United States v. Mackey

First Circuit

United States v. Mackey

CourtCourt of Appeals for the First Circuit

DecidedJuly 10, 1997

Docket94-2264

StatusPublished

This text of United States v. Mackey (United States v. Mackey) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the First Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook

United States v. Mackey, (1st Cir. 1997).

Pincite

Opinion

USCA1 Opinion

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@PJL ENTER LANGUAGE=PCL
E*t300R&u600D*r0F&l0O&l0S&l0H&l2a8c1E*p0x0Y*c0t5760x7656Y&l1X*b0M *p564Y*p1500X(0N(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0PUNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS*p664Y*p1770XFOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT*p764Y*p1800X____________________*p964Y*p300XNo. 94-2264*p1164Y*p1650XUNITED STATES OF AMERICA,*p1364Y*p2130XAppellee,*p1564Y*p2340Xv.*p1764Y*p1740XCHRISTOPHER D. MACKEY,*p1964Y*p1770XDefendant, Appellant.*p2164Y*p1800X____________________*p2364Y*p1080XAPPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT*p2564Y*p1410XFOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS*p2764Y*p1200X[Hon. Mark L. Wolf, U.S. District Judge]*p2964Y*p1800X____________________*p3164Y*p2220XBefore*p3364Y*p1710X Boudin, Circuit Judge,*p3564Y*p1530XBownes, Senior Circuit Judge,*p3764Y*p1620X and Lynch, Circuit Judge.*p3964Y*p1800X____________________*p4164Y*p570XJohn D. Fitzpatrick, by Appointment of the Court, for appellant.*p4264Y*p570XB*p+2Xe*p+2Xn*p+2X *p+42XT*p+2X. *p+40XClements, *p+40XAssistant *p+40XUnited *p+40XStates *p+40XAttorney, *p+40Xwith *p+40Xwhom*p4364Y*p300XD*p+2Xo*p+2Xn*p+2Xa*p+2Xl*p+2Xd *p+10XK. *p+10XStern, *p+10XUnited *p+10XStates *p+10XAttorney, *p+10Xwas *p+10Xon *p+10Xbrief *p+10Xfor *p+10Xthe *p+10XUnited*p4464Y*p300XStates.*p4764Y*p1800X____________________*p4964Y*p2040XJuly 9, 1997*p5064Y*p1800X____________________*p2770Y*p2400X*r1A*b2M*b6WºÿÀ³*b3M*b0W*b0W*p3370Y*rB*p2240X*r1A*b2M*b8WÑÿà*b3M*b0W*b0W*p3570Y*rB*p2000X*r1A*b2M*b8W·ÿø*b3M*b0W*b0W*p3770Y*b2M*b8Wì?Ñÿ*b3M*b0W*b0W*p4170Y*rB*p560X*r1A*b2M*b10W»ÿþÀ*b3M*b0W*b0W*p4270Y*b2M*b10WÄÿð·*b3M*b0W*b0W*p4370Y*rB*p288X*r1A*b2M*b10WÈÿþ¢*b3M*b0W*b0W*rB*b0M *p5864Y*p2310X-2-*p2310X-2-*p684Y*p870XB*p-2XO*p-2XU*p-2XD*p-2XI*p-2XN*p-2X,*p-2X *p-4XC*p-2Xi*p-2Xr*p-2Xc*p-2Xu*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-4XJ*p-2Xu*p-2Xd*p-2Xg*p-2Xe*p-2X.*p-2X *p-4X *p-2XI*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2XJ*p-2Xu*p-2Xl*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2X1*p-2X9*p-2X9*p-2X3*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2X *p-2Xf*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2X *p-2Xg*p-2Xr*p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xj*p-2Xu*p-2Xr*p-2Xy*p884Y*p570Xindicted *p+30XChristopher *p+30XMackey *p+30Xunder *p+30X18 *p+30XU.S.C. *p+30X§ *p+30X2113(a) *p+30Xand*p1084Y*p570Xcharged him with four separate robberies of federally insured*p1284Y*p570Xba*p-2Xn*p-2Xk*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xl*p-2Xo*p-2Xc*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xa*p-2Xm*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xa*p-2X *p-2Xsoutheast of Boston: the South*p1484Y*p570XS*p+2Xh*p+2Xore *p+22XBank *p+22Xin *p+22XNorth *p+22XWeymouth *p+22X(November *p+22X1991), *p+22Xthe *p+22XWeymouth*p1684Y*p570XCooperative Bank in Weymouth (December 1991), the South Shore*p1884Y*p570XBank in Quincy (February 1992), and the Abington Savings Bank*p2084Y*p570Xin Abington (September 1992). Trial occurred in August 1994.*p2284Y*p870XAt trial, the government's evidence showed that all four*p2484Y*p570Xb*p+2Xa*p+2Xn*p+2Xk*p+2Xs*p+2X *p+22Xh*p+2Xa*p+2Xd*p+2X *p+22Xbeen *p+20Xrobbed *p+20Xby *p+20Xa *p+20Xwhite *p+20Xmale *p+20Xwho *p+20Xcarried *p+20Xa *p+20Xdark-*p2684Y*p570Xco*p-2Xl*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2Xg*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xp*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xt*p-2Xs*p-2X warm-up clothes, together with*p2884Y*p570Xa scarf and a ski hat that hid his entire face except for his*p3084Y*p570Xe*p+2Xy*p+2Xe*p+2Xs. *p+42X *p+42XPhotographs *p+42Xfrom *p+42Xsurveillance *p+42Xcameras *p+42Xand *p+42Xwitness*p3284Y*p570Xid*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xf*p-2Xi*p-2Xc*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xf*p-2Xi*p-2Xrm that the same individual was*p3484Y*p570Xinvolved *p+18Xin *p+18Xeach *p+18Xrobbery. *p+18X *p+18XIn *p+18Xthe *p+18Xlast *p+18Xrobbery, *p+18Xthe *p+18Xrobber*p3684Y*p570Xremoved *p+20Xhis *p+20Xscarf *p+20Xand *p+20Xski *p+20Xhat *p+20Xas *p+20Xhe *p+20Xleft *p+20Xthe *p+20Xbank *p+20Xand *p+20Xwas*p3884Y*p570Xpositively identified as Mackey by two witnesses.*p4084Y*p870XMackey's *p+36Xgirlfriend *p+34Xowned *p+34Xa *p+34Xcar, *p+34Xavailable *p+34Xto *p+34XMackey*p4284Y*p570Xd*p+2Xu*p+2Xring *p+22Xthe *p+22Xday, *p+22Xwhose *p+22Xlicense *p+22Xplate *p+22Xand *p+22Xappearance *p+22Xmatched*p4484Y*p570Xpa*p-2Xr*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2X *p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2Xc*p-2Xr*p-2Xi*p-2Xp*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xr*p-2Xo*p-2Xb*p-2Xber's car provided by witnesses*p4684Y*p570Xat*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xr*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xr*p-2Xo*p-2Xb*p-2Xb*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xi*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2X *p-2XM*p-2Xa*p-2Xc*p-2Xk*p-2Xe*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xw*p-2Xn*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xo*p-2Xre*p4884Y*p570Xs*p+2Xw*p+2Xeatshirts, *p+8Xincluding *p+8Xa *p+8Xsweatshirt *p+8Xand *p+8Xscarf *p+8Xmatching *p+8Xthose*p5084Y*p570Xworn *p+30Xin *p+30Xthe *p+30Xthird *p+30Xrobbery. *p+30X *p+30XMackey, *p+30Xhis *p+30Xparents, *p+30Xand *p+30Xhis*p5284Y*p570Xgirlfriend all lived in the vicinity of the robberies.*p690Y*p1328X*r1A*b2M*b10W?ÓÿÀØ*b3M*b0W*b0W*rB*b0M *p5864Y*p2310X-3-*p2310X-3-*p684Y*p870XT*p+2Xh*p+2Xe*p+2X *p+8Xf*p+2Xi*p+2Xrst *p+6Xthree *p+6Xrobberies *p+6Xnetted *p+6Xthe *p+6Xrobber *p+6Xonly *p+6Xmodest*p884Y*p570Xam*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2Xs*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2Xt*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2Xl*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xg*p-2X *p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2X$*p-2X1*p-2X0*p-2X,*p-2X0*p-2X0*p-2X0. In the final robbery, where*p1084Y*p570Xthe robber gained access to the bank vault, he took $321,500.*p1284Y*p570XTh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xg*p-2Xo*p-2Xv*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xn*p-2Xm*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2Xf*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xe*p-2Xv*p-2Xi*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xc*p-2Xe*p-2X at trial that, although Mackey*p1484Y*p570Xd*p+2Xi*p+2Xd*p+2X *p+6Xn*p+2Xo*p+2Xt*p+2X *p+6Xhave *p+4Xa *p+4Xsteady *p+4Xjob, *p+4Xhe *p+4Xmade *p+4Xcash *p+4Xexpenditures *p+4Xof *p+4Xmore*p1684Y*p570Xthan $90,000 in the five months following the last robbery.*p1884Y*p870XThe jury convicted Mackey of all four robberies. He now*p2084Y*p570Xap*p-2Xp*p-2Xe*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xv*p-2Xi*p-2Xc*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xs*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xb*p-2Xu*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xn*p-2Xo*p-2Xt his sentence. In this court,*p2284Y*p570XM*p+2Xa*p+2Xc*p+2Xk*p+2Xe*p+2Xy*p+2X *p+32Xmakes *p+32Xthree *p+32Xclaims *p+32Xof *p+32Xerror, *p+32Xthe *p+32Xlatter *p+32Xtwo *p+32Xbeing*p2484Y*p570Xclosely related.*p2684Y*p870X1. In his first claim of error, Mackey asserts that the*p2884Y*p570Xt*p+2Xr*p+2Xi*p+2Xal *p+6Xjudge *p+6Xerred *p+6Xin *p+6Xrefusing *p+6Xto *p+6Xsever *p+6Xthe *p+6Xlast-in-time *p+6Xbank*p3084Y*p570Xro*p-2Xb*p-2Xb*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2X-*p-2X-*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2XA*p-2Xb*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xg*p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xr*p-2Xo*p-2Xb*p-2Xb*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2XS*p-2Xe*p-2Xp*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xm*p-2Xb*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2X1*p-2X9*p-2X9*p-2X2*p-2X-*p-2X-*p-2Xf*p-2Xr*p-2Xo*p-2Xm*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xhe*p3284Y*p570Xt*p+2Xh*p+2Xr*p+2Xee *p+6Xearlier *p+6Xrobbery *p+6Xcounts. *p+6X *p+6XThe *p+6Xfour *p+6Xcounts *p+6Xwere *p+6Xproperly*p3484Y*p570Xjo*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2XF*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2XR*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2XC*p-2Xr*p-2Xi*p-2Xm*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2XP*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2X8*p-2X(*p-2Xa*p-2X)*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xr*p-2Xg*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xg*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2Xf*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2X"*p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xhe*p3684Y*p570Xsa*p-2Xm*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xi*p-2Xm*p-2Xi*p-2Xl*p-2Xa*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xr*p-2Xa*p-2Xc*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X.*p-2X"*p-2X *p-2X *p-2XE*p-2X.*p-2Xg., United States v.

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USCA1 Opinion

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E*t300R&u600D*r0F&l0O&l0S&l0H&l2a8c1E*p0x0Y*c0t5760x7656Y&l1X*b0M
*p564Y*p1500X(0N(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0PUNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS*p664Y*p1770XFOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT*p764Y*p1800X____________________*p964Y*p300XNo. 94-2264*p1164Y*p1650XUNITED STATES OF AMERICA,*p1364Y*p2130XAppellee,*p1564Y*p2340Xv.*p1764Y*p1740XCHRISTOPHER D. MACKEY,*p1964Y*p1770XDefendant, Appellant.*p2164Y*p1800X____________________*p2364Y*p1080XAPPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT*p2564Y*p1410XFOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS*p2764Y*p1200X[Hon. Mark L. Wolf, U.S. District Judge]*p2964Y*p1800X____________________*p3164Y*p2220XBefore*p3364Y*p1710X Boudin, Circuit Judge,*p3564Y*p1530XBownes, Senior Circuit Judge,*p3764Y*p1620X and Lynch, Circuit Judge.*p3964Y*p1800X____________________*p4164Y*p570XJohn D. Fitzpatrick, by Appointment of the Court, for appellant.*p4264Y*p570XB*p+2Xe*p+2Xn*p+2X *p+42XT*p+2X. *p+40XClements, *p+40XAssistant *p+40XUnited *p+40XStates *p+40XAttorney, *p+40Xwith *p+40Xwhom*p4364Y*p300XD*p+2Xo*p+2Xn*p+2Xa*p+2Xl*p+2Xd *p+10XK. *p+10XStern, *p+10XUnited *p+10XStates *p+10XAttorney, *p+10Xwas *p+10Xon *p+10Xbrief *p+10Xfor *p+10Xthe *p+10XUnited*p4464Y*p300XStates.*p4764Y*p1800X____________________*p4964Y*p2040XJuly 9, 1997*p5064Y*p1800X____________________*p2770Y*p2400X*r1A*b2M*b6WºÿÀ³*b3M*b0W*b0W*p3370Y*rB*p2240X*r1A*b2M*b8WÑÿà*b3M*b0W*b0W*p3570Y*rB*p2000X*r1A*b2M*b8W·ÿø*b3M*b0W*b0W*p3770Y*b2M*b8Wì?Ñÿ*b3M*b0W*b0W*p4170Y*rB*p560X*r1A*b2M*b10W»ÿþÀ*b3M*b0W*b0W*p4270Y*b2M*b10WÄÿð·*b3M*b0W*b0W*p4370Y*rB*p288X*r1A*b2M*b10WÈÿþ¢*b3M*b0W*b0W*rB*b0M
*p5864Y*p2310X-2-*p2310X-2-*p684Y*p870XB*p-2XO*p-2XU*p-2XD*p-2XI*p-2XN*p-2X,*p-2X *p-4XC*p-2Xi*p-2Xr*p-2Xc*p-2Xu*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-4XJ*p-2Xu*p-2Xd*p-2Xg*p-2Xe*p-2X.*p-2X *p-4X *p-2XI*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2XJ*p-2Xu*p-2Xl*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2X1*p-2X9*p-2X9*p-2X3*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2X *p-2Xf*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2X *p-2Xg*p-2Xr*p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xj*p-2Xu*p-2Xr*p-2Xy*p884Y*p570Xindicted *p+30XChristopher *p+30XMackey *p+30Xunder *p+30X18 *p+30XU.S.C. *p+30X§ *p+30X2113(a) *p+30Xand*p1084Y*p570Xcharged him with four separate robberies of federally insured*p1284Y*p570Xba*p-2Xn*p-2Xk*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xl*p-2Xo*p-2Xc*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xa*p-2Xm*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xa*p-2X *p-2Xsoutheast of Boston:  the South*p1484Y*p570XS*p+2Xh*p+2Xore *p+22XBank *p+22Xin *p+22XNorth *p+22XWeymouth *p+22X(November *p+22X1991), *p+22Xthe *p+22XWeymouth*p1684Y*p570XCooperative Bank in Weymouth (December 1991), the South Shore*p1884Y*p570XBank in Quincy (February 1992), and the Abington Savings Bank*p2084Y*p570Xin Abington (September 1992).  Trial occurred in August 1994.*p2284Y*p870XAt trial, the government's evidence showed that all four*p2484Y*p570Xb*p+2Xa*p+2Xn*p+2Xk*p+2Xs*p+2X *p+22Xh*p+2Xa*p+2Xd*p+2X *p+22Xbeen *p+20Xrobbed *p+20Xby *p+20Xa *p+20Xwhite *p+20Xmale *p+20Xwho *p+20Xcarried *p+20Xa *p+20Xdark-*p2684Y*p570Xco*p-2Xl*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2Xg*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xp*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xt*p-2Xs*p-2X warm-up clothes, together with*p2884Y*p570Xa scarf and a ski hat that hid his entire face except for his*p3084Y*p570Xe*p+2Xy*p+2Xe*p+2Xs. *p+42X *p+42XPhotographs *p+42Xfrom *p+42Xsurveillance *p+42Xcameras *p+42Xand *p+42Xwitness*p3284Y*p570Xid*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xf*p-2Xi*p-2Xc*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xf*p-2Xi*p-2Xrm that the same individual was*p3484Y*p570Xinvolved *p+18Xin *p+18Xeach *p+18Xrobbery. *p+18X *p+18XIn *p+18Xthe *p+18Xlast *p+18Xrobbery, *p+18Xthe *p+18Xrobber*p3684Y*p570Xremoved *p+20Xhis *p+20Xscarf *p+20Xand *p+20Xski *p+20Xhat *p+20Xas *p+20Xhe *p+20Xleft *p+20Xthe *p+20Xbank *p+20Xand *p+20Xwas*p3884Y*p570Xpositively identified as Mackey by two witnesses.*p4084Y*p870XMackey's *p+36Xgirlfriend *p+34Xowned *p+34Xa *p+34Xcar, *p+34Xavailable *p+34Xto *p+34XMackey*p4284Y*p570Xd*p+2Xu*p+2Xring *p+22Xthe *p+22Xday, *p+22Xwhose *p+22Xlicense *p+22Xplate *p+22Xand *p+22Xappearance *p+22Xmatched*p4484Y*p570Xpa*p-2Xr*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2X *p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2Xc*p-2Xr*p-2Xi*p-2Xp*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xr*p-2Xo*p-2Xb*p-2Xber's car provided by witnesses*p4684Y*p570Xat*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xr*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xr*p-2Xo*p-2Xb*p-2Xb*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xi*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2X *p-2XM*p-2Xa*p-2Xc*p-2Xk*p-2Xe*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xw*p-2Xn*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xo*p-2Xre*p4884Y*p570Xs*p+2Xw*p+2Xeatshirts, *p+8Xincluding *p+8Xa *p+8Xsweatshirt *p+8Xand *p+8Xscarf *p+8Xmatching *p+8Xthose*p5084Y*p570Xworn *p+30Xin *p+30Xthe *p+30Xthird *p+30Xrobbery. *p+30X *p+30XMackey, *p+30Xhis *p+30Xparents, *p+30Xand *p+30Xhis*p5284Y*p570Xgirlfriend all lived in the vicinity of the robberies.*p690Y*p1328X*r1A*b2M*b10W?ÓÿÀØ*b3M*b0W*b0W*rB*b0M
*p5864Y*p2310X-3-*p2310X-3-*p684Y*p870XT*p+2Xh*p+2Xe*p+2X *p+8Xf*p+2Xi*p+2Xrst *p+6Xthree *p+6Xrobberies *p+6Xnetted *p+6Xthe *p+6Xrobber *p+6Xonly *p+6Xmodest*p884Y*p570Xam*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2Xs*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2Xt*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2Xl*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xg*p-2X *p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2X$*p-2X1*p-2X0*p-2X,*p-2X0*p-2X0*p-2X0.  In the final robbery, where*p1084Y*p570Xthe robber gained access to the bank vault, he took $321,500.*p1284Y*p570XTh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xg*p-2Xo*p-2Xv*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xn*p-2Xm*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2Xf*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xe*p-2Xv*p-2Xi*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xc*p-2Xe*p-2X at trial that, although Mackey*p1484Y*p570Xd*p+2Xi*p+2Xd*p+2X *p+6Xn*p+2Xo*p+2Xt*p+2X *p+6Xhave *p+4Xa *p+4Xsteady *p+4Xjob, *p+4Xhe *p+4Xmade *p+4Xcash *p+4Xexpenditures *p+4Xof *p+4Xmore*p1684Y*p570Xthan $90,000 in the five months following the last robbery.*p1884Y*p870XThe jury convicted Mackey of all four robberies.  He now*p2084Y*p570Xap*p-2Xp*p-2Xe*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xv*p-2Xi*p-2Xc*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xs*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xb*p-2Xu*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xn*p-2Xo*p-2Xt his sentence.  In this court,*p2284Y*p570XM*p+2Xa*p+2Xc*p+2Xk*p+2Xe*p+2Xy*p+2X *p+32Xmakes *p+32Xthree *p+32Xclaims *p+32Xof *p+32Xerror, *p+32Xthe *p+32Xlatter *p+32Xtwo *p+32Xbeing*p2484Y*p570Xclosely related.*p2684Y*p870X1.  In his first claim of error, Mackey asserts that the*p2884Y*p570Xt*p+2Xr*p+2Xi*p+2Xal *p+6Xjudge *p+6Xerred *p+6Xin *p+6Xrefusing *p+6Xto *p+6Xsever *p+6Xthe *p+6Xlast-in-time *p+6Xbank*p3084Y*p570Xro*p-2Xb*p-2Xb*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2X-*p-2X-*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2XA*p-2Xb*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xg*p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xr*p-2Xo*p-2Xb*p-2Xb*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2XS*p-2Xe*p-2Xp*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xm*p-2Xb*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2X1*p-2X9*p-2X9*p-2X2*p-2X-*p-2X-*p-2Xf*p-2Xr*p-2Xo*p-2Xm*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xhe*p3284Y*p570Xt*p+2Xh*p+2Xr*p+2Xee *p+6Xearlier *p+6Xrobbery *p+6Xcounts. *p+6X *p+6XThe *p+6Xfour *p+6Xcounts *p+6Xwere *p+6Xproperly*p3484Y*p570Xjo*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2XF*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2XR*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2XC*p-2Xr*p-2Xi*p-2Xm*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2XP*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2X8*p-2X(*p-2Xa*p-2X)*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xr*p-2Xg*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xg*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2Xf*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2X"*p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xhe*p3684Y*p570Xsa*p-2Xm*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xi*p-2Xm*p-2Xi*p-2Xl*p-2Xa*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xr*p-2Xa*p-2Xc*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X.*p-2X"*p-2X *p-2X *p-2XE*p-2X.*p-2Xg., United States v. Taylor, 54*p3884Y*p570XF*p+2X.*p+2X3d *p+16X967, *p+16X973 *p+16X(1st *p+16XCir. *p+16X1995). *p+16X *p+16XBut *p+16XMackey *p+16Xargues *p+16Xthat *p+16Xthe*p4084Y*p570XA*p+2Xb*p+2Xi*p+2Xn*p+2Xg*p+2Xt*p+2Xon *p+6Xrobbery *p+6Xdiffered *p+6Xin *p+6Xcertain *p+6Xrespects *p+6Xfrom *p+6Xthe *p+6Xother*p4284Y*p570Xth*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xe*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xh*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xld have been severed under Fed.*p4484Y*p570XR. Crim. P. 14 in order to avoid prejudicial "spillover."*p4684Y*p870XWe agree that the eyewitness identification of Mackey in*p4884Y*p570Xthe Abington robbery could have helped persuade the jury that*p5084Y*p570Xhe had also committed the earlier three robberies where there*p5284Y*p570Xwas *p+30Xno *p+30Xsuch *p+30Xdirect *p+30Xidentification. *p+30X *p+30XHowever, *p+30Xthe *p+30Xevidence*p5484Y*p570Xc*p+2Xo*p+2Xn*p+2Xc*p+2Xerning *p+16Xthe *p+16XAbington *p+16Xrobbery *p+16Xwould *p+16Xhave *p+16Xbeen *p+16Xadmissible,*p3690Y*p2240X*r1A*b2M*b24WóÿøúÒÿþóëÿàÏ*b3M*b0W*b0W*rB*b0M
*p5864Y*p2310X-4-*p2310X-4-*p684Y*p570Xev*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xp*p-2Xa*p-2Xr*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xr*p-2Xi*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X other three robbery counts, in*p884Y*p570Xorder to show identity.  See Fed. R. Evid. 404(b); Taylor, 54*p1084Y*p570XF.*p-2X3*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2X9*p-2X7*p-2X4*p-2X *p-2Xn*p-2X.*p-2X5*p-2X;*p-2X *p-2XU*p-2Xn*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2XS*p-2Xt*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xv. Levi, 45 F.3d 453, 455 (D.C.*p1284Y*p570XCir.), *p+42Xcert. *p+42Xdenied, *p+42X115 *p+42XS. *p+42XCt. *p+42X2560 *p+42X(1995). *p+42X *p+42XThe *p+42Xsame*p1484Y*p570X"s*p-2Xp*p-2Xi*p-2Xl*p-2Xl*p-2Xo*p-2Xv*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X"*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xl*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xf*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xv*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xc*p-2Xc*p-2Xu*p-2Xr*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xl*p-2Xe*p-2Xg*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xm*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xl*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xo,*p1684Y*p570Xeven if a severance had been granted.*p1884Y*p870XJo*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xm*p-2Xa*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xtained even where evidence*p2084Y*p570Xof *p+6Xone *p+6Xcrime *p+6Xwould *p+6Xnot *p+6Xbe *p+6Xadmissible *p+6Xas *p+6Xsubstantive *p+6Xproof *p+6Xof*p2284Y*p570Xth*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2X *p-2XB*p-2Xu*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe admissibility of the Abington*p2484Y*p570Xr*p+2Xo*p+2Xb*p+2Xb*p+2Xe*p+2Xr*p+2Xy *p+6Xunder *p+6XRule *p+6X404(b) *p+6Xcompletely *p+6Xundermined *p+6Xany *p+6Xclaim *p+6Xof*p2684Y*p570Xunfair prejudice on the three other counts.  Levi, 45 F.3d at*p2884Y*p570X45*p-2X5*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2X *p-2XR*p-2Xe*p-2Xf*p-2Xu*p-2Xs*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xv*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2XR*p-2Xu*p-2Xl*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2X1*p-2X4*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xv*p-2Xi*p-2Xe*p-2Xw*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xl*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xf*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xb*p-2Xu*p-2Xse*p3084Y*p570Xof *p+12Xdiscretion, *p+12XTaylor, *p+12X54 *p+12XF.3d *p+12Xat *p+12X974, *p+12Xbut *p+12Xin *p+12Xthis *p+12Xinstance*p3284Y*p570Xrefusal to sever was not error under any standard of review.*p3484Y*p870X2. *p+6X *p+6XMackey's *p+6Xsecond *p+6Xclaim *p+6Xof *p+6Xerror *p+6Xis *p+6Xthat *p+6Xthe *p+6Xdistrict*p3684Y*p570Xjudge *p+24Xshould *p+24Xhave *p+24Xinsisted *p+24Xupon *p+24Xa *p+24Xgrant *p+24Xof *p+24Ximmunity *p+24Xfor *p+24Xa*p3884Y*p570Xp*p+2Xr*p+2Xoposed *p+8Xdefense *p+8Xwitness. *p+8X *p+8XThe *p+8Xwitness, *p+8XMichael *p+8XMunichiello,*p4084Y*p570Xs*p+2Xe*p+2Xr*p+2Xv*p+2Xe*p+2Xd*p+2X *p+12Xas *p+12XMackey's *p+12Xbookie. *p+12X *p+12XIn *p+12XMarch *p+12X1993, *p+12XMunichiello *p+12Xtold*p4284Y*p570Xinvestigating officers from the FBI and the state police that*p4484Y*p570XMa*p-2Xc*p-2Xk*p-2Xe*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xj*p-2Xo*p-2Xy*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2X"*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xb*p-2Xe*p-2Xl*p-2Xi*p-2Xe*p-2Xv*p-2Xa*p-2Xb*p-2Xl*p-2Xe*p-2X"*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xn*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xg*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xa*p-2Xk*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xb*p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xb*p-2Xa*p-2Xll*p4684Y*p570Xb*p+2Xe*p+2Xt*p+2Xting *p+6Xduring *p+6Xthe *p+6Xlate *p+6Xsummer *p+6Xof *p+6X1992 *p+6Xand *p+6Xwon *p+6Xapproximately*p4884Y*p570X$60,000.  *p5084Y*p870XT*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-4Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xf*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xm*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-4Xw*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xl*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-4Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xv*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xb*p-2Xe*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xo*p-2Xm*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2Xl*p-2Xp*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2XM*p-2Xa*p-2Xc*p-2Xk*p-2Xe*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p5284Y*p570Xtr*p-2Xi*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xe*p-2Xx*p-2Xp*p-2Xl*p-2Xa*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xg*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xe*p-2Xx*p-2Xp*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xu*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2X$*p-2X9*p-2X0*p-2X,*p-2X0*p-2X0*p-2X0*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xf*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2Xl*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xnd*p5484Y*p570Xwi*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2X1*p-2X9*p-2X9*p-2X2*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xg*p-2Xh*p-2X *p-2XM*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xi*p-2Xc*p-2Xh*p-2Xiello also told the agents that*p890Y*p2064X*r1A*b2M*b16W÷ÿø¬ëÿàÏ*b3M*b0W*b0W*p1090Y*rB*p1024X*r1A*b2M*b18WàÓÿðóóÿà*b3M*b0W*b0W*p1290Y*b2M*b10WÒÿÆ*b3M*b0W*b0W*p2690Y*rB*p3264X*r1A*b2M*b8Wóÿà±*b3M*b0W*b0W*p3090Y*rB*p1488X*r1A*b2M*b10WìÿþÉ*b3M*b0W*b0W*rB*b0M
*p5864Y*p2310X-5-*p2310X-5-*p684Y*p570XMackey had lost about $40,000 betting on football in the fall*p884Y*p570Xo*p+2Xf*p+2X *p+50X1*p+2X9*p+2X9*p+2X2. *p+48X *p+48XBut *p+48Xat *p+48Xtrial, *p+48Xwhen *p+48XMackey *p+48Xaimed *p+48Xto *p+48Xcall *p+48Xon*p1084Y*p570XM*p+2Xu*p+2Xn*p+2Xi*p+2Xc*p+2Xh*p+2Xiello *p+24Xas *p+24Xa *p+24Xdefense *p+24Xwitness, *p+24XMunichiello *p+24Xasserted *p+24Xhis*p1284Y*p570XFifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination (outside*p1484Y*p570Xthe *p+20Xpresence *p+20Xof *p+20Xthe *p+20Xjury) *p+20Xand *p+20Xdeclined *p+20Xto *p+20Xanswer *p+20Xquestions*p1684Y*p570Xabout his bookmaking activities with Mackey.*p1884Y*p870XThe *p+30Xgovernment *p+30Xdeclined *p+30Xto *p+30Xoffer *p+30XMunichiello *p+30Ximmunity*p2084Y*p570Xunder *p+42X18 *p+42XU.S.C. *p+42X§ *p+42X6003 *p+42Xso *p+42Xthat *p+42XMackey *p+42Xcould *p+42Xsecure *p+42Xthe*p2284Y*p570Xtestimony.  The prosecutor said that he thought Munichiello's*p2484Y*p570Xstatement about the $60,000 in winnings was false (because of*p2684Y*p570Xo*p+2Xt*p+2Xh*p+2Xe*p+2Xr*p+2X *p+38Xevidence *p+36Xindicating *p+36Xthat *p+36XMackey *p+36Xhad *p+36Xno *p+36Xinterest *p+36Xin*p2884Y*p570Xbe*p-2Xt*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xg*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xb*p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xb*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2Xl*p-2X)*p-2X;*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xg*p-2Xh*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xp*p-2Xr*p-2Xo*p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xc*p-2Xu*p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xd*p-2Xi*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xn*p-2Xo*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xk*p-2Xn*p-2Xow*p3084Y*p570Xof *p+30Xany *p+30Xpending *p+30Xinvestigation *p+30Xof *p+30XMunichiello, *p+30Xhe *p+30Xsaid *p+30Xthat*p3284Y*p570Ximmunizing *p+50Xthe *p+50Xtestimony *p+50Xcould *p+50Xundermine *p+50Xpossible *p+50Xfuture*p3484Y*p570Xprosecution of Munichiello.*p3684Y*p870XM*p+2Xa*p+2Xc*p+2Xk*p+2Xe*p+2Xy*p+2X *p+6Xrequested *p+6Xthat *p+6Xthe *p+6Xcourt *p+6Xorder *p+6XMunichiello *p+6Xto *p+6Xbe*p3884Y*p570Ximmunized.  The district court declined to do so, providing a*p4084Y*p570Xth*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xg*p-2Xh*p-2Xt*p-2Xf*p-2Xu*p-2Xl*p-2X *p-2Xe*p-2Xx*p-2Xp*p-2Xl*p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xd*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2Xc*p-2Xussing circuit case law on this*p4284Y*p570Xs*p+2Xu*p+2Xb*p+2Xject. *p+66X *p+66XIt *p+66Xconcluded *p+66Xthat *p+66Xthere *p+66Xwas *p+66Xno *p+66Xshowing *p+66Xof*p4484Y*p570Xprosecutorial misconduct in the refusal to seek immunity; and*p4684Y*p570Xe*p+2Xv*p+2Xe*p+2Xn *p+26Xif *p+26Xa *p+26Xright *p+26Xto *p+26Xsecure *p+26Xwitness *p+26Ximmunity *p+26Xwere *p+26Xavailable*p4884Y*p570Xwherever needed to present an "effective defense," Mackey had*p5084Y*p570Xno*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xh*p-2Xo*p-2Xw*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2XM*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xi*p-2Xc*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xe*p-2Xl*p-2Xl*p-2Xo*p-2X'*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xm*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xl*p-2Xe*p-2Xa*p-2Xr*p-2Xl*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xe*p-2Xx*p-2Xc*p-2Xu*p-2Xl*p-2Xp*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xy,*p5284Y*p570Xo*p+2Xr*p+2X *p+14Xe*p+2Xs*p+2Xs*p+2Xential *p+12Xto *p+12Xthe *p+12Xdefense, *p+12Xor *p+12Xbeing *p+12Xwithheld *p+12Xwithout *p+12Xgood*p5484Y*p570Xreason.*b0M
*p5864Y*p2310X-6-*p2310X-6-*p684Y*p870XDe*p-2Xs*p-2Xp*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xf*p-2Xu*p-2Xs*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xr*p-2Xt to insist upon immunity,*p884Y*p570XMa*p-2Xc*p-2Xk*p-2Xe*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xm*p-2Xa*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2Xa*p-2Xb*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xp*p-2Xr*p-2Xo*p-2Xv*p-2Xi*p-2Xd*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xg*p-2X his baseball-winnings story to*p1084Y*p570Xt*p+2Xh*p+2Xe*p+2X *p+16Xjury. *p+14X *p+14XThe *p+14Xdefense *p+14Xfurnished *p+14Xphone-record *p+14Xevidence *p+14Xthat*p1284Y*p570XM*p+2Xa*p+2Xc*p+2Xk*p+2Xey *p+14Xregularly *p+14Xtelephoned *p+14Xhis *p+14Xbookie *p+14Xduring *p+14Xthe *p+14Xsummer *p+14Xof*p1484Y*p570X19*p-2X9*p-2X2*p-2X;*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xo*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xf*p-2Xr*p-2Xi*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2XM*p-2Xa*p-2Xc*p-2Xkey's testified that Mackey had*p1684Y*p570Xwon a substantial sum of money in the summer of 1992.  Mackey*p1884Y*p570Xhimself could have testified on this subject but chose not to*p2084Y*p570Xt*p+2Xe*p+2Xs*p+2Xt*p+2Xify *p+4Xat *p+4Xall *p+4Xas *p+4Xwas *p+4Xhis *p+4Xright. *p+4X *p+4XCf. *p+4XUnited *p+4XStates *p+4Xv. *p+4XDe *p+4XLa*p2284Y*p570XCruz, *p+6X996 *p+6XF.2d *p+6X1307, *p+6X1313 *p+6X(1st *p+6XCir.), *p+6Xcert. *p+6Xdenied, *p+6X510 *p+6XU.S.*p2484Y*p570X936 (1993).*p2684Y*p870XT*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-4Xp*p-2Xo*p-2Xw*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-4Xt*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-4Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xf*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xn*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xm*p-2Xm*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xu*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p2884Y*p570Xbeen given to the prosecutor, not the judge.  See 18 U.S.C. §*p3084Y*p570X6*p+2X0*p+2X0*p+2X3*p+2X.*p+2X *p+34X *p+32XHowever, *p+32Xthe *p+32Xcircuits *p+32Xhave *p+32Xagreed *p+32Xthat *p+32Xin *p+32Xcertain*p3284Y*p570Xextreme *p+20Xcases *p+20Xof *p+20Xprosecutorial *p+20Xmisconduct, *p+20Xthe *p+20Xgovernment's*p3484Y*p570Xr*p+2Xe*p+2Xf*p+2Xusal *p+6Xto *p+6Xgrant *p+6Ximmunity *p+6Xcould *p+6Xjustify *p+6Xa *p+6Xcourt's *p+6Xrefusal *p+6Xto*p3684Y*p570Xallow *p+40Xthe *p+40Xprosecution *p+40Xto *p+40Xproceed. *p+40X *p+40XSee *p+40XUnited *p+40XStates *p+40Xv.*p3884Y*p570XAn*p-2Xg*p-2Xi*p-2Xu*p-2Xl*p-2Xo*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2X8*p-2X9*p-2X7*p-2X *p-2XF*p-2X.*p-2X2*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2X1*p-2X1*p-2X6*p-2X9*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2X1*p-2X1*p-2X9*p-2X0*p-2X *p-2X(*p-2X1*p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2XC*p-2Xi*p-2Xr*p-2X.*p-2X)*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xt*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xi*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2X4*p-2X9*p-2X8*p-2X *p-2XU*p-2X.*p-2XS.*p4084Y*p570X845 (1990).  Indeed, Angiulo and other cases it collects, see*p4284Y*p570Xid*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2X1*p-2X1*p-2X9*p-2X2*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xg*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xb*p-2Xe*p-2Xy*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xf*p-2Xf*p-2Xi*p-2Xr*p-2Xm*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xive misconduct and suggest that*p4484Y*p570Xthe government could not withhold immunity solely in order to*p4684Y*p570Xkeep exculpatory evidence from the jury.  *p4884Y*p870XI*p+2Xn*p+2X *p+38Xt*p+2Xh*p+2Xi*p+2Xs *p+36Xcase, *p+36Xthere *p+36Xis *p+36Xno *p+36Xindication *p+36Xof *p+36Xaffirmative*p5084Y*p570Xgo*p-2Xv*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xn*p-2Xm*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xm*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2Xu*p-2Xc*p-2Xt*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xd*p-2X.*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xg*p-2Xo*p-2Xv*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xn*p-2Xm*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xc*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xin*p5284Y*p570Xbad faith when it said that immunity might interfere with the*p5484Y*p570Xf*p+2Xu*p+2Xt*p+2Xu*p+2Xre *p+14Xprosecution *p+14Xof *p+14XMunichiello. *p+14X *p+14XThis *p+14Xlatter *p+14Xconcern *p+14Xhas*p2090Y*p2640X*r1A*b2M*b24W÷ÿþþÑÿþòïÿàÞ*b3M*b0W*b0W*p2290Y*rB*p560X*r1A*b2M*b17WóÿøÔÿ¸*b3M*b0W*b0W*p2890Y*rB*p3328X*r1A*b2M*b8W÷ÿà±*b3M*b0W*b0W*p3690Y*rB*p560X*r1A*b2M*b20WïöÿüÏÿøÐ*b3M*b0W*b0W*p3890Y*b2M*b16Wèÿ×ÿþ¹*b3M*b0W*b0W*p4090Y*b2M*b18W²èÿø÷ÿàÞ*b3M*b0W*b0W*p4290Y*b2M*b10W÷ÿø*b3M*b0W*b0W*p5090Y*rB*p1904X*r1A*b2M*b16W÷ÿþ÷ÿðæ*b3M*b0W*b0W*rB*b0M
*p5864Y*p2310X-7-*p2310X-7-*p684Y*p570Xbe*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2Xm*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xi*p-2Xrcuit court opinions, e.g., id.*p884Y*p570Xa*p+2Xt*p+2X *p+16X1193, *p+16Xand *p+16Xa *p+16Xmajor *p+16Xreason *p+16Xwhy *p+16Xjudges *p+16Xhave *p+16Xnot *p+16Xshared *p+16Xthe*p1084Y*p570Xen*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xu*p-2Xs*p-2Xi*p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p-2Xm*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2Xu*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xl*p-2Xa*p-2Xw*p-2X *p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xv*p-2Xi*p-2Xe*p-2Xw*p-2X *p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xf*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xg*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2X *p-2X"*p-2Xr*p-2Xi*p-2Xg*p-2Xh*p-2Xt"*p1284Y*p570Xo*p+2Xf*p+2X *p+22Xdefendants *p+22Xto *p+22Xinsist *p+22Xon *p+22Ximmunity *p+22Xfor *p+22Xdefense *p+22Xwitnesses.*p1484Y*p570XJu*p-2Xd*p-2Xg*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2XN*p-2Xe*p-2Xw*p-2Xm*p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2X'*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xg*p-2Xh*p-2X *p-2Xd*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2Xc*p-2Xu*p-2Xs*p-2Xs*p-2Xion of the subject and case law*p1684Y*p570Xin *p+18XUnited *p+18XStates *p+18Xv. *p+18XTurkish, *p+18X623 *p+18XF.2d *p+18X769, *p+18X772-79 *p+18X(2d *p+18XCir.*p1884Y*p570X1*p+2X9*p+2X8*p+2X0*p+2X), *p+14Xcert. *p+14Xdenied, *p+14X449 *p+14XU.S. *p+14X1077 *p+14X(1981), *p+14Xmakes *p+14Xrepetition*p2084Y*p570Xunnecessary.*p2284Y*p870XTh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xl*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xd*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xw*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2X is the government's claim*p2484Y*p570Xth*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2XM*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xi*p-2Xc*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xe*p-2Xl*p-2Xl*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xl*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xv*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xl*p-2Xi*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xb*p-2Xe*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xm*p-2Xm*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xi*p-2Xz*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2X *p-2XT*p-2Xhe*p2684Y*p570Xg*p+2Xo*p+2Xv*p+2Xe*p+2Xrnment's *p+14Xbelief *p+14Xwould *p+14Xobviously *p+14Xbe *p+14Xpertinent *p+14Xif *p+14Xit *p+14Xwere*p2884Y*p570Xco*p-2Xn*p-2Xs*p-2Xi*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xg*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xm*p-2Xm*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xi*p-2Xz*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xn*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xm*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xp*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xas*p3084Y*p570Xpart *p+6Xof *p+6Xthe *p+6Xprosecution's *p+6Xcase. *p+6X *p+6XSee *p+6XUnited *p+6XStates *p+6Xv. *p+6XAgurs,*p3284Y*p570X4*p+2X2*p+2X7*p+2X *p+10XU*p+2X.*p+2XS*p+2X.*p+2X *p+8X97, *p+8X103 *p+8X(1976). *p+8X *p+8XBut *p+8Xone *p+8Xmight *p+8Xthink *p+8Xthat *p+8Xit *p+8Xwas *p+8Xa*p3484Y*p570Xmatter *p+20Xfor *p+20Xthe *p+20Xjury, *p+20Xnot *p+20Xthe *p+20Xprosecutor, *p+20Xto *p+20Xdecide *p+20Xwhether*p3684Y*p570Xtestimony *p+36Xseemingly *p+34Xhelpful *p+34Xto *p+34Xthe *p+34Xdefendant *p+34Xwas *p+34Xactually*p3884Y*p570Xfalse. *p+10X *p+10XSurely *p+10Xthis *p+10Xwould *p+10Xbe *p+10Xso *p+10Xif *p+10Xthe *p+10Xquestion *p+10Xwere *p+10Xone *p+10Xof*p4084Y*p570Xd*p+2Xi*p+2Xsclosing *p+8Xexculpatory *p+8Xevidence *p+8Xunder *p+8XBrady *p+8Xv. *p+8XMaryland, *p+8X373*p4284Y*p570XU.S. 83, 87 (1963).*p4484Y*p870XI*p+2Xn*p+2X *p+8Xall *p+6Xevents, *p+6Xthe *p+6Xgovernment *p+6Xhere *p+6Xdid *p+6Xhave *p+6Xa *p+6Xdistinct,*p4684Y*p570Xa*p+2Xn*p+2Xd*p+2X *p+8Xa*p+2Xs*p+2Xserted *p+6Xprimary, *p+6Xreason *p+6Xfor *p+6Xrefusing *p+6Xto *p+6Xgrant *p+6Ximmunity,*p4884Y*p570Xn*p+2Xa*p+2Xmely, *p+22Xthe *p+22Xrisk *p+22Xof *p+22Xcompromising *p+22Xany *p+22Xfuture *p+22Xprosecution *p+22Xof*p5084Y*p570XM*p+2Xu*p+2Xn*p+2Xichiello. *p+42X *p+42XMackey *p+42Xargues *p+42Xthat *p+42Xthe *p+42Xgovernment's *p+42Xactual*p5284Y*p570Xi*p+2Xn*p+2Xt*p+2Xerest *p+42Xin *p+42Xfuture *p+42Xprosecution *p+42Xof *p+42XMunichiello *p+42Xwas *p+42Xpretty*p5484Y*p570Xlimited. *p+12X *p+12XYet, *p+12Xmost *p+12Xcourts *p+12Xhave *p+12Xbeen *p+12Xunwilling *p+12Xto *p+12Xengage *p+12Xin*p690Y*p3680X*r1A*b2M*b16Wóÿøú÷ÿàÞ*b3M*b0W*b0W*p1690Y*rB*p768X*r1A*b2M*b16WÐÿþðèÿàã*b3M*b0W*b0W*p1890Y*rB*p1008X*r1A*b2M*b10W?ÔÿÃ*b3M*b0W*b0W*p3090Y*rB*p2576X*r1A*b2M*b22W÷ÿþýÐÿóïÿøÚ*b3M*b0W*b0W*p4090Y*rB*p2880X*r1A*b2M*b16WïÿòäÿË*b3M*b0W*b0W*rB*b0M
*p5864Y*p2310X-8-*p2310X-8-*p684Y*p570Xsuch a weighing of respective interests, just as they decline*p884Y*p570Xto*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xe*p-2Xi*p-2Xg*p-2Xh*p-2X *p-2Xr*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2Xk*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xg*p-2Xa*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xn*p-2Xe*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xn*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xl*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xa*p-2Xb*p-2Xl*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xt*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xis*p1084Y*p570XF*p+2Xi*p+2Xf*p+2Xt*p+2Xh *p+44XAmendment *p+44Xprivilege. *p+44X *p+44XSuch *p+44Xan *p+44Xevaluation *p+44Xwould *p+44Xbe*p1284Y*p570Xe*p+2Xs*p+2Xp*p+2Xe*p+2Xc*p+2Xi*p+2Xally *p+6Xcumbersome *p+6Xwhere, *p+6Xas *p+6Xhere, *p+6Xthe *p+6Xsubject *p+6Xis *p+6Xlargely*p1484Y*p570Xwi*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xe*p-2Xx*p-2Xp*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xp*p-2Xr*p-2Xo*p-2Xsecutor.  See Turkish, 623 F.2d*p1684Y*p570Xat 776-77.*p1884Y*p870XI*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-4Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-4Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xr*p-2Xt*p-2X,*p-2X *p-4XM*p-2Xa*p-2Xc*p-2Xk*p-2Xe*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xl*p-2Xi*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xu*p-2Xp*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xo*p-2X-*p-2Xc*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2Xl*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2X"*p-2Xe*p-2Xf*p-2Xf*p-2Xe*p-2Xc*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xv*p-2Xe*p2084Y*p570Xd*p+2Xe*p+2Xf*p+2Xe*p+2Xn*p+2Xs*p+2Xe *p+66Xtheory," *p+66Xwhich *p+66Xposits *p+66Xthat *p+66Xa *p+66Xstrong *p+66Xneed *p+66Xfor*p2284Y*p570Xex*p-2Xc*p-2Xu*p-2Xl*p-2Xp*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xm*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xv*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xr*p-2Xide even legitimate, good faith*p2484Y*p570Xobjections *p+18Xby *p+18Xthe *p+18Xprosecutor *p+18Xto *p+18Xa *p+18Xgrant *p+18Xof *p+18Ximmunity. *p+18X *p+18XThis*p2684Y*p570Xth*p-2Xe*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xb*p-2Xe*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xc*p-2Xc*p-2Xe*p-2Xp*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xl*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xi*p-2Xr*p-2Xc*p-2Xu*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2XG*p-2Xo*p-2Xv*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xn*p-2Xm*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xof*p2884Y*p570Xth*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2XV*p-2Xi*p-2Xr*p-2Xg*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2XI*p-2Xs*p-2Xl*p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xv*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2XS*p-2Xm*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2X6*p-2X1*p-2X5 F.2d 964, 974 (3d Cir. 1980),*p3084Y*p570Xb*p+2Xu*p+2Xt*p+2X *p+12Xr*p+2Xejected *p+10Xin *p+10Xa *p+10Xnumber *p+10Xof *p+10Xcircuits. *p+10X *p+10XAngiulo, *p+10X897 *p+10XF.2d *p+10Xat*p3284Y*p570X1*p+2X1*p+2X9*p+2X1 *p+6X(collecting *p+6Xcitations). *p+6X *p+6XFor *p+6Xreasons *p+6Xamply *p+6Xset *p+6Xforth *p+6Xin*p3484Y*p570XTurkish, *p+24Xwe *p+24Xthink *p+24Xthe *p+24Xmajority *p+24Xview *p+24Xis *p+24Xsound *p+24Xand *p+24Xthat, *p+24Xin*p3684Y*p570Xge*p-2Xn*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xr*p-2Xt*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xv*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xn*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xp*p-2Xo*p-2Xw*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xm*p-2Xp*p-2Xe*p-2Xl*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xm*p-2Xm*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xf*p-2Xa*p-2Xc*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xof*p3884Y*p570Xa good faith refusal by the prosecutor.*p4084Y*p870XP*p+2Xe*p+2Xr*p+2Xhaps *p+6Xan *p+6Xexception *p+6Xto *p+6Xthis *p+6Xrule *p+6Xmight *p+6Xexist *p+6Xupon *p+6Xvery*p4284Y*p570Xex*p-2Xt*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xm*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xf*p-2Xa*p-2Xc*p-2Xt*p-2Xs*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2X *p-2XI*p-2Xm*p-2Xa*p-2Xg*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xwhere the prosecutor has only a*p4484Y*p570Xt*p+2Xr*p+2Xi*p+2Xvial *p+42Xinterest *p+42Xin *p+42Xwithholding *p+42Ximmunity *p+42Xand--to *p+42Xavoid *p+42Xa*p4684Y*p570Xcomplete *p+80Xmiscarriage *p+80Xof *p+80Xjustice--the *p+80Xdefendant *p+80Xhas *p+80Xan*p4884Y*p570Xov*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xw*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2Xl*p-2Xm*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xg*p-2X *p-2Xn*p-2Xe*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xf*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xp*p-2Xe*p-2Xc*p-2Xi*p-2Xf*p-2Xi*p-2Xc*p-2X *p-2Xe*p-2Xx*p-2Xc*p-2Xu*p-2Xl*p-2Xp*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xe*p-2Xv*p-2Xi*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xc*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xbe*p5084Y*p570Xse*p-2Xc*p-2Xu*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xn*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xa*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xr*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xg*p-2Xh*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xg*p-2Xr*p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xm*p-2Xm*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xy*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2X *p-2XAt*p5284Y*p570Xleast, *p+24Xsuch *p+24Xa *p+24Xcase *p+24Xmight *p+24Xpresent *p+24Xa *p+24Xquestion *p+24Xunder *p+24Xthe *p+24XDue*p1490Y*p2960X*r1A*b2M*b16W÷ÿþþèÿþ¸*b3M*b0W*b0W*p2690Y*rB*p560X*r1A*b2M*b18WÚ÷ÿàþÒÿàÞ*b3M*b0W*b0W*p2890Y*b2M*b16WÀÿóðÿøÛ*b3M*b0W*b0W*p3090Y*b2M*b12Wéèÿü«*b3M*b0W*b0W*p3490Y*b2M*b10Wèÿþ*b3M*b0W*b0W*rB*b0M
*p5864Y*p2310X-9-*p2310X-9-*p684Y*p570XProcess Clause of the Fifth Amendment.  The present facts are*p884Y*p570Xnot within a country mile of a constitutional violation.*p1084Y*p870X3.*p1170XB*p+2Xa*p+2Xl*p+2Xk*p+2Xed *p+16Xby *p+16Xthe *p+16Xrefusal *p+16Xto *p+16Xrequire *p+16Ximmunity, *p+16XMackey*p1284Y*p570Xas*p-2Xk*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xr*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xd*p-2Xm*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xe*p-2Xv*p-2Xi*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xc*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2XM*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xi*p-2Xc*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xe*p-2Xl*p-2Xl*p-2Xo*p-2X'*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xt*p-2X-*p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X-*p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xrt*p1484Y*p570Xstatement *p+30Xto *p+30Xthe *p+30Xinvestigating *p+30Xagents *p+30Xthat *p+30XMackey *p+30Xhad *p+30Xwon*p1684Y*p570X$*p+2X6*p+2X0*p+2X,*p+2X0*p+2X0*p+2X0*p+2X *p+6Xon *p+4Xbaseball *p+4Xbets *p+4Xin *p+4Xthe *p+4Xsummer *p+4Xof *p+4X1992. *p+4X *p+4XTo *p+4Xovercome*p1884Y*p570Xthe hearsay objection, Mackey invoked both the public records*p2084Y*p570Xexception, *p+30XFed. *p+30XR. *p+30XEvid. *p+30X803(8)(C), *p+30Xand *p+30Xthe *p+30Xexception *p+30Xfor*p2284Y*p570Xs*p+2Xt*p+2Xa*p+2Xt*p+2Xements *p+16Xagainst *p+16Xpenal *p+16Xinterest, *p+16XFed. *p+16XR. *p+16XEvid. *p+16X804(b)(3).*p2484Y*p570XT*p+2Xh*p+2Xe*p+2X *p+8Xd*p+2Xi*p+2Xstrict *p+6Xcourt *p+6Xgave *p+6Xcareful *p+6Xconsideration *p+6Xto *p+6Xthe *p+6Xrequest*p2684Y*p570Xa*p+2Xn*p+2Xd*p+2X *p+38Xu*p+2Xl*p+2Xtimately *p+36Xruled *p+36Xthat *p+36Xneither *p+36Xexception *p+36Xapplied. *p+36X *p+36XWe*p2884Y*p570Xconsider the two provisions in order.*p3084Y*p870XOn its face, the FBI report recording the interview with*p3284Y*p570XMu*p-2Xn*p-2Xi*p-2Xc*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xe*p-2Xl*p-2Xl*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xm*p-2Xi*p-2Xg*p-2Xh*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xf*p-2Xi*p-2Xr*p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xg*p-2Xl*p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xc*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xp*p-2Xp*p-2Xe*p-2Xa*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xf*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xb*p-2Xo*p-2Xdy*p3484Y*p570Xo*p+2Xf*p+2X *p+14Xt*p+2Xh*p+2Xe*p+2X *p+12Xpublic *p+12Xrecords *p+12Xexception. *p+12X *p+12XThe *p+12Xpertinent *p+12Xlanguage *p+12Xof*p3684Y*p570XRule 803(8)(C) creates a hearsay exception that includes:*p3884Y*p1170XRecords, *p+60Xreports, *p+60Xstatements, *p+60Xor *p+60Xdata*p3984Y*p1170Xcompilations, *p+60Xin *p+60Xany *p+60Xform, *p+60Xof *p+60Xpublic*p4084Y*p1170Xo*p+2Xf*p+2Xfices *p+8Xor *p+8Xagencies, *p+8Xsetting *p+8Xforth *p+8X. *p+8X. *p+8X.*p4184Y*p1170X[where *p+12Xoffered *p+12Xagainst *p+12Xthe *p+12Xgovernment *p+12Xin*p4284Y*p1170Xcr*p-2Xi*p-2Xm*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2X]*p-2X *p-2Xf*p-2Xa*p-2Xc*p-2Xt*p-2Xu*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2X *p-2Xf*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xg*p-2Xs resulting*p4384Y*p1170Xfrom *p+36Xan *p+36Xinvestigation *p+36Xmade *p+36Xpursuant *p+36Xto*p4484Y*p1170Xauthority *p+60Xgranted *p+60Xby *p+60Xlaw, *p+60Xunless *p+60Xthe*p4584Y*p1170Xsources *p+150Xof *p+150Xinformation *p+150Xor *p+150Xother*p4684Y*p1170Xc*p+4Xi*p+4Xr*p+2Xc*p+2Xu*p+2Xm*p+2Xs*p+2Xt*p+2Xa*p+2Xn*p+2Xc*p+2Xe*p+2Xs*p+2X *p+202Xi*p+2Xn*p+2Xd*p+2Xi*p+2Xc*p+2Xa*p+2Xt*p+2Xe*p+2X *p+202Xl*p+2Xa*p+2Xc*p+2Xk*p+2X *p+202Xo*p+2Xf*p4784Y*p1170Xtrustworthiness.*p4984Y*p870XT*p+2Xh*p+2Xe*p+2X *p+14XF*p+2XB*p+2XI *p+12Xreport, *p+12Xhowever, *p+12Xdid *p+12Xnot *p+12Xfind *p+12Xor *p+12Xconclude *p+12Xthat*p5184Y*p570XM*p+2Xa*p+2Xc*p+2Xkey *p+6Xhad *p+6Xwon *p+6X$60,000, *p+6Xbut *p+6Xmerely *p+6Xthat *p+6XMunichiello *p+6Xhad *p+6Xmade*p5384Y*p570Xthat *p+6Xstatement. *p+6X *p+6XIn *p+6Xline *p+6Xwith *p+6Xthe *p+6Xadvisory *p+6Xcommittee *p+6Xnote *p+6Xto*p5584Y*p570XRu*p-2Xl*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2X8*p-2X0*p-2X3*p-2X(*p-2X8*p-2X)*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xc*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2Xi*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xi*p-2Xr*p-2Xc*p-2Xu*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xq*p-2Xu*p-2Xa*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xl*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xo*p-2Xld*b0M
*p5864Y*p2280X-10-*p2280X-10-*p684Y*p570Xt*p+2Xh*p+2Xa*p+2Xt*p+2X *p+8Xh*p+2Xearsay *p+6Xstatements *p+6Xby *p+6Xthird *p+6Xpersons *p+6Xsuch *p+6Xas *p+6XMunichiello*p884Y*p570Xa*p+2Xr*p+2Xe*p+2X *p+16Xnot *p+14Xadmissible *p+14Xunder *p+14Xthis *p+14Xexception *p+14Xmerely *p+14Xbecause *p+14Xthey*p1084Y*p570Xap*p-2Xp*p-2Xe*p-2Xa*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xp*p-2Xu*p-2Xb*p-2Xl*p-2Xi*p-2Xc*p-2X *p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xd*p-2Xs*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2X *p-2XUnited States v. Tajeddini, 945*p1284Y*p570XF.*p-2X2*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2X4*p-2X5*p-2X8*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2X4*p-2X6*p-2X4*p-2X-*p-2X6*p-2X5*p-2X *p-2X(*p-2X1*p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2XC*p-2Xi*p-2Xr*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2X1*p-2X9*p-2X9*p-2X1*p-2X) (citing cases), cert. denied,*p1484Y*p570X505 *p+36XU.S. *p+36X1211 *p+36X(1992). *p+36X *p+36XThis *p+36Xis *p+36Xthe *p+36Xsame *p+36X"hearsay *p+36Xwithin*p1684Y*p570Xhearsay" problem that is familiar in many contexts.*p1884Y*p870XI*p+2Xf*p+2X *p+16XM*p+2Xunichiello's *p+14Xstatement *p+14Xto *p+14Xthe *p+14XFBI *p+14Xagent *p+14Xwas *p+14Xitself*p2084Y*p570Xa*p+2Xd*p+2Xm*p+2Xi*p+2Xssible *p+16Xunder *p+16Xsome *p+16Xhearsay *p+16Xexception, *p+16Xthen *p+16Xthe *p+16Xstatement*p2284Y*p570Xc*p+2Xo*p+2Xu*p+2Xl*p+2Xd *p+14Xhave *p+14Xbeen *p+14Xproved *p+14Xstraightforwardly *p+14Xby *p+14Xcalling *p+14Xthe *p+14XFBI*p2484Y*p570Xag*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xp*p-2Xo*p-2Xs*p-2Xs*p-2Xi*p-2Xb*p-2Xl*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xr*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xg*p-2Xh*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2XF*p-2XBI report.  Rule 804(b)(3) does*p2684Y*p570Xad*p-2Xm*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2Xa*p-2Xr*p-2Xs*p-2Xa*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xm*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2Xs*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xn*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xn*p-2Xo*p-2Xw*p-2X *p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xa*p-2Xv*p-2Xa*p-2Xi*p-2Xl*p-2Xa*p-2Xb*p-2Xl*p-2Xe,*p2884Y*p570Xw*p+2Xh*p+2Xi*p+2Xc*p+2Xh*p+2X *p+34Xso *p+32Xfar *p+32Xtended *p+32Xto *p+32Xsubject *p+32Xthe *p+32Xdeclarant *p+32Xto *p+32Xcriminal*p3084Y*p570Xliability *p+20Xthat *p+20Xa *p+20Xreasonable *p+20Xperson *p+20Xwould *p+20Xnot *p+20Xhave *p+20Xmade *p+20Xthe*p3284Y*p570Xs*p+2Xt*p+2Xa*p+2Xt*p+2Xe*p+2Xment *p+10Xunless *p+10Xbelieving *p+10Xit *p+10Xto *p+10Xbe *p+10Xtrue. *p+10X *p+10XBut *p+10Xa *p+10Xproviso *p+10Xto*p3484Y*p570Xthis portion of the rule states:*p3684Y*p870XA*p+2X *p+44Xs*p+2Xtatement *p+42Xtending *p+42Xto *p+42Xexpose *p+42Xthe *p+42Xdeclarant *p+42Xto*p3784Y*p870Xcriminal *p+40Xliability *p+40Xand *p+40Xoffered *p+40Xto *p+40Xexculpate *p+40Xthe*p3884Y*p870Xaccused *p+60Xis *p+60Xnot *p+60Xadmissible *p+60Xunless *p+60Xcorroborating*p3984Y*p870Xc*p+2Xi*p+2Xrcumstances *p+14Xclearly *p+14Xindicate *p+14Xthe *p+14Xtrustworthiness*p4084Y*p870Xof the statement.*p4284Y*p870XT*p+2Xh*p+2Xe*p+2X *p+8Xu*p+2Xn*p+2Xderlying *p+6Xconcern, *p+6Xof *p+6Xcourse, *p+6Xis *p+6Xthat *p+6Xone *p+6Xcriminal*p4484Y*p570Xcan make out-of-court statements exculpating another and then*p4684Y*p570Xra*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xe*p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p-2Xi*p-2Xl*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xl*p-2Xa*p-2Xi*p-2Xm*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xp*p-2Xr*p-2Xi*p-2Xv*p-2Xi*p-2Xl*p-2Xe*p-2Xge when the government seeks to*p4884Y*p570Xcr*p-2Xo*p-2Xs*p-2Xs*p-2X-*p-2Xe*p-2Xx*p-2Xa*p-2Xm*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xm*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xd*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2Xc*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xthe statement.  The proviso, in*p5084Y*p570Xinsisting *p+36Xon *p+34Xcorroborating *p+34Xcircumstances, *p+34Xis *p+34Xan *p+34Xeffort *p+34Xto*p5284Y*p570Xadjust *p+18Xthe *p+18Xbalance. *p+18X *p+18XWe *p+18Xhave *p+18Xsaid *p+18Xthat *p+18Xthe *p+18Xrequirement *p+18Xfor*p5484Y*p570Xco*p-2Xr*p-2Xr*p-2Xo*p-2Xb*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xn*p-2Xo*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xc*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2Xl*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xv*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xb*p-2Xu*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xd*p-2Xo*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xg*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2X"*p-2Xb*p-2Xe*p-2Xy*p-2Xo*p-2Xnd*p1090Y*p2368X*r1A*b2M*b16WÒÿþóàÿøË*b3M*b0W*b0W*p1290Y*b2M*b10W¾ÕÿøÚ*b3M*b0W*b0W*rB*b0M
*p5864Y*p2280X-11-*p2280X-11-*p684Y*p570Xminimal *p+30Xcorroboration" *p+30Xand *p+30Xthat *p+30Xthe *p+30Xdistrict *p+30Xcourt *p+30Xhas *p+30X"a*p884Y*p570Xsubstantial *p+36Xdegree *p+34Xof *p+34Xdiscretion *p+34Xin *p+34Xmaking *p+34Xthis *p+34Ximportant*p1084Y*p570Xf*p+2Xi*p+2Xn*p+2Xd*p+2Xing *p+14Xon *p+14Xtrustworthiness." *p+14X *p+14XUnited *p+14XStates *p+14Xv. *p+14XBarrett, *p+14X539*p1284Y*p570XF.2d 244, 253 (1st Cir. 1976).*p1484Y*p870XTh*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xp*p-2Xl*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xr*p-2Xo*p-2Xb*p-2Xo*p-2Xr*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xon that Mackey placed bets*p1684Y*p570Xwith Munichiello.  But for a statement to be admissible under*p1884Y*p570Xth*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xe*p-2Xx*p-2Xc*p-2Xe*p-2Xp*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xm*p-2Xu*p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xb*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xdicia of trustworthiness of the*p2084Y*p570Xs*p+2Xp*p+2Xe*p+2Xc*p+2Xific, *p+16X"essential" *p+16Xassertions, *p+16Xnot *p+16Xmerely *p+16Xof *p+16Xother *p+16Xfacts*p2284Y*p570Xco*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2Xa*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xm*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2X *p-2XU*p-2Xn*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2XS*p-2Xt*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xv*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2XZ*p-2Xi*p-2Xr*p-2Xp*p-2Xo*p-2Xl*p-2Xo*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2X7*p-2X0*p-2X4*p-2X *p-2XF*p-2X.*p-2X2d*p2484Y*p570X23, *p+24X27 *p+24Xn.4 *p+24X(1st *p+24XCir.), *p+24Xcert. *p+24Xdenied, *p+24X464 *p+24XU.S. *p+24X822 *p+24X(1983).*p2684Y*p570XHere, *p+12Xthe *p+12Xissue *p+12Xin *p+12Xthe *p+12Xdistrict *p+12Xcourt *p+12Xwas *p+12Xwhether *p+12Xthere *p+12Xwas*p2884Y*p570Xev*p-2Xi*p-2Xd*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xc*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2X"*p-2Xc*p-2Xl*p-2Xe*p-2Xa*p-2Xr*p-2Xl*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xd*p-2Xi*p-2Xc*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2X[s] the trustworthiness" of the*p3084Y*p570Xs*p+2Xp*p+2Xe*p+2Xc*p+2Xi*p+2Xf*p+2Xic *p+36Xstatement *p+36Xthat *p+36XMackey *p+36Xwon *p+36Xlarge *p+36Xsums *p+36Xbetting *p+36Xon*p3284Y*p570Xbaseball in the summer of 1992.*p3484Y*p870XOne *p+30Xof *p+30XMackey's *p+30Xfriends *p+30Xtestified *p+30Xthat *p+30XMackey *p+30Xbet *p+30Xon*p3684Y*p570Xbaseball and won at least $40,000 on baseball gambling in the*p3884Y*p570Xla*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xu*p-2Xm*p-2Xm*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xf*p-2X *p-2X1*p-2X9*p-2X9*p-2X2*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2X *p-2XB*p-2Xu*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2X was no other specific evidence*p4084Y*p570Xo*p+2Xf*p+2X *p+14Xa*p+2X *p+14Xl*p+2Xong *p+12Xwinning *p+12Xstreak *p+12Xor *p+12Xlarge *p+12Xwinnings, *p+12Xalthough *p+12XMackey*p4284Y*p570Xa*p+2Xp*p+2Xp*p+2Xarently *p+42Xdiscussed *p+42Xhis *p+42Xbetting *p+42Xopenly *p+42Xwith *p+42Xfriends *p+42Xand*p4484Y*p570Xf*p+2Xa*p+2Xm*p+2Xi*p+2Xl*p+2Xy*p+2X; *p+6Xand, *p+6Xmore *p+6Ximportant, *p+6Xtwo *p+6Xof *p+6XMackey's *p+6Xgirlfriends *p+6Xwho*p4684Y*p570Xwe*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xf*p-2Xa*p-2Xm*p-2Xi*p-2Xl*p-2Xi*p-2Xa*p-2Xr*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xb*p-2Xe*p-2Xt*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xg*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xb*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xf*p-2Xi*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2XM*p-2Xa*p-2Xc*p-2Xk*p-2Xe*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xas*p4884Y*p570Xno*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xb*p-2Xa*p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xb*p-2Xa*p-2Xl*p-2Xl*p-2X.*p-2X *p-2X *p-2XM*p-2Xu*p-2Xn*p-2Xi*p-2Xc*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xe*p-2Xl*p-2Xl*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xm*p-2Xa*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xe*p-2Xl*p-2Xl*p-2X *p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xv*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2Xl*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xhe*p5084Y*p570Xtr*p-2Xu*p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xg*p-2Xe*p-2Xn*p-2Xt*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xb*p-2Xu*p-2Xt*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xf*p-2Xa*p-2Xc*p-2Xt*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xj*p-2Xu*p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xc*p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X,*p-2X *p-2Xw*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xk*p-2X *p-2Xit*p5284Y*p570Xim*p-2Xp*p-2Xo*p-2Xs*p-2Xs*p-2Xi*p-2Xb*p-2Xl*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xo*p-2X *p-2Xs*p-2Xa*p-2Xy*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xd*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2Xr*p-2Xi*p-2Xc*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xu*p-2Xr*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xa*p-2Xb*p-2Xu*p-2Xs*p-2Xe*p-2Xd*p-2X *p-2Xi*p-2Xt*p-2Xs*p-2X *p-2Xd*p-2Xi*p-2Xs*p-2Xc*p-2Xr*p-2Xe*p-2Xt*p-2Xi*p-2Xon*p1090Y*p2432X*r1A*b2M*b16WÑÿüñèÿüÊ*b3M*b0W*b0W*p2290Y*rB*p2064X*r1A*b2M*b16WöÒÿóéÿþ¹*b3M*b0W*b0W*p2490Y*b2M*b8WÔÿþ*b3M*b0W*b0W*rB*b0M
*p5864Y*p2280X-12-*p2280X-12-*p684Y*p570Xin*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xo*p-2Xn*p-2Xc*p-2Xl*p-2Xu*p-2Xd*p-2Xi*p-2Xn*p-2Xg*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xa*p-2Xt*p-2X *p-2Xt*p-2Xh*p-2Xe*p-2X *p-2Xc*p-2Xi*p-2Xr*p-2Xc*p-2Xu*p-2Xm*p-2Xs*p-2Xt*p-2Xances did not "clearly indicate*p884Y*p570Xthe trustworthiness of the statement."*p1084Y*p870XAffirmed.*p1090Y*p864X*r1A*b2M*b10Wàÿ®*b3M*b0W*b0W*rBE%-12345X

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United States v. Mackey, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-mackey-ca1-1997.

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