United States v. Lombardi
Opinion
17‐356‐cr U.S. v. Lombardi
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 22nd day of March, two thousand eighteen.
PRESENT: GUIDO CALABRESI, DENNY CHIN,
SUSAN L. CARNEY,
Circuit Judges.
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee,
v. 17‐356‐cr
PETER LOMBARDI, Defendant‐Appellant.
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FOR APPELLEE: BRADLEY T. KING, Assistant United States Attorney (Amy Busa, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), for Richard P.
Donoghue, United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, New York.
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT: YUANCHUNG LEE, Federal Defenders of New York, New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Hurley, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the case is REMANDED for further proceedings.
Defendant‐appellant Peter Lombardi appeals from the district courtʹs January 31, 2017 judgment, entered upon his guilty plea, convicting him of possessing child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B) and sentencing him principally to 36 monthsʹ imprisonment and seven years of supervised release. Lombardi challenges four conditions of his supervised release as overly intrusive, including a special condition requiring him to notify future employers that he was convicted of a computer‐related offense. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal.
On June 29, 2016, Lombardi, then an automotive mechanic, pleaded guilty to a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B) for possessing thousands of images and videos of child pornography on his laptop and external hard drive. Lombardi was a first‐time offender with no history of criminal conduct. While released on bail, Lombardi searched for legal teen pornography on his laptop, violating a condition that barred him from using a computer or accessing the Internet except for employment purposes. In November 2016, as a result of that violation, he was remanded into custody.
On January 27, 2017, the district court sentenced Lombardi to 36 monthsʹ imprisonment. During sentencing, the court expressly accepted the assertion that Lombardi did not present a risk of harming children or engaging in further criminal conduct, but recognized it was ʺnot clairvoyantʺ as to whether Lombardi would view child pornography in the future. App. 139.
As part of the terms of Lombardiʹs supervised release, the court imposed all nine special conditions recommended by Probation. As relevant to this appeal, Special Condition 6 requires Lombardi to ʺnotify his employer of his computer related offense if his job requires computer access with Internet capability.ʺ App. 157. Lombardiʹs counsel objected to this condition as overly burdensome, explaining that the requirement ʺwould prohibit him from working, as employers are not forgiving, if he says it is a computer‐related offense.ʺ App. 146. The district court, however, agreed with Probation that Probation should be empowered to monitor any computer accessible to Lombardi to ascertain his compliance with the supervised release conditions.
Special Condition 2 requires that Lombardi ʺnot associate with any child(ren) under the age [of] 18, unless a responsible adult is present and he has prior approval from the Probation Department.ʺ App. 157. Standard Condition 6 requires Lombardi to ʺallow the probation officer to visit [him] at any time at [his] home or elsewhere.ʺ App. 156. Under Standard Condition 12, ʺ[if] the probation officer
determines that [Lombardi] pose[s] a risk to another person (including an organization), the probation officer may require [Lombardi] to notify the person about the risk.ʺ App. 156. Lombardi did not object to Special Condition 2 or either of the standard conditions at sentencing.
Judgment was entered on January 31, 2017. This appeal followed.
We review the imposition of conditions of supervised release for abuse of discretion. United States v. Reeves, 591 F.3d 77, 80 (2d Cir. 2010). We review legal issues arising from the imposition of such conditions de novo, and every error of law constitutes an abuse of discretion. Id. When a defendant fails to object to a condition, we typically review for plain error, but we may ʺrelax the otherwise rigorous standards of plain error reviewʺ under certain circumstances, such as where a defendant lacked prior notice of the challenged condition. United States v. Sofsky, 287 F.3d 122, 125 (2d Cir. 2002).
A district court may impose a condition of supervised release ʺthat is ʹreasonably relatedʹ to several of the statutory factors governing the selection of sentences, ʹinvolves no greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably necessaryʹ for several statutory purposes of sentencing, and is consistent with Sentencing Commission policy statements.ʺ Id. at 126 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)). Among the relevant statutory factors are ʺthe nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant,ʺ the need ʺto afford adequate deterrence to criminal
conduct,ʺ and the need ʺto protect the public from further crimes of the defendant.ʺ 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(B), (a)(2)(C); see also United States v. Gill, 523 F.3d 107, 109 (2d Cir. 2008) (per curiam). ʺWhile district courts have broad discretion to tailor conditions of supervised release, that discretion is not unfettered,ʺ and we will ʺcarefully scrutinize conditions that may be excessively harsh or inexplicably punitive.ʺ United States v. Jenkins, 854 F.3d 181, 188 (2d Cir. 2017) (citations omitted).
A district court may impose an occupational restriction, including an employer notification condition, ʺonly if it determines that: (1) a reasonably direct relationship existed between the defendantʹs occupation . . . and the conduct relevant to the offense of conviction; and (2) imposition of such a restriction is reasonably necessary to protect the public because there is reason to believe that, absent such restriction, the defendant will continue to engage in unlawful conduct similar to that for which the defendant was convicted.ʺ U.S.S.G. § 5F1.5(a); see United States v. Peterson, 248 F.3d 79, 83, 85‐86 (2d Cir. 2001) (per curiam). Both requirements must be satisfied: even where there is an ʺobviousʺ relationship between the restriction and the defendantʹs occupation, a ʺcourt is not to imposeʺ the restriction ʺunless it findsʺ the second requirement is satisfied as well. United States v. Doe, 79 F.3d 1309, 1322‐23 (2d Cir. 1996).
In Jenkins, which we decided after the sentencing in this case, we struck two special conditions similar to Special Conditions 6 and 2.
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