United States v. Keemon Jacques Davis

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
• Decided: April 10, 2023
• Docket: 22-10229
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

USCA11 Case: 22-10229 Document: 47-1 Date Filed: 04/10/2023 Page: 1 of 5

[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 22-10229 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus KEEMON JACQUES DAVIS,

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 8:18-cr-00401-WFJ-CPT-1 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 22-10229 Document: 47-1 Date Filed: 04/10/2023 Page: 2 of 5

2 Opinion of the Court 22-10229

Before JORDAN, BRANCH, and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Keemon Davis appeals his 180-month sentence imposed af- ter Davis pleaded guilty to possession of a firearm and ammunition by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(e). No reversible error has been shown; we affirm. Before Davis’s sentencing, a probation officer prepared a Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”). The PSI determined that Davis had at least three prior convictions for “serious drug of- fenses” and was, thus, subject to an enhanced sentence under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”). As predicate offenses for the ACCA-enhancement, the PSI identified three separate 2010 Florida convictions for the sale of cocaine. The district court im- posed a sentence of 180 months: the mandatory minimum sen- tence under the ACCA. On appeal, Davis challenges his designation as an armed ca- reer offender. Briefly stated, Davis contends that the ACCA’s defi- nition of “serious drug offense” was amended by the First Step Act * to include (in pertinent part) only those offenses for which the de- fendant served more than 12 months’ imprisonment. Because Da- vis served less than 12 months on each of his 2010 Florida drug

* First Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194 (2018). USCA11 Case: 22-10229 Document: 47-1 Date Filed: 04/10/2023 Page: 3 of 5

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convictions, Davis says those convictions do not qualify as predi- cate offenses for purposes of the ACCA. We review de novo questions of statutory interpretation. See United States v. Zuniga-Arteaga, 681 F.3d 1220, 1223 (11th Cir. 2012). When interpreting a statute, we first consider the plain stat- utory language, “the specific context in which that language is used, and the broader context of the statute as a whole.” Id. “If this analysis reveals that the provision has a plain and unambiguous meaning with regard to the particular dispute in the case and the statutory scheme is coherent and consistent, then our inquiry is complete.” Id. (quotation omitted). Under the ACCA, a defendant convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) is subject to a man- datory minimum 15-year sentence if he has three or more prior convictions for a “violent felony” or -- as in this case -- a “serious drug offense.” See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). A “serious drug offense” is defined in pertinent part as “an offense under State law, involving manufacturing, distributing, or possessing with intent to manufac- ture or distribute, a controlled substance (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. § 802)), for which a maximum term of imprisonment of ten years or more is prescribed by law.” See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(A)(ii). The district court deter- mined that Davis’s 2010 Florida drug convictions satisfied this def- inition. USCA11 Case: 22-10229 Document: 47-1 Date Filed: 04/10/2023 Page: 4 of 5

4 Opinion of the Court 22-10229

Davis contends that the district court erred in concluding that the ACCA’s definition of “serious drug offense” remained un- changed by the First Step Act. We disagree. Section 401(a) of the First Step Act amended expressly pro- visions of the Controlled Substances Act (“CSA”). In particular, section 401(a) struck the term “felony drug offense” from 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1) and replaced it with the term “serious drug felony.” See First Step Act § 401(a); 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1). The term “serious drug felony” is defined in part as “an offense described in [18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)], for which . . . the offender served a term of imprison- ment of more than 12 months.” See First Step Act § 401(a); 21 U.S.C. § 802(57). Contrary to Davis’s assertion, the plain and unambiguous language of section 401(a) amends only the CSA, not the ACCA. Nor does the statutory language -- alone or viewed in context -- make clear that Congress intended the CSA’s definition of the term “serious drug felony” (found in Title 21) to replace or amend the ACCA’s definition of the term “serious drug offense” (found in Ti- tle 18). That some prior drug convictions might constitute predi- cate offenses for purposes of a sentencing enhancement under ACCA but not under the CSA does not render the statutory lan- guage ambiguous or incoherent. The pertinent statutory language of the ACCA, the CSA, and the First Step Act are clear and unambiguous: not truly open to more than one interpretation. We must reject Davis’s argument that the statutory language should be construed in his favor under USCA11 Case: 22-10229 Document: 47-1 Date Filed: 04/10/2023 Page: 5 of 5

22-10229 Opinion of the Court 5

the rule of lenity. See United States v. Phifer, 909 F.3d 372, 383-84 (11th Cir. 2018) (“Under the rule of lenity, when a criminal law is ambiguous, we resolve doubts in favor of the defendant.”). The district court concluded properly that Davis’s Florida drug convictions qualify as predicate offenses under the ACCA’s definition of “serious drug offense” and that Davis was, thus, sub- ject to a 15-year mandatory minimum sentence. AFFIRMED.