ORDER
RONALD B. LEIGHTON, District Judge.
THIS MATTER is before the Court on Defendant’s Motion to Return Property [Dkt. #32]. Having considered the entirety of the records and file herein, and having considered that oral argument is not necessary to resolve the motion, the Court finds and rules as follows:
I. BACKGROUND
Thomas Edward Kriesel, Jr., (“Kriesel” or “Defendant”), a former federal supervised releasee, previously challenged the constitutionality of the Justice For All Act, Pub. L. No. 108-405, 118 Stat. 2260 (2004) which amended the DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act, Pub. L. No. 106-546, 114 Stat. 2726 (2000). This Court ruled that the 2004 Act conformed to the requirements of the Fourth Amendment, and directed that Kriesel provide a sample to his United States Probation Officer for DNA testing.
The Order was upheld on appeal.
Kriesel now seeks the return of his DNA sample and the removal of any information from it entered into the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Combined DNA Index System (“CODIS”).
II. DISCUSSION
The genesis of the motion before the Court comes from the Ninth Circuit’s musings in their prior decision in this case. In discussing the nature of Kriesel’s privacy interests for purposes of the Fourth Amendment analysis, the Court stated:
Nor do we have before us “a petitioner who has fully paid his or her debt to society, who has completely served his or her term, and who has left the penal system.... Once those previously on supervised release have wholly cleared their debt to society, the question may be raised, ‘Should the CODIS entry be erased?’ ”
Kriesel,
508 F.3d at 949 (quoting
United States v. Kincade,
379 F.3d 813, 841 (9th Cir.2004) (en banc) (Gould, J., concurring in the judgment)). The Kincade Court upheld the constitutionality of the 2000 DNA Act.
Although Defendant does not specifically argue that the retention of his DNA sample and entry in the CODIS database violates the Fourth Amendment, the current motion is based on his previous motion which specifically challenged the collection of his DNA on Fourth Amendment grounds. “The touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is reasonableness.”
Samson v. California,
547 U.S. 843, 855 n. 4, 126 S.Ct. 2193, 165 L.Ed.2d 250 (2006). In cases discussing challenges to DNA collection, the Ninth Circuit has adopted the general Fourth Amendment approach which examines the totality of the circumstances to determine whether a search is reasonable.
Kriesel,
508 F.3d at 947 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Thus, the Court must balance Kriesel’s privacy rights with the governmental interests at stake.
Id.
(for a Fourth Amendment reasonableness analysis the Court must assess the degree to which the search intrudes on an individual’s privacy with the degree to which the search is needed to promote legitimate governmental interests);
see also Kincade,
379 F.3d at 842 (Gould, J., concurring in the judgment) (when a felon is no longer on supervision and seeks the return of his DNA sample, the Court “would presumably need to weigh society’s benefit from the retention of the DNA records of a felon against the person’s right, in a classical sense, to privacy.”).
The Court is now faced with answering the question the Ninth Circuit left unanswered in
Kincade
and
Kriesel:
Should the DNA sample be returned to, and the CODIS entry be erased for, a felon who is no longer on supervised release?
A. Kriesel’s Privacy Interest
As a convicted felon who has wholly paid his debt to society, Kriesel’s privacy interests are somewhat more enhanced than those of a defendant who is still in custody or on supervised release, but less than those who have never been convicted.
See Green v. Berge,
354 F.3d 675, 679-80 (7th Cir.2004) (Easterbrooke, J., concurring) (“[fjelons whose terms have expired” are in a different category than supervised releasees for purposes of a Fourth Amendment analysis and are subject to lawful intrusions and restrictions that those who have not been previously convicted are not);
Johnson v. Quander,
370 F.Supp.2d 79, 104 (D.D.C.2005) (“although individuals convicted of a predicate offense have an enhanced privacy interest in their identifying information after the termination of
their sentences, that interest is not totally-restored (and is certainly not at the same level as someone who has never been convicted of such offense)”).
In
Johnson,
the District Court was faced with this same issue except that Johnson was seeking the return of his sample under the 2000 DNA Act and the District of Columbia’s implementation of the statute. The Court indicated that while a probationer has a “substantially diminished privacy interest” and has lost “any legitimate expectation of privacy in the identifying information derived from blood sampling,”
Johnson,
370 F.Supp.2d at 102 (quoting
Rise v. Oregon,
59 F.3d 1556, 1560 (9th Cir.1995),
overruled on other grounds, City of Indianapolis v. Edmond,
531 U.S. 32, 121 S.Ct. 447, 148 L.Ed.2d 333 (2000) and
Ferguson v. City of Charleston,
532 U.S. 67, 121 S.Ct. 1281, 149 L.Ed.2d 205 (2001)) once the felon is no longer on supervision, “the diminished privacy interest, is to some extent, reclaimed.”
Id.,
at 102-103. The Court found that the felon who has paid his debt to society “does not regain in full[] the privacy rights possessed by an individual who has never been convicted of a predicate offense.”
Id.,
at 103. In support of the conclusion that felons in this category have a reduced expectation of privacy in their identifying information, the Court cited as examples the collection and retention of fingerprints and statutes which require sex offenders to register with local authorities.
Id.
Fingerprints of those arrested are routinely stored in law enforcement databases and are not expunged after a person is convicted and has paid their debt to society. Similarly, statutes throughout this country require sex offenders to continue to register even after they have completed their supervision. When registering, a convicted sex offender may be required to supply various identifying information such as his name, aliases, date of birth, height, weight, address, etc. Recognizing as did the
Johnson
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ORDER
RONALD B. LEIGHTON, District Judge.
THIS MATTER is before the Court on Defendant’s Motion to Return Property [Dkt. #32]. Having considered the entirety of the records and file herein, and having considered that oral argument is not necessary to resolve the motion, the Court finds and rules as follows:
I. BACKGROUND
Thomas Edward Kriesel, Jr., (“Kriesel” or “Defendant”), a former federal supervised releasee, previously challenged the constitutionality of the Justice For All Act, Pub. L. No. 108-405, 118 Stat. 2260 (2004) which amended the DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act, Pub. L. No. 106-546, 114 Stat. 2726 (2000). This Court ruled that the 2004 Act conformed to the requirements of the Fourth Amendment, and directed that Kriesel provide a sample to his United States Probation Officer for DNA testing.
The Order was upheld on appeal.
Kriesel now seeks the return of his DNA sample and the removal of any information from it entered into the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Combined DNA Index System (“CODIS”).
II. DISCUSSION
The genesis of the motion before the Court comes from the Ninth Circuit’s musings in their prior decision in this case. In discussing the nature of Kriesel’s privacy interests for purposes of the Fourth Amendment analysis, the Court stated:
Nor do we have before us “a petitioner who has fully paid his or her debt to society, who has completely served his or her term, and who has left the penal system.... Once those previously on supervised release have wholly cleared their debt to society, the question may be raised, ‘Should the CODIS entry be erased?’ ”
Kriesel,
508 F.3d at 949 (quoting
United States v. Kincade,
379 F.3d 813, 841 (9th Cir.2004) (en banc) (Gould, J., concurring in the judgment)). The Kincade Court upheld the constitutionality of the 2000 DNA Act.
Although Defendant does not specifically argue that the retention of his DNA sample and entry in the CODIS database violates the Fourth Amendment, the current motion is based on his previous motion which specifically challenged the collection of his DNA on Fourth Amendment grounds. “The touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is reasonableness.”
Samson v. California,
547 U.S. 843, 855 n. 4, 126 S.Ct. 2193, 165 L.Ed.2d 250 (2006). In cases discussing challenges to DNA collection, the Ninth Circuit has adopted the general Fourth Amendment approach which examines the totality of the circumstances to determine whether a search is reasonable.
Kriesel,
508 F.3d at 947 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Thus, the Court must balance Kriesel’s privacy rights with the governmental interests at stake.
Id.
(for a Fourth Amendment reasonableness analysis the Court must assess the degree to which the search intrudes on an individual’s privacy with the degree to which the search is needed to promote legitimate governmental interests);
see also Kincade,
379 F.3d at 842 (Gould, J., concurring in the judgment) (when a felon is no longer on supervision and seeks the return of his DNA sample, the Court “would presumably need to weigh society’s benefit from the retention of the DNA records of a felon against the person’s right, in a classical sense, to privacy.”).
The Court is now faced with answering the question the Ninth Circuit left unanswered in
Kincade
and
Kriesel:
Should the DNA sample be returned to, and the CODIS entry be erased for, a felon who is no longer on supervised release?
A. Kriesel’s Privacy Interest
As a convicted felon who has wholly paid his debt to society, Kriesel’s privacy interests are somewhat more enhanced than those of a defendant who is still in custody or on supervised release, but less than those who have never been convicted.
See Green v. Berge,
354 F.3d 675, 679-80 (7th Cir.2004) (Easterbrooke, J., concurring) (“[fjelons whose terms have expired” are in a different category than supervised releasees for purposes of a Fourth Amendment analysis and are subject to lawful intrusions and restrictions that those who have not been previously convicted are not);
Johnson v. Quander,
370 F.Supp.2d 79, 104 (D.D.C.2005) (“although individuals convicted of a predicate offense have an enhanced privacy interest in their identifying information after the termination of
their sentences, that interest is not totally-restored (and is certainly not at the same level as someone who has never been convicted of such offense)”).
In
Johnson,
the District Court was faced with this same issue except that Johnson was seeking the return of his sample under the 2000 DNA Act and the District of Columbia’s implementation of the statute. The Court indicated that while a probationer has a “substantially diminished privacy interest” and has lost “any legitimate expectation of privacy in the identifying information derived from blood sampling,”
Johnson,
370 F.Supp.2d at 102 (quoting
Rise v. Oregon,
59 F.3d 1556, 1560 (9th Cir.1995),
overruled on other grounds, City of Indianapolis v. Edmond,
531 U.S. 32, 121 S.Ct. 447, 148 L.Ed.2d 333 (2000) and
Ferguson v. City of Charleston,
532 U.S. 67, 121 S.Ct. 1281, 149 L.Ed.2d 205 (2001)) once the felon is no longer on supervision, “the diminished privacy interest, is to some extent, reclaimed.”
Id.,
at 102-103. The Court found that the felon who has paid his debt to society “does not regain in full[] the privacy rights possessed by an individual who has never been convicted of a predicate offense.”
Id.,
at 103. In support of the conclusion that felons in this category have a reduced expectation of privacy in their identifying information, the Court cited as examples the collection and retention of fingerprints and statutes which require sex offenders to register with local authorities.
Id.
Fingerprints of those arrested are routinely stored in law enforcement databases and are not expunged after a person is convicted and has paid their debt to society. Similarly, statutes throughout this country require sex offenders to continue to register even after they have completed their supervision. When registering, a convicted sex offender may be required to supply various identifying information such as his name, aliases, date of birth, height, weight, address, etc. Recognizing as did the
Johnson
Court, that fingerprints and DNA identifying information are not identical, this Court agrees with the Court in
Johnson
that felons who are no longer on any type of supervised release have a somewhat reduced privacy interest in their identifying information.
B. Governmental Interests.
The Ninth Circuit in
Kriesel
and
Kincade,
and other courts in other cases, identified three “undeniably compelling” and “monumental” governmental interests justifying the collection of DNA from convicted felons.
Kriesel,
508 F.3d at 949 (citing
Kincade,
379 F.3d at 838-39). First, “compulsory DNA profiling serves society’s interest in ensuring that releasees comply with the conditions of their release.”
Id.
Second, the DNA profiling serves as a deterrent to future crimes and “fosters society’s interest in reducing recidivism.”
Id.
And, third, “collecting the DNA of offenders contributes to the solution of past crimes.”
Id.
Because Kriesel is no longer on supervision, the first interest is not present. Society’s interest in deterrence and solving past crimes, however, remains compelling.
On balance, the government’s “undeniably compelling” and “monumental” interests in deterring future crimes and solving past crimes outweigh Kriesel’s diminished privacy interest in his identifying information even after his supervision has ended. The retention of his DNA sample and information derived therefrom in the CODIS database is not unreasonable and does not violate the Fourth Amendment.
Defendant’s Motion to Return Property [Dkt. # 32] is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.