Case: 17-11018 Date Filed: 03/16/2018 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-11018 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cr-20187-UU-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
MANUEL PEREZ GONZALEZ, Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(March 16, 2018)
Before WILSON, JORDAN and BLACK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 17-11018 Date Filed: 03/16/2018 Page: 2 of 9
Manuel Perez Gonzalez appeals his 1,200 month sentence following his
convictions for one count of receipt of child pornography, two counts of possession
of child pornography, and two counts of distribution of child pornography.
Gonzalez contends his total sentence is grossly disproportionate to his offenses in
violation of the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual
punishment, and that his sentence is both procedurally and substantively
unreasonable. After review, we affirm.
I. Eighth Amendment Claim1
The Eighth Amendment provides: “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” U.S.
Const. amend. VIII. Although the Eighth Amendment does not require strict
proportionality between a crime and its sentence, it does forbid sentences grossly
disproportionate to the crime. Ewing v. California, 538 U.S. 11, 24 (2003). But
“[t]he Supreme Court has made it clear that ‘[o]utside the context of capital
punishment, successful challenges to the proportionality of sentences [are]
exceedingly rare.’” United States v. Raad, 406 F.3d 1322, 1323 (11th Cir. 2005)
1 Ordinarily, we review the legality of a sentence under the Eighth Amendment de novo. United States v. McGarity, 669 F.3d 1218, 1255 (11th Cir. 2012). But where, as here, the defendant did not object on Eighth Amendment grounds before the district court, our review is only for plain error. Id. To establish plain error, the defendant must show “there is (1) error (2) that is plain and (3) that affects substantial rights.” United States v. Lejarde-Rada, 319 F.3d 1288, 1290 (11th Cir. 2003). “[W]here the explicit language of a statute or rule does not specifically resolve an issue, there can be no plain error where there is no precedent from the Supreme Court or this Court directly resolving it.” Id. at 1291.
2 Case: 17-11018 Date Filed: 03/16/2018 Page: 3 of 9
(per curiam) (quoting Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 289-90 (1983)) (emphasis and
alterations in original), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 893 (2005).
To succeed on his disproportionality claim, Gonzalez must, at the threshold,
show his sentence is grossly disproportionate to the offenses of conviction. United
States v. McGarity, 669 F.3d 1218, 1256 (11th Cir. 2012). “In general, a sentence
within the limits imposed by statute is neither excessive nor cruel and unusual
under the Eighth Amendment.” United States v. Moriarity, 429 F.3d 1012, 1024
(11th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).
We turn, therefore, to the statutory limits for Gonzalez’s convictions.
Gonzalez was convicted of one count of receipt of child pornography, which
carries a statutory maximum punishment of 20 years imprisonment. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 2252(a)(2), (b)(1). He was also convicted of two counts of distribution of child
pornography, each of which carries a statutory maximum punishment of 20 years
imprisonment. See 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2), (b)(1). Finally, Gonzalez was
convicted of two counts of possession of child pornography involving a
prepubescent minor, each of which carries a statutory maximum punishment of 20
years imprisonment. See 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(b), (b)(2). All told, Gonzalez
was subject to a statutory maximum of 100 years, or 1,200 months, imprisonment.
“If the sentence imposed on the count carrying the highest statutory
maximum is less than the total punishment, then the sentence imposed on one or
3 Case: 17-11018 Date Filed: 03/16/2018 Page: 4 of 9
more of the other counts shall run consecutively, but only to the extent necessary to
produce a combined sentence equal to the total punishment.” U.S.S.G. § 5G1.2(d).
“We have held that § 5G1.2(d) requires that sentences run consecutively to the
extent necessary to reach the defendant’s guidelines range.” United States v.
Davis, 329 F.3d 1250, 1253-54 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam); see also United
States v. Johnson, 451 F.3d 1239, 1243 (11th Cir. 2006) (rejecting a
proportionality challenge to a defendant’s 140-year sentence for multiple child
pornography offenses and holding that imposing multiple consecutive statutory
maximum terms to fulfill a guideline recommendation constitutes a sentence
within the statutory maximum). Gonzalez’s guidelines range was life in prison.2
The district court’s decision to impose multiple consecutive statutory maximum
terms to fulfill that recommendation is consistent with this Court’s precedent.
Gonzalez asserts that his case does not lend itself to the application of the
general rule that a sentence within the limits imposed by statute does not violate
the Eighth Amendment because he is “a first time offender” who was effectively
given “a life sentence without the possibility of parole” for “a non-violent offense.”
We are not persuaded. Gonzalez was a prolific consumer of child pornography—a
forensic analysis of his computer revealed 2,188 videos of child pornography were
downloaded between March 24, 2013 and September 27, 2015. Several of the
2 Gonzalez objects to the use of U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 to calculate his guidelines range. We reject that contention for the reasons discussed in Section II. 4 Case: 17-11018 Date Filed: 03/16/2018 Page: 5 of 9
videos were over five minutes long, many depicted children under the age of
twelve, and some depicted sadistic or masochistic acts. He also disseminated
approximately 758 videos. Gonzalez emphasizes that he “never touched any of the
victims depicted in the images or videos.” This Court has, however, consistently
rejected efforts to minimize the harm caused by consuming child pornography. “It
goes without saying that possession of child pornography is not a victimless crime.
A child somewhere was used to produce the images downloaded by [the
defendant], in large part, because individuals like [the defendant] exist to download
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Case: 17-11018 Date Filed: 03/16/2018 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-11018 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cr-20187-UU-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
MANUEL PEREZ GONZALEZ, Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(March 16, 2018)
Before WILSON, JORDAN and BLACK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 17-11018 Date Filed: 03/16/2018 Page: 2 of 9
Manuel Perez Gonzalez appeals his 1,200 month sentence following his
convictions for one count of receipt of child pornography, two counts of possession
of child pornography, and two counts of distribution of child pornography.
Gonzalez contends his total sentence is grossly disproportionate to his offenses in
violation of the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual
punishment, and that his sentence is both procedurally and substantively
unreasonable. After review, we affirm.
I. Eighth Amendment Claim1
The Eighth Amendment provides: “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” U.S.
Const. amend. VIII. Although the Eighth Amendment does not require strict
proportionality between a crime and its sentence, it does forbid sentences grossly
disproportionate to the crime. Ewing v. California, 538 U.S. 11, 24 (2003). But
“[t]he Supreme Court has made it clear that ‘[o]utside the context of capital
punishment, successful challenges to the proportionality of sentences [are]
exceedingly rare.’” United States v. Raad, 406 F.3d 1322, 1323 (11th Cir. 2005)
1 Ordinarily, we review the legality of a sentence under the Eighth Amendment de novo. United States v. McGarity, 669 F.3d 1218, 1255 (11th Cir. 2012). But where, as here, the defendant did not object on Eighth Amendment grounds before the district court, our review is only for plain error. Id. To establish plain error, the defendant must show “there is (1) error (2) that is plain and (3) that affects substantial rights.” United States v. Lejarde-Rada, 319 F.3d 1288, 1290 (11th Cir. 2003). “[W]here the explicit language of a statute or rule does not specifically resolve an issue, there can be no plain error where there is no precedent from the Supreme Court or this Court directly resolving it.” Id. at 1291.
2 Case: 17-11018 Date Filed: 03/16/2018 Page: 3 of 9
(per curiam) (quoting Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 289-90 (1983)) (emphasis and
alterations in original), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 893 (2005).
To succeed on his disproportionality claim, Gonzalez must, at the threshold,
show his sentence is grossly disproportionate to the offenses of conviction. United
States v. McGarity, 669 F.3d 1218, 1256 (11th Cir. 2012). “In general, a sentence
within the limits imposed by statute is neither excessive nor cruel and unusual
under the Eighth Amendment.” United States v. Moriarity, 429 F.3d 1012, 1024
(11th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).
We turn, therefore, to the statutory limits for Gonzalez’s convictions.
Gonzalez was convicted of one count of receipt of child pornography, which
carries a statutory maximum punishment of 20 years imprisonment. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 2252(a)(2), (b)(1). He was also convicted of two counts of distribution of child
pornography, each of which carries a statutory maximum punishment of 20 years
imprisonment. See 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2), (b)(1). Finally, Gonzalez was
convicted of two counts of possession of child pornography involving a
prepubescent minor, each of which carries a statutory maximum punishment of 20
years imprisonment. See 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(b), (b)(2). All told, Gonzalez
was subject to a statutory maximum of 100 years, or 1,200 months, imprisonment.
“If the sentence imposed on the count carrying the highest statutory
maximum is less than the total punishment, then the sentence imposed on one or
3 Case: 17-11018 Date Filed: 03/16/2018 Page: 4 of 9
more of the other counts shall run consecutively, but only to the extent necessary to
produce a combined sentence equal to the total punishment.” U.S.S.G. § 5G1.2(d).
“We have held that § 5G1.2(d) requires that sentences run consecutively to the
extent necessary to reach the defendant’s guidelines range.” United States v.
Davis, 329 F.3d 1250, 1253-54 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam); see also United
States v. Johnson, 451 F.3d 1239, 1243 (11th Cir. 2006) (rejecting a
proportionality challenge to a defendant’s 140-year sentence for multiple child
pornography offenses and holding that imposing multiple consecutive statutory
maximum terms to fulfill a guideline recommendation constitutes a sentence
within the statutory maximum). Gonzalez’s guidelines range was life in prison.2
The district court’s decision to impose multiple consecutive statutory maximum
terms to fulfill that recommendation is consistent with this Court’s precedent.
Gonzalez asserts that his case does not lend itself to the application of the
general rule that a sentence within the limits imposed by statute does not violate
the Eighth Amendment because he is “a first time offender” who was effectively
given “a life sentence without the possibility of parole” for “a non-violent offense.”
We are not persuaded. Gonzalez was a prolific consumer of child pornography—a
forensic analysis of his computer revealed 2,188 videos of child pornography were
downloaded between March 24, 2013 and September 27, 2015. Several of the
2 Gonzalez objects to the use of U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 to calculate his guidelines range. We reject that contention for the reasons discussed in Section II. 4 Case: 17-11018 Date Filed: 03/16/2018 Page: 5 of 9
videos were over five minutes long, many depicted children under the age of
twelve, and some depicted sadistic or masochistic acts. He also disseminated
approximately 758 videos. Gonzalez emphasizes that he “never touched any of the
victims depicted in the images or videos.” This Court has, however, consistently
rejected efforts to minimize the harm caused by consuming child pornography. “It
goes without saying that possession of child pornography is not a victimless crime.
A child somewhere was used to produce the images downloaded by [the
defendant], in large part, because individuals like [the defendant] exist to download
the images.” United States v. Yuknavich, 419 F.3d 1302, 1310 (11th Cir. 2005).
Moreover, a witness who was sixteen years old at the time of trial testified that,
when she was nine years old, Gonzalez digitally penetrated and raped her.
Gonzalez has failed to establish that the district court plainly erred by imposing a
grossly disproportionate total sentence.
II. Reasonableness of the Sentence3
Gonzalez contends his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the
district court used U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 to calculate his advisory sentencing range. In
support, Gonzalez notes § 2G2.2 has been “heavily criticized” by “federal district
3 We review the imposition of a sentence under a deferential abuse of discretion standard, looking to both the procedural and substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). The burden is on the party challenging the sentence to show it is unreasonable. United States v. Pugh, 515 F.3d 1179, 1189 (11th Cir. 2008).
5 Case: 17-11018 Date Filed: 03/16/2018 Page: 6 of 9
court judges, federal defenders, [] other legal commentators,” as well as “the
Sentencing Commission itself.” But in United States v. Cubero, 754 F.3d 888
(11th Cir. 2014), we rejected the argument that critique of § 2G2.2 included in the
Sentencing Commission’s 2013 report to Congress, including concern that the
current scheme “produces overly severe sentencing ranges for some offenders,” is
“influenced by congressional directives, fail[s] to reflect the Commission’s
traditional institutional expertise, and [is] not based on empirical evidence,”
rendered the district court’s use of § 2G2.2 as an advisory guideline substantively
or procedurally unreasonable. Id. at 898-901; United States Sentencing Comm’n,
Report to Congress: Federal Child Pornography Offenses (Dec. 2012). Cubero,
which is binding precedent, controls. The district court did not err by using
§ 2G2.2 to calculate Gonzalez’s advisory sentencing range.
Second, Gonzalez contends his sentence is procedurally unreasonable
because the district court failed to discuss the § 3553(a) factors. The district court
is not required to specifically state that it has considered each of the § 3553(a)
factors or to discuss each of the § 3553(a) factors; rather, considering the parties’
arguments pertaining to those factors and referring generally to the § 3553(a)
factors is sufficient. See United States v. Sanchez, 586 F.3d 918, 936 (11th Cir.
2009) (“It is sufficient that the district court considers the defendant’s arguments at
sentencing and states that it has taken the § 3553(a) factors into account.”). Here,
6 Case: 17-11018 Date Filed: 03/16/2018 Page: 7 of 9
the district court specifically stated that it had considered the parties’ arguments
and the statutory factors. It also considered many facts related to the § 3553(a)
factors, including: Gonzalez’s pattern of conduct, his obstruction of justice, the fact
that the child pornography Gonzalez possessed included sadistic and masochistic
content, and the minor female’s testimony that Gonzalez had sexually assaulted her
when she was just nine years old.
Third, Gonzalez asserts the district court failed to explain its chosen
sentence. Not so. At the outset of sentencing the district court stated that it
believed a life sentence was warranted based on the nature of Gonzalez’s conduct,
his lack of respect for the law, and the danger he presented to society. The district
court later imposed the total sentence in a term of months, rather than as a life total
sentence, based on the statutory maximums applicable to all of Gonzalez’s
convictions. In overruling Gonzalez’s objections, the district court discussed
additional factors behind the total sentence, including Gonzalez’s pattern of
conduct, his obstruction of justice, the fact that the child pornography included
sadistic content, and the minor female’s testimony that Gonzalez had sexually
assaulted her. Although the district court’s discussion was not detailed or lengthy,
it adequately explained its chosen sentence.
In reviewing for substantive reasonableness, we consider the totality of the
circumstances, asking whether the § 3553(a) factors support the sentence in
7 Case: 17-11018 Date Filed: 03/16/2018 Page: 8 of 9
question. United States v. Gonzalez, 550 F.3d 1319, 1324 (11th Cir. 2008). We
will overturn a sentence only if we are “left with the definite and firm conviction
that the district court committed a clear error of judgment in weighing the
§ 3553(a) factors by arriving at a sentence that lies outside the range of reasonable
sentences dictated by the facts of the case.” United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160,
1190 (2010).
Gonzalez’s total sentence was substantively reasonable. As noted above, the
district court stated at the outset of sentencing that it felt a life term of
imprisonment was appropriate based on the nature of the conduct, Gonzalez’s
disrespect for the law, and the danger he posed to society. It also credited a
minor’s testimony that Gonzalez sexually assaulted her on two occasions when she
was nine years old, and it found, in overruling Gonzalez’s objection to the pattern
enhancement, that “a pattern of repetitive conduct” was apparent from the
information in the record. It also found that Gonzalez was experienced with the
use of peer-to-peer programs and must have known that he was distributing child
pornography through his further use of these programs. These considerations and
emphases were supported by the evidence. Nothing in the record leaves us with
the “definite and firm conviction” that the total sentence was “outside the range of
reasonable sentences dictated by the facts of the case.” Irey, 612 F.3d at 1190. In
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sum, Gonzalez’s 1,200-month total sentence was both procedurally and
substantively reasonable. The judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.