United States v. Ladner

226 F. App'x 250
CourtCourt of Appeals for the Third Circuit
DecidedJune 8, 2007
Docket06-1228
StatusUnpublished
Cited by1 cases

This text of 226 F. App'x 250 (United States v. Ladner) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Ladner, 226 F. App'x 250 (3d Cir. 2007).

Opinion

OPINION OF THE COURT

ALDISERT, Circuit Judge.

A jury convicted Gregory Ladner of attempting to purchase a firearm, something he was forbidden from doing on account of his previous felony convictions. He now appeals, arguing that the District Court erred in forbidding him from presenting the defense of entrapment by estoppel. According to Ladner, a 14-year-old gun store clerk led him to attempt to purchase a firearm and to inaccurately complete Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (“ATF”) Form 4473 by suggesting that his out-of-state convictions would not pose a problem for a gun purchase in Pennsylvania. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Although it is an open question of law in this Court whether the defense of entrapment by estoppel can be activated by comments made by a gun store clerk, we will not reach the issue. Ladner is currently a fugitive, and we will employ our discretion under the fugitive disentitlement doctrine to dismiss his appeal.

I.

The parties are familiar with the facts and proceedings before the District Court, so we will only briefly revisit them here. Gregory Ladner entered a federally licensed firearms dealership in New Holland, Pennsylvania known as the Sportsman’s Shop on September 9, 2002. He asked to see some handguns, and was assisted by 14-year-old Jacob Klaasen, a clerk in the store. Ladner said that he would like to purchase a pistol, and Klaasen gave him ATF Form 4473.

While Ladner was filling out the form, he asked Klaasen for advice on how to answer one of the questions on the form— apparently a question dealing with his criminal history. According to Ladner’s statement to police, he told Klaasen that he “had arrests in Illinois 25 years ago,” and was concerned they might pose a problem. Ladner told a police detective that Klaasen told him if his “record was clean in [Pennsylvania]” then he “shouldn’t have a problem,” and that the old conviction “probably would not show up on the system.” App. 210. At trial, Klaasen denied making these statements.

Ladner completed ATF Form 4473, certifying that he had not been convicted in any court of a felony, or other crime, for which the judge could have imprisoned him for more than one year. He signed the form, attesting that: “I also understand that making any false oral or written statement or exhibiting any false or misrepresented identification with respect to this transaction is a crime punishable as a *252 felony.” App. 138-139. Notwithstanding his statements on the form, Ladner had been convicted of multiple felony offenses for which he did or could have served more than one year of imprisonment. He was indicted on charges of making false statements to a Federal Firearms Licensee (“FFL”) in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(1)(A).

The defendant gave the District Court pre-trial notice of his intent to raise the entrapment by estoppel defense — arguing that Klaasen’s advice led him to erroneously complete ATF Form 4473. The District Court granted the government’s motion to preclude the defense, reasoning that FFLs are not government officials charged with interpreting, administering or enforcing the law. Ladner failed to surrender for service of sentence, and remains at large.

II.

We are not required to hear this case. The Supreme Court has “consistently and unequivocally approvefd] dismissal as an appropriate sanction when a prisoner is a fugitive during ‘the ongoing appellate process.’ ” Ortega-Rodriguez v. United States, 507 U.S. 234, 242, 113 S.Ct. 1199, 122 L.Ed.2d 581 (1993). Ortegar-Rodriguez identifies four justifications for dismissal in such cases: (1) “there could be no assurance that any judgment [a court] issued would prove enforceable,” id. at 239-240, 113 S.Ct. 1199 (citing Smith v. United States, 94 U.S. 97, 24 L.Ed. 32 (1876)); (2) “escape ... disentitles the defendant to call upon the resources of the Court for determination of his claims,” id. at 240, 113 S.Ct. 1199 (quoting Molinaro v. New Jersey, 396 U.S. 365, 366, 90 S.Ct. 498, 24 L.Ed.2d 586 (1970) (per curiam)); (3) dismissal “serves an important deterrent function,” id. at 242, 113 S.Ct. 1199 (citing Estelle v. Dorrough, 420 U.S. 534, 537, 95 S.Ct. 1173, 43 L.Ed.2d 377 (1975)); and (4) dismissal “advances an interest in efficient, dignified appellate practice,” id. 1 The power of a court to dismiss such a case is known generally as the “fugitive disentitlement doctrine.” See In re Assets of Martin, 1 F.3d 1351, 1356 (3d Cir.1993).

The question, then, is whether to employ our discretion to hear this case. The Supreme Court has stated that “[n]o persuasive reason exists why this Court should proceed to adjudicate the merits of a criminal case after the convicted defendant who has sought review escapes from the restraints placed upon him pursuant to the conviction.” Molinaro, 396 U.S. at 366, 90 S.Ct. 498. Facing an uphill battle, Appellant — or rather his lawyer — argues that there are two reasons why we should not dismiss this appeal.

First, he argues that the government’s request for dismissal was untimely because it appeared in the government’s brief rather than in a pre-briefing motion. He suggests this contravenes Rule 27 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, which states that “[a]n application for an order or other relief is made by motion unless these rules prescribe another form.” We decline to read Rule 27 as hindering the government from advising us for the first time in their brief of our discretionary power to dismiss an appeal. 2 Rule 27 regulates the *253 proper use of motions on appeal; it is not a filter for Appellant to use in straining out arguments that might lead to dismissal. Cf. United States v. Singletary, 471 F.3d 193, 196 (D.C.Cir.2006) (interpreting local rules regulating motions to “appl[y] only to situations in which a party chooses to make a motion,” and not to bar a party from calling for dismissal in its brief).

Second, Appellant argues that we should hear this appeal so that we can settle an “important legal issue of first impression in this Circuit” — namely, “whether federal firearms licensees ... are ‘government officials’ for purposes of the entrapment-byestoppel defense.” Appellant’s Reply Br. 2-3.

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Bluebook (online)
226 F. App'x 250, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-ladner-ca3-2007.