F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 4 1999 TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 98-5039 v. (N.D. Oklahoma) DERRICK EUGENE KIRTMAN, (D.C. No. CR-97-53-C)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before ANDERSON , KELLY , and BRISCOE , Circuit Judges.
Derrick Kirtman was convicted by a jury in the district court of conspiracy
to possess with intent to distribute cocaine base (crack cocaine) and conspiracy to
distribute cocaine base, violations of 21 U.S.C. § 846. He received a life
sentence. He appeals both his conviction and sentence, contending that the
district court (1) did not properly instruct the jury regarding the elements of
conspiracy; (2) based its drug quantity calculation on insufficient evidence; and
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. (3) erroneously refused to give an instruction regarding the credibility of drug
addicts. He also argues that the government impermissibly presented testimony
from witnesses who had been promised leniency. For the reasons below, we
reject each of these arguments and affirm Kirtman’s conviction and sentence.
I. BACKGROUND
Evidence at trial, held November 4-10, 1997, established that Derrick
Kirtman was part of an extensive crack distribution ring operating in Oklahoma
and Kansas. Kirtman and Sullivan Chaney were tried together; Kevin Cole and
numerous other indicted coconspirators pled guilty to various charges and
testified in exchange for leniency.
The evidence established the following facts. Kirtman and Cole, half-
brothers, organized and directed a group that shipped both crack cocaine and
powder cocaine (which they later converted to crack) from several locations,
including Texas and California. Between 1993 and 1997, the group distributed
multiple kilograms of crack. It utilized apartments and houses in various areas as
“crack houses” or “traps,” where crack was both sold and used on a regular basis.
Distributors each handled thousands of dollars a day, funneling money back to
Kirtman and Cole.
-2- During the existence of this drug trafficking operation, members had
repeated encounters with police, and several spent time in jail, including Kirtman.
The group used violence to enforce order, and on one occasion, in April 1996,
savagely beat a distributor who was suspected of having stolen money and drugs,
permanently disfiguring him. Kirtman both directed and participated in this
attack. The group also employed several minors for extended periods of time.
Early in 1997, law enforcement officers put an end to the illegal operation, and
eventually seven members were indicted for assorted drug trafficking offenses.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Jury Instruction on Conspiracy
Kirtman argues that the court’s instruction to the jury on the elements of
conspiracy was erroneous. He does not contend that the instruction misstated the
law; rather, he contends that the instruction was not sufficiently clear, in that it
enumerated only two elements instead of four. He argues that the instruction did
not properly separate the elements that the government had to prove, thereby
lessening its burden. Kirtman objected at trial to the court’s instruction,
requesting instead an instruction based on the four elements we outlined in United
States v. Evans , 970 F.2d 663, 668 (10th Cir. 1992), and have repeatedly
reiterated, see, e.g. , United States v. Bell , 154 F.3d 1205, 1208 (10th Cir. 1998).
-3- In reviewing challenges to a jury instruction to which objection was made
at trial, we examine the instructions as a whole, de novo, to determine whether the
jury was misled. See United States v. Mullins , 4 F.3d 898, 900 (10th Cir. 1993).
So long as the jury was not misled, instructional errors are not reversible. See id.
The challenged instruction was given to the jury as follows:
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE CHARGED IN COUNT I (21 U.S.C. SECTION 846)
Two essential elements are required to be proved in order to establish the offense charged in the Superseding Indictment:
First: that there was an agreement, willfully formed, between two or more persons as charged in the Superseding Indictment, to work in concert to perform the unlawful objective of distributing or possessing with intent to distribute crack cocaine; and
Second: that such defendant on trial willfully became a member of the conspiracy existing at or about the time alleged, knowing of its unlawful purpose.
The unlawful offense is complete when each of the two separate elements, just stated, is proved. As stated before, the burden is upon the Government to prove beyond a reasonable doubt both essential elements of the offense charged in Count 1 separately as to each defendant on trial.
R. Vol. I, Tab 119. The court refused to give the following instruction:
The Elements of Conspiracy
You are instructed that to prove conspiracy, the Government must prove the following elements:
-4- 1. That two or more persons agreed to violate the law;
2. That Mr. Kirtman, the Defendant, knew at least the essential objectives of the conspiracy;
3. That Mr. Kirtman knowingly and voluntarily became a part of it [conspiracy]; and,
4. That the alleged conspirators were interdependent.
Kirtman’s Requested Instr. No. 1, R. Vol. I, Tab 98. In response to Kirtman’s
request, the court stated, “I’ve never seen that before, that a person must know the
essential objects of a conspiracy to be a member of the conspiracy.” Trial
Transcript (Tr.) Vol. V at 697. The court asked for case authority, and Kirtman
cited Evans . The court concluded, “Well, we’re going to leave it as the Court has
got it.” Tr. Vol. V at 698.
We agree with Kirtman that an instruction organized according to the four
Evans factors would have been preferable. We do not endorse the instruction
given by the district court. However, as Kirtman has conceded, the court’s
instruction did not misstate the law, and we do not think it was so unclear as to be
misleading or to affect the government’s burden. As such it does not of itself
justify reversal. “That the district court organized the elements into two points
(instead of four) is not material to whether the instruction charged the jury with
finding, beyond a reasonable doubt, all the necessary elements.” United States v.
-5- Russell , 109 F.3d 1503, 1513-14 (10th Cir. 1997) (upholding a conspiracy
conviction based on a similar instruction).
B. Proof of Drug Quantity at Sentencing
Kirtman alleges that the government did not present sufficient evidence to
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F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 4 1999 TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 98-5039 v. (N.D. Oklahoma) DERRICK EUGENE KIRTMAN, (D.C. No. CR-97-53-C)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before ANDERSON , KELLY , and BRISCOE , Circuit Judges.
Derrick Kirtman was convicted by a jury in the district court of conspiracy
to possess with intent to distribute cocaine base (crack cocaine) and conspiracy to
distribute cocaine base, violations of 21 U.S.C. § 846. He received a life
sentence. He appeals both his conviction and sentence, contending that the
district court (1) did not properly instruct the jury regarding the elements of
conspiracy; (2) based its drug quantity calculation on insufficient evidence; and
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. (3) erroneously refused to give an instruction regarding the credibility of drug
addicts. He also argues that the government impermissibly presented testimony
from witnesses who had been promised leniency. For the reasons below, we
reject each of these arguments and affirm Kirtman’s conviction and sentence.
I. BACKGROUND
Evidence at trial, held November 4-10, 1997, established that Derrick
Kirtman was part of an extensive crack distribution ring operating in Oklahoma
and Kansas. Kirtman and Sullivan Chaney were tried together; Kevin Cole and
numerous other indicted coconspirators pled guilty to various charges and
testified in exchange for leniency.
The evidence established the following facts. Kirtman and Cole, half-
brothers, organized and directed a group that shipped both crack cocaine and
powder cocaine (which they later converted to crack) from several locations,
including Texas and California. Between 1993 and 1997, the group distributed
multiple kilograms of crack. It utilized apartments and houses in various areas as
“crack houses” or “traps,” where crack was both sold and used on a regular basis.
Distributors each handled thousands of dollars a day, funneling money back to
Kirtman and Cole.
-2- During the existence of this drug trafficking operation, members had
repeated encounters with police, and several spent time in jail, including Kirtman.
The group used violence to enforce order, and on one occasion, in April 1996,
savagely beat a distributor who was suspected of having stolen money and drugs,
permanently disfiguring him. Kirtman both directed and participated in this
attack. The group also employed several minors for extended periods of time.
Early in 1997, law enforcement officers put an end to the illegal operation, and
eventually seven members were indicted for assorted drug trafficking offenses.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Jury Instruction on Conspiracy
Kirtman argues that the court’s instruction to the jury on the elements of
conspiracy was erroneous. He does not contend that the instruction misstated the
law; rather, he contends that the instruction was not sufficiently clear, in that it
enumerated only two elements instead of four. He argues that the instruction did
not properly separate the elements that the government had to prove, thereby
lessening its burden. Kirtman objected at trial to the court’s instruction,
requesting instead an instruction based on the four elements we outlined in United
States v. Evans , 970 F.2d 663, 668 (10th Cir. 1992), and have repeatedly
reiterated, see, e.g. , United States v. Bell , 154 F.3d 1205, 1208 (10th Cir. 1998).
-3- In reviewing challenges to a jury instruction to which objection was made
at trial, we examine the instructions as a whole, de novo, to determine whether the
jury was misled. See United States v. Mullins , 4 F.3d 898, 900 (10th Cir. 1993).
So long as the jury was not misled, instructional errors are not reversible. See id.
The challenged instruction was given to the jury as follows:
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE CHARGED IN COUNT I (21 U.S.C. SECTION 846)
Two essential elements are required to be proved in order to establish the offense charged in the Superseding Indictment:
First: that there was an agreement, willfully formed, between two or more persons as charged in the Superseding Indictment, to work in concert to perform the unlawful objective of distributing or possessing with intent to distribute crack cocaine; and
Second: that such defendant on trial willfully became a member of the conspiracy existing at or about the time alleged, knowing of its unlawful purpose.
The unlawful offense is complete when each of the two separate elements, just stated, is proved. As stated before, the burden is upon the Government to prove beyond a reasonable doubt both essential elements of the offense charged in Count 1 separately as to each defendant on trial.
R. Vol. I, Tab 119. The court refused to give the following instruction:
The Elements of Conspiracy
You are instructed that to prove conspiracy, the Government must prove the following elements:
-4- 1. That two or more persons agreed to violate the law;
2. That Mr. Kirtman, the Defendant, knew at least the essential objectives of the conspiracy;
3. That Mr. Kirtman knowingly and voluntarily became a part of it [conspiracy]; and,
4. That the alleged conspirators were interdependent.
Kirtman’s Requested Instr. No. 1, R. Vol. I, Tab 98. In response to Kirtman’s
request, the court stated, “I’ve never seen that before, that a person must know the
essential objects of a conspiracy to be a member of the conspiracy.” Trial
Transcript (Tr.) Vol. V at 697. The court asked for case authority, and Kirtman
cited Evans . The court concluded, “Well, we’re going to leave it as the Court has
got it.” Tr. Vol. V at 698.
We agree with Kirtman that an instruction organized according to the four
Evans factors would have been preferable. We do not endorse the instruction
given by the district court. However, as Kirtman has conceded, the court’s
instruction did not misstate the law, and we do not think it was so unclear as to be
misleading or to affect the government’s burden. As such it does not of itself
justify reversal. “That the district court organized the elements into two points
(instead of four) is not material to whether the instruction charged the jury with
finding, beyond a reasonable doubt, all the necessary elements.” United States v.
-5- Russell , 109 F.3d 1503, 1513-14 (10th Cir. 1997) (upholding a conspiracy
conviction based on a similar instruction).
B. Proof of Drug Quantity at Sentencing
Kirtman alleges that the government did not present sufficient evidence to
support the district court’s drug quantity calculation of 1.5 kilograms or more of
cocaine base. He argues that the witnesses who testified at trial as to the amounts
of crack cocaine distributed by the conspiracy never actually explained how they
knew the substance was in fact crack cocaine. He contends that only those
amounts identified as cocaine base by a forensic chemist (whose testimony was
presented by stipulation) should have been considered at sentencing, a total of
63.68 grams.
We review the district court’s drug quantity calculation for clear error.
United States v. Roberts , 14 F.3d 502, 519-20 (10th Cir. 1993). The evidence on
which a sentencing court relies in making a drug quantity determination need only
possess “a minimum indicia of reliability.” United States v. Browning , 61 F.3d
752, 754 (10th Cir. 1995).
We think the district court’s findings are fully supported. Numerous
witnesses at trial, including an admitted organizer of the conspiracy, Kevin Cole,
testified that they distributed large quantities of crack; Kirtman did not object to
-6- any witness’s lack of personal knowledge on this issue. Cole in particular gave
detailed testimony about the difference between powder cocaine and crack
cocaine, see Tr. Vol. I at 8-9, and stated that the organization had sold 20-23
kilograms of crack cocaine during certain time periods, see id. at 13, 37. We have
held that such “mere testimony” is sufficient to support a finding that a substance
is crack cocaine. See United States v. McIntyre , 997 F.2d 687, 710 (10th Cir.
1993) (citing United States v. LeRoy , 944 F.2d 787, 790 (10th Cir. 1991); United
States v. Anthony , 944 F.2d 780, 782 (10th Cir. 1991)). The district court was
certainly justified in believing that the members of an extensive conspiracy, who
made innumerable sales and handled many thousands of dollars during a period
spanning several years, knew what they were selling. The forensic chemist’s
testimony, which identified quantities of cocaine base confiscated from the group
on nine separate occasions between March 1995 and September 1996, see Tr. Vol.
V at 663-67, also supports this inference. Therefore we uphold the district court’s
calculation.
C. Jury Instruction on Drug Addict Credibility
Kirtman adopts by reference codefendant Sullivan Chaney’s argument that
the court erred in refusing to give an instruction regarding the credibility of drug
addicts. For the reasons given in the companion case, United States v. Chaney ,
-7- No. 98-5045, __ F.3d __ (10th Cir. 1999) (unpublished table decision), filed
simultaneously with this opinion, we reject this argument.
D. United States v. Singleton
Kirtman contends that the government presented testimony from witnesses
who had been promised leniency, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 201(c)(2). Our
recent en banc decision in United States v. Singleton , __ F.3d __, 1999 WL 6469
(10th Cir. Jan. 8, 1999), forecloses this argument.
Accordingly, Kirtman’s conviction and sentence are AFFIRMED.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Stephen H. Anderson Circuit Judge
-8-