20-2811 United States v. Leggett
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 1st day of October, two thousand twenty-one.
PRESENT: RICHARD C. WESLEY, RICHARD J. SULLIVAN, Circuit Judges, JOHN G. KOELTL, District Judge. *
------------------------------------------------------------------ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. No. 20-2811
* Judge John G. Koeltl, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation. DANTE BARNES, aka Tre,
Defendant,
JAQUAN LEGGETT, aka Tipsy,
Defendant-Appellant. ------------------------------------------------------------------
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: PAUL J. ANGIOLETTI, Staten Island, NY.
FOR APPELLEE: BRIAN P. LEAMING, Assistant United States Attorney (Sandra S. Glover, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), for Leonard C. Boyle, Acting United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut, New Haven, CT. Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District
of Connecticut (Shea, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED.
Defendant-Appellant Jaquan Leggett appeals from the judgment of the
district court sentencing him to 92 months’ imprisonment and five years of
supervised release after Leggett pleaded guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement, to
one count of possession with the intent to distribute fentanyl and cocaine base, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C). Leggett argues that the sentence he
2 received is procedurally unreasonable because the district court erroneously
attributed to him drugs that were outside the scope of his jointly undertaken
criminal activity. He further contends that his sentence is substantively
unreasonable due to several alleged flaws in the court’s rationale at sentencing.
We disagree.
At sentencing, a district court may hold a defendant responsible for “all acts
and omissions of others that were . . . within the scope of the jointly undertaken
criminal activity.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B) (2015). Courts may consider “any
explicit agreement or implicit agreement fairly inferred from the conduct of the
defendant and others” to determine the scope of such activity. Id., cmt. n.3(B).
Factors relevant in determining the scope of a defendant’s jointly undertaken
scheme include the extent to which the defendant and others pooled profits and
resources, their joint participation in designing and executing a criminal scheme,
and the defendant’s role in the operation. See United States v. Studley, 47 F.3d 569,
575 (2d Cir. 1995).
Leggett contends that (1) although he participated in a drug scheme with
his codefendant Dante Barnes, he was a limited partner in that scheme, and (2) he
had no “clear nexus” to the drugs sold by Barnes and recovered from Barnes’s
3 residence. Leggett Br. at 29–30. Leggett argues that the court improperly conflated
the scope of the drug conspiracy with the scope of his jointly undertaken criminal
conduct and thus erroneously attributed additional drug amounts to him. Leggett
also contends that the disparity in money recovered from his house – just $118
compared to more than $23,000 seized from Barnes’s residence – demonstrates that
they did not pool profits.
A sentence is procedurally unreasonable when it is based on clearly
erroneous facts. See United States v. Jones, 531 F.3d 163, 170 (2d Cir. 2008).
Although the U.S. Sentencing Commission has noted that the scope of a
defendant’s criminal activity is “not necessarily the same as the scope of the entire
conspiracy,” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 cmt. n.3(B) (emphasis added), here the district court
reasonably found that the scope of the conspiracy and the scope of the jointly
undertaken activity were the same. The court’s conclusion that Barnes and Leggett
worked together, and that Barnes’s activities and sales were within the scope of
the pair’s agreed-upon conduct, was amply supported by a host of exhibits and
testimony introduced at Leggett’s contested sentencing hearing. For starters, the
evidence demonstrated that Barnes packaged drugs in Leggett’s apartment and
sold drugs in front of that same apartment. In addition, surveillance reports
4 reflected that Barnes came and left the apartment – often in the middle of
undercover drug transactions – when only Leggett was likely to be there. The
search of Leggett’s apartment resulted in the seizure of substantial drug packaging
materials strewn throughout Leggett’s apartment; the search also revealed that
Barnes and Leggett used the same packaging materials to prepare fentanyl.
Finally, the government introduced the audio recording of a prison phone call
between the two men after their arrest in which they openly speculated as to the
identity of the confidential informant responsible for their predicament. All of this
evidence supported the district court’s conclusion that the two men were engaged
in a criminal partnership in which Leggett was, if anything, the senior partner.
Leggett argues that the district court ignored the “equally plausible interpretation”
that Barnes was in charge of the drug operation and that Leggett’s agreed-to scope
of activity was narrower. Leggett Br. at 39. But “where there are two permissible
views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly
erroneous.” United States v. Abiodun, 536 F.3d 162, 170 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal
quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, Leggett has failed to show that his
sentence is procedurally unreasonable.
5 As for Leggett’s challenge to the substantive reasonableness of his sentence,
we review such challenges under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard,
United States v. Smith, 949 F.3d 60, 66 (2d Cir. 2020), which permits us to set aside
a sentence only when it is “so shockingly high, shockingly low, or otherwise
unsupportable as a matter of law that allowing [it] to stand would damage the
administration of justice,” United States v. Broxmeyer, 699 F.3d 265, 289 (2d Cir.
2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). Although Leggett asserts a grab bag of
arguments that purport to undermine the substantive reasonableness of his 92-
month sentence, none is persuasive.
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20-2811 United States v. Leggett
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 1st day of October, two thousand twenty-one.
PRESENT: RICHARD C. WESLEY, RICHARD J. SULLIVAN, Circuit Judges, JOHN G. KOELTL, District Judge. *
------------------------------------------------------------------ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. No. 20-2811
* Judge John G. Koeltl, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation. DANTE BARNES, aka Tre,
Defendant,
JAQUAN LEGGETT, aka Tipsy,
Defendant-Appellant. ------------------------------------------------------------------
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: PAUL J. ANGIOLETTI, Staten Island, NY.
FOR APPELLEE: BRIAN P. LEAMING, Assistant United States Attorney (Sandra S. Glover, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), for Leonard C. Boyle, Acting United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut, New Haven, CT. Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District
of Connecticut (Shea, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED.
Defendant-Appellant Jaquan Leggett appeals from the judgment of the
district court sentencing him to 92 months’ imprisonment and five years of
supervised release after Leggett pleaded guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement, to
one count of possession with the intent to distribute fentanyl and cocaine base, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C). Leggett argues that the sentence he
2 received is procedurally unreasonable because the district court erroneously
attributed to him drugs that were outside the scope of his jointly undertaken
criminal activity. He further contends that his sentence is substantively
unreasonable due to several alleged flaws in the court’s rationale at sentencing.
We disagree.
At sentencing, a district court may hold a defendant responsible for “all acts
and omissions of others that were . . . within the scope of the jointly undertaken
criminal activity.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B) (2015). Courts may consider “any
explicit agreement or implicit agreement fairly inferred from the conduct of the
defendant and others” to determine the scope of such activity. Id., cmt. n.3(B).
Factors relevant in determining the scope of a defendant’s jointly undertaken
scheme include the extent to which the defendant and others pooled profits and
resources, their joint participation in designing and executing a criminal scheme,
and the defendant’s role in the operation. See United States v. Studley, 47 F.3d 569,
575 (2d Cir. 1995).
Leggett contends that (1) although he participated in a drug scheme with
his codefendant Dante Barnes, he was a limited partner in that scheme, and (2) he
had no “clear nexus” to the drugs sold by Barnes and recovered from Barnes’s
3 residence. Leggett Br. at 29–30. Leggett argues that the court improperly conflated
the scope of the drug conspiracy with the scope of his jointly undertaken criminal
conduct and thus erroneously attributed additional drug amounts to him. Leggett
also contends that the disparity in money recovered from his house – just $118
compared to more than $23,000 seized from Barnes’s residence – demonstrates that
they did not pool profits.
A sentence is procedurally unreasonable when it is based on clearly
erroneous facts. See United States v. Jones, 531 F.3d 163, 170 (2d Cir. 2008).
Although the U.S. Sentencing Commission has noted that the scope of a
defendant’s criminal activity is “not necessarily the same as the scope of the entire
conspiracy,” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 cmt. n.3(B) (emphasis added), here the district court
reasonably found that the scope of the conspiracy and the scope of the jointly
undertaken activity were the same. The court’s conclusion that Barnes and Leggett
worked together, and that Barnes’s activities and sales were within the scope of
the pair’s agreed-upon conduct, was amply supported by a host of exhibits and
testimony introduced at Leggett’s contested sentencing hearing. For starters, the
evidence demonstrated that Barnes packaged drugs in Leggett’s apartment and
sold drugs in front of that same apartment. In addition, surveillance reports
4 reflected that Barnes came and left the apartment – often in the middle of
undercover drug transactions – when only Leggett was likely to be there. The
search of Leggett’s apartment resulted in the seizure of substantial drug packaging
materials strewn throughout Leggett’s apartment; the search also revealed that
Barnes and Leggett used the same packaging materials to prepare fentanyl.
Finally, the government introduced the audio recording of a prison phone call
between the two men after their arrest in which they openly speculated as to the
identity of the confidential informant responsible for their predicament. All of this
evidence supported the district court’s conclusion that the two men were engaged
in a criminal partnership in which Leggett was, if anything, the senior partner.
Leggett argues that the district court ignored the “equally plausible interpretation”
that Barnes was in charge of the drug operation and that Leggett’s agreed-to scope
of activity was narrower. Leggett Br. at 39. But “where there are two permissible
views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly
erroneous.” United States v. Abiodun, 536 F.3d 162, 170 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal
quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, Leggett has failed to show that his
sentence is procedurally unreasonable.
5 As for Leggett’s challenge to the substantive reasonableness of his sentence,
we review such challenges under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard,
United States v. Smith, 949 F.3d 60, 66 (2d Cir. 2020), which permits us to set aside
a sentence only when it is “so shockingly high, shockingly low, or otherwise
unsupportable as a matter of law that allowing [it] to stand would damage the
administration of justice,” United States v. Broxmeyer, 699 F.3d 265, 289 (2d Cir.
2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). Although Leggett asserts a grab bag of
arguments that purport to undermine the substantive reasonableness of his 92-
month sentence, none is persuasive.
First, the district court acted within its discretion when it considered
Leggett’s false statements and attempts to “manipulate the system” at his Fatico
hearing as relevant to the § 3553(a) factors, even though the same conduct also
supported denial of credit for acceptance of responsibility and an enhancement for
obstruction of justice under the Sentencing Guidelines. App’x at 130; see United
States v. Adekanbi, 675 F.3d 178, 187 (2d Cir. 2012) (recognizing that the sentencing
court may rely on the same conduct to impose multiple adjustments when those
adjustments “aim at different harms emanating from the same conduct” (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted)).
6 Second, while Leggett insists that his Guidelines sentence constituted an
unwarranted disparity when compared to Barnes’s below-Guidelines sentence of
60 months, see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), Leggett himself acknowledges that he and
Barnes were not similarly situated, because Barnes did not obstruct justice by
giving “obviously untrue testimony” at the Fatico hearing – conduct that resulted
in a two-level enhancement for obstruction of justice and the denial of a three-level
reduction for acceptance of responsibility for Leggett. Leggett Br. at 48.
Third, Leggett’s contention that the government manipulated his sentence
by dictating the amounts of drugs that an informant purchased from Leggett
during a series of controlled buys is unavailing. As Leggett concedes,
“[s]entencing manipulation is a concept not yet recognized by this Circuit, and, in
any event, requires a showing of outrageous conduct,” Leggett Br. at 50 (citing
United States v. Cromitie, 727 F.3d 194, 226 (2d Cir. 2013)) – conduct not present
here.
Finally, Leggett’s argument that he would have qualified for a lower
criminal history category had he not sold drugs on the final day of his previously
imposed term of supervised release is a non-starter. The assessment of two
additional criminal history points for individuals who commit crimes “while
7 under a criminal justice sentence” such as probation or supervised release,
U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(d), is wholly rational, and Leggett’s insistence that he almost did
not violate his conditions of supervised release hardly renders his sentence
“shockingly high” or does “damage [to] the administration of justice,” Broxmeyer,
699 F.3d at 289. Moreover, the record reflects that Leggett’s involvement in drug
crimes began well before the day of the government’s first controlled buy, as
Leggett himself admitted that he purchased crack cocaine with the intention of
selling it as early as January 3, 2019 – nearly a month before the termination of his
term of supervised release.
For all these reasons, we conclude that the district court’s imposition of a 92-
month sentence was substantively reasonable.
* * *
We have considered the remainder of Leggett’s arguments and find them to
be without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the sentence imposed by the district
court.
FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court