: 8 of 8
guidelines under § 3553(b). Therefore, it committed no error in not providing notice
to Perez.
CONCLUSION
Because any error in calculating Perez’s guidelines range was harmless, his
sentence was reasonable, and the district court did not impose a sentencing departure
requiring notice, we affirm.
AFFIRMED.