United States v. Kearse

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
• Decided: February 8, 2024
• Docket: 23-1071
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

Appellate Case: 23-1071 Document: 010110997072 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT February 8, 2024 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v. No. 23-1071 (D.C. No. 1:15-CR-00153-RM-1) AKEEM OLAJUWAN KEARSE, (D. Colo.)

Defendant - Appellant. _________________________________

ORDER AND JUDGMENT * _________________________________

Before HOLMES, Chief Judge, McHUGH, and EID, Circuit Judges. _________________________________

At issue in this appeal is whether the district court plainly erred when it revoked

Appellant Akeem Olajuwan Kearse’s supervised release and sentenced him to 24 months

of imprisonment, consecutive to his concurrent twenty-eight-year and sixteen-year terms

of imprisonment with the Colorado Department of Corrections. On appeal, Mr. Kearse

asserts the district court improperly considered a retributive factor, “the need for the

sentence . . . to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and

* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1. Appellate Case: 23-1071 Document: 010110997072 Date Filed: 02/08/2024 Page: 2

to provide just punishment for the offense,” when it sentenced him for violating the

conditions of his supervised release. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A). Mr. Kearse argues this

error meets the plain error review standard and thus asserts we should remand this case to

the district court for resentencing. We hold Mr. Kearse has not established the district

court relied on the retributive factor when it sentenced him, and he therefore has not

established the first prong of plain error review. We affirm the sentence imposed by the

district court.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Legal Background

The statute governing revocation of supervised release lists sentencing factors

from 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) that courts must consider. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e). Important for

our purposes, the list does not include § 3553(a)(2)(A), which concerns “the need for the

sentence . . . to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and

to provide just punishment for the offense.” This is the sentencing factor representing

retribution. United States v. Booker, 63 F.4th 1254, 1258 (10th Cir. 2023). Based on the

omission of this factor from § 3583(e), we have held that district courts may not consider

the need for retribution when revoking supervised release and imposing a new sentence

for the violation of the conditions of that supervised release. Id. at 1258–61.

While district courts may not consider the retribution factor in this context, the

United States Sentencing Commission Guidelines provide that they should “consider[] a

violation resulting from a defendant’s failure to follow the court-imposed conditions of

probation or supervised release as a ‘breach of trust.’” United States Sentencing

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Commission, Guidelines Manual, Ch. 7, Pt.A(3)(b), intro. comment (Nov. 2021). Thus,

“the court should sanction primarily the defendant’s breach of trust, while taking into

account, to a limited degree, the seriousness of the underlying violation and the criminal

history of the violator.” Id.; see also United States v. Contreras-Martinez, 409 F.3d 1236,

1241 (10th Cir. 2005) (“The violation of a condition of supervised release is a breach of

trust and, while the sentencing court at revocation takes into account the seriousness of

the underlying crime, it is primarily the breach of trust that is sanctioned.”). In addition,

§ 3583(e) directs district courts to consider, among other things, “the nature and

circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant” and the

need for the sentence imposed to “afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct” and

“protect the public from further crimes of the defendant.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1),

(a)(2)(B), (a)(2)(C).

B. Factual and Procedural History

In 2015, Mr. Kearse pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm

under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). He was sentenced to 42 months’ imprisonment and a three-

year term of supervised release. After he was released from prison, Mr. Kearse failed to

comply with the terms of his supervised release, so the court revoked his initial term of

supervised release and sentenced him to another 9 months in federal prison, to be

followed by an additional 27-month term of supervised release.

Shortly after he finished serving the prison portion of his revocation sentence,

Mr. Kearse was arrested by Colorado state authorities. He pleaded guilty to second

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degree murder and felony assault. Mr. Kearse was sentenced to concurrent prison terms

of twenty-eight years and sixteen years with the possibility of early parole.

These guilty pleas, along with a single instance of

methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA, use, formed the basis of Mr. Kearse’s

second revocation proceeding, which is the subject of this appeal. Mr. Kearse admitted to

the violations. Before the supervised release revocation hearing, the probation office

submitted a Supervised Release Violation Report. Per that report, due to the supervised

release violations, Mr. Kearse’s Guidelines range was 33 to 41 months, but his sentence

was statutorily capped at 24 months based on the class of the underlying § 922(g)(1)

offense. The probation office recommended that the court impose a 24-month

consecutive sentence. 1 Mr. Kearse submitted a sentencing statement, including a report

by a licensed social worker, to request that his sentence for violation of the conditions of

supervised release run concurrently with his Colorado sentences for second degree

murder and felony assault. Among other things, the social worker’s report detailed

Mr. Kearse’s history, his needs upon reentry, and how a consecutive federal sentence

would impede his access to important resources.

At the supervised release revocation hearing, the Government requested a

consecutive sentence. Mr. Kearse again requested a concurrent sentence, arguing that

adding a two-year sentence to Mr. Kearse’s existing twenty-eight-year sentence would

1 As the probation office’s report noted, the Guidelines also provide for the imposition of a consecutive sentence. See United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual, § 7B1.3(f).

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not protect the public. In particular, Mr. Kearse argued sentencing him to a consecutive

two-year term would deprive him of access to the transition resources generally provided

to Colorado prisoners near the end of their sentences because Mr. Kearse’s subsequent

two-year period of imprisonment with the Federal Bureau of Prisons would render him

ineligible for a number of those resources. Mr. Kearse also noted his mental health

struggles, drug abuse problems, and the resources available to him, again emphasizing

that a concurrent sentence would provide him with access to more resources.

The district court recognized Mr. Kearse’s argument that a consecutive sentence

could adversely affect his access to resources and his transition to the community, but

noted that “[b]oth paths have some degree of potential transition” and that the court had

already “tried, twice,” to sentence Mr. Kearse in a manner that provided him with the

resources he needs. Supp. ROA at 42, 44. The court then asked, “why is the focus just on,

Well, he needs this; he needs that; he needs the other thing?” and stated, “[s]omebody

needs to make a statement, as absurd as it sounds, You don’t kill people when you are on

supervised release.” Id. at 50–51. The court explained it could not and was not trying to

sentence Mr. Kearse for the underlying offense, “[b]ut to some degree, it shapes the

degree of violation, which shapes the degree of breach of trust, which shapes the degree

to which a response is necessary.” Id. at 51–52. The district court explained it was

“mindful of the fact that [the court was] required to impose a sentence sufficient but [not]

greater than necessary to achieve the purposes of sentencing as described in [§] 3553, to

the extent that those [§] 3553 factors apply to supervised release violation hearings, and

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they do not always do.” Id. at 60. The court then imposed a consecutive sentence of

24 months. Mr. Kearse timely appealed.

II. DISCUSSION

On appeal, Mr. Kearse asserts the district court improperly considered retribution

when it revoked his supervised release term and sentenced him. He argues his sentence

was therefore procedurally unreasonable. Contrary to Mr. Kearse’s position, the district

court did not invoke retribution in sentencing Mr. Kearse. Thus, Mr. Kearse has failed to

establish the district court erred and to carry his burden on plain error review.

A. Standard of Review

The parties agree that, because Mr. Kearse did not raise this argument before the

district court, we review for plain error. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). Plain error review

requires Mr. Kearse to establish “(1) the district court committed error; (2) the error was

plain—that is, it was obvious under current well-settled law; (3) the error affected the

[d]efendant’s substantial rights; and (4) the error seriously affected the fairness, integrity,

or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Booker, 63 F.4th at 1258 (quotation marks

omitted) (alteration in original). This is a rigorous standard. United States v. Draine,

26 F.4th 1178, 1188 (10th Cir. 2022).

B. Analysis

Mr. Kearse must first show that the district court committed error. United States v.

Sabillion-Umana, 772 F.3d 1328, 1333 (10th Cir. 2014). To fulfill this obligation,

Mr. Kearse alleges the district court considered retribution when it revoked his

supervised release and sentenced him. He asserts “[t]he district court gave a single

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justification for its consecutive sentence: ‘to make a statement’ about what the ‘degree of

violation deserves.’” Appellant’s Br. at 8 (quoting Supp. ROA at 51, 61). Although the

court did not cite to any particular provision of § 3553(a), Mr. Kearse argues that this

language makes clear the court was in fact sentencing Mr. Kearse for retributive purposes

pursuant to § 3553(a)(2)(A). He asserts the district court’s consideration of retribution in

sentencing him ran contrary to our decision in Booker.

Following a review of the language upon which Mr. Kearse relies, and the record

more broadly, we hold Mr. Kearse has not demonstrated that the district court sentenced

him for retributive reasons. He has therefore failed to show the district court erred.

“Make a Statement”

Mr. Kearse first relies on the district court’s intention to “make a statement.” The

portion of the hearing transcript from which Mr. Kearse quotes provides:

It’s, you are on supervised release, not the first time, but the second time, and you are on supervised release because of a gun and the potential for violence that could come from your possession of a gun, and guess what, we have got a couple of people shot at, and somebody else dead, within a month.

What are we talking about here? What are we doing? Why is the focus on just -- I don’t mean that it shouldn’t be on Mr. Kearse, but why is the focus just on, Well, he needs this; he needs that; he needs the other thing? Somebody needs to make a statement about, as absurd as it sounds, You don’t kill people when you are on supervised release. That’s the problem that I’m having here is . . . well, I don’t want to rant. May be too late.

Supp. ROA at 50–51 (second emphasis added). Shortly thereafter, Mr. Kearse’s counsel

noted “[t]he only way I can look at it, you are going -- is it sufficient, for what you are

saying, for killing someone on supervised release, two years, two years BOP.” Id. at 51.

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The district court corrected defense counsel’s apparent implication that the court intended

to punish Mr. Kearse for the murder as opposed for his violation of the conditions of

supervised release. Id. The district court then explained,

Yes. I can’t sentence him for the underlying offense, and I am not trying to. But to some degree, it shapes the degree of violation, which shapes the degree of breach of trust, which shapes the degree to which a response is necessary.

So yeah, when I change the bow and the ribbon and the hat on it, from the improper to the proper, I’m still dealing with the same circumstance, which is, there is probably the most extreme form of violation of trust that there can be in this case.

Id. at 51–52.

The transcript from the hearing reflects that the district court was evaluating the

extent to which Mr. Kearse breached the court’s trust, an appropriate consideration.

Contrary to Mr. Kearse’s argument, the district court expressly stated it was not

sentencing or punishing Mr. Kearse for the underlying manslaughter violation. In fact,

the court clarified that it did not want further details about the underlying violation. 2 For

example, the court noted it was “not trying to understand or get some recitations as to

what happened in connection with the murder,” id. at 45, and explained it “d[id not] think

2 This differentiates the district court’s conduct in Mr. Kearse’s case from the district court reviewed by the Fifth Circuit in United States v. Rivera, 784 F.3d 1012 (5th Cir. 2015), a case upon which both Mr. Kearse and the Government rely. In Rivera, “the district court stressed the seriousness and brutality of the murder and the insufficiency of the punishment that Rivera had received for it.” 784 F.3d at 1015. The Fifth Circuit noted “the seriousness of Rivera’s murder and the need to provide a just punishment were dominant factors in the district court’s sentencing decision.” Id. at 1017. The district court in Mr. Kearse’s case did no such thing.

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that factual basis require[d] [the court] to elicit from Mr. Kearse details of,

quote/unquote, what really happened, because ultimately, proof of the conviction of the

violation of law is the conviction for the violation of law,” id. at 20. Rather than focusing

on the murder as a standalone crime, the court highlighted that these circumstances

constitute “probably the most extreme form of violation of trust that there can be in this

case.” Id. at 52. The district court did not err in considering this information for purposes

of determining “the extent to which Mr. [Kearse] breached the trust of the district court.”

See Booker, 63 F.4th at 1261.

In addition, Mr. Kearse argues the court’s use of “make a statement” cannot be

read to invoke appropriate considerations because the court did not discuss deterrence or

the protection of the public. To the contrary, the transcript reflects that the court

considered how to best deter Mr. Kearse from future violations and protect the public,

both of which are valid considerations under § 3583(e). 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(B),

(a)(2)(C). The district court noted it had previously attempted to work with Mr. Kearse

but this was the second time Mr. Kearse had violated the conditions of his supervised

release. As we explained in Booker, the number of violations is one of the “permissible

bases for revocation of the initial supervised release and resentencing.” 63 F.4th at 1261.

The court also mentioned during the hearing that it had “tried, twice,” to sentence

Mr. Kearse in a manner that would provide him with the resources he needed to manage

his mental health and drug abuse problems. Supp. ROA at 44. As the court explained,

[The court was] looking at what [it was] seeing here and saying, that’s a problem for Mr. Kearse. It is. Mental health is a problem for Mr. Kearse. It is. And twice now [the court has] looked at those things and adjusted the

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sentence to better fit those things than [the court] believe[d] the guideline did.

Id. at 45.

This language reflects that the district court, in addition to evaluating the breach of

the court’s trust, was considering how to protect the public and adequately deter

Mr. Kearse from violating the law. These were all proper considerations. The use of the

phrase “make a statement” does not, in context, demonstrate the district court erroneously

sentenced Mr. Kearse for retributive purposes.

“Degree of Violation Deserves”

In addition, Mr. Kearse relies on the district court’s discussion of what the “degree

of violation deserves” while announcing his sentence. He asserts this reflects the

invocation of a retributive “just deserts” theory and the court’s intention for the sentence

to reflect the seriousness of the violation. Reply at 7.

The hearing transcript reflects that the court used the phrase “degree of violation

deserves” in the following context:

What I am going to say is that at the end of the day, this is a supervised release for a gun violation, the second time, it’s occurred, and it is as severe a form of supervised release violation as there can be.

As I said, this Grade A language that gets used is too sterile. Somebody is dead, and they are dead within a month of your being released on supervised release. I’m not sentencing you for that crime that has been done, but it adds a description to what has occurred here, and that degree of violation deserves nothing less than 24 months, and I have listened to everything that’s been said, it also deserves consecutive and that’s what I’m going to do.

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Supp. ROA at 61. The district court made these statements near the end of the hearing

while announcing Mr. Kearse’s sentence. Mr. Kearse focuses on two components of the

statement: the use of “deserves” and the phrase “degree of violation.”

Regarding the former, the court’s use of “deserves” does not reflect the invocation

of retribution. In making this argument, Mr. Kearse relies heavily on the district court’s

use of “deserves” two times at the very end of the hearing. He asserts the court intended

to invoke the concept of “just deserts,” arguing “just deserts” is synonymous with

retribution in the sentencing context. But we have in the past acknowledged language that

could be considered retributive in nature in some circumstances may not necessarily be

retributive in other contexts. For example, in United States v. Kratz, the defendant

asserted the district court invoked retribution when it “chastised him for disregarding his

conditions of supervised release by stating he was ‘to be given a timeout so to speak.’”

No. 22-5089, 2023 WL 3035195, at *8 (10th Cir. Apr. 21, 2023) (unpublished). We

determined that this statement did not concern retribution, explaining “[t]he court had just

finished discussing the prior petitions for revocation and the need for a different

approach,” and, “[a]t that point, the court could properly consider the ineffectiveness of

prior conditions.” Id.

In this case, the district court repeatedly disavowed any intention to sentence

Mr. Kearse for the violation itself, i.e., the murder. Additionally, like in Kratz, the district

court here discussed its previous attempts to sentence Mr. Kearse and Mr. Kearse’s

struggles with his mental health and drug abuse, thus invoking appropriate considerations

for revocation and sentencing purposes. The court’s use of “deserves” does not invoke a

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“just deserts” theory of retribution related to the murder, and the court’s discussion of

prior, failed attempts to deter Mr. Kearse and protect the public undercuts Mr. Kearse’s

argument that the court sentenced him for retributive reasons.

Next, regarding the “degree of violation” language, Mr. Kearse has not carried his

burden because he has not established the presence of retributive intent. As the

Government points out, the district court’s reference to the “degree of violation” at the

end of the hearing was not the court’s first discussion of this concept. Earlier in the

hearing, the district court explained the underlying offense “shapes the degree of

violation, which shapes the degree of breach of trust, which shapes the degree to which a

response is necessary.” Supp. ROA at 51. Thus, although Mr. Kearse is correct that it

would be error for the district court to sentence him for the crimes underlying the

violation of his supervised release, Mr. Kearse does not accurately characterize the

district court’s use of “degree of violation.” The district court used this terminology in

discussing the degree of the breach of trust and expressly stated that it was not punishing

Mr. Kearse for the violation itself.

“[A]bsent some indication in the record suggesting otherwise, . . . trial judges are

presumed to know the law and apply it in making their decisions.” United States v.

Lymon, 905 F.3d 1149, 1155 (10th Cir. 2018) (quotation marks omitted). Neither the

language upon which Mr. Kearse relies nor anything else in the record indicates the

district court erroneously relied upon retribution in sentencing Mr. Kearse. The court took

steps to clarify that it was not interested in discerning the detailed facts of the underlying

violation and expressly disavowed any intention to sentence him for the murder. Instead,

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the court emphasized that the violation constituted a serious breach of the court’s trust

and invoked the concepts of deterrence and the protection of the public, all appropriate

considerations for purposes of a supervised release revocation and sentencing.

“To satisfy the plain error standard, a defendant must [first] show that . . . the

district court erred . . . .” Sabillion-Umana, 772 F.3d at 1333. As has been noted, this

standard is rigorous and demanding. Draine, 26 F.4th at 1188. For the foregoing reasons,

Mr. Kearse has failed to carry his burden and to establish the first prong of plain error

review by demonstrating the district court erroneously considered retribution in

sentencing him. Because he has failed to establish this first prong, we need not consider

the remaining requirements of plain error review.

III. CONCLUSION

Mr. Kearse has failed to establish the district court relied upon the retributive

factor when it revoked his supervised release and sentenced him. He has therefore failed

to demonstrate that the court erred. We AFFIRM the sentence imposed by the district

court.

Entered for the Court

Carolyn B. McHugh Circuit Judge