United States v. Justin Williams

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedJuly 27, 2017
Docket16-3373
StatusPublished

This text of United States v. Justin Williams (United States v. Justin Williams) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Justin Williams, (7th Cir. 2017).

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 16‐3373 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff‐Appellee,

v.

JUSTIN WILLIAMS, Defendant‐Appellant. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 13 CR 930‐2 — Rebecca R. Pallmeyer, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED MAY 16, 2017 — DECIDED JULY 27, 2017 ____________________

Before EASTERBROOK, SYKES, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. A person may commit the federal crime of bank robbery “by force and violence, or by intimida‐ tion.” 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a). The issue in this appeal is whether the federal offense of bank robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) qualifies as a “crime of violence” under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). We hold that it does. We have held that the so‐called “residual clause” in the § 924(c) definition of a crime of violence is un‐ constitutionally vague, United States v. Cardena, 842 F.3d 959, 2 No. 16‐3373

996 (7th Cir. 2016), but even bank robbery fits easily into the “elements clause” of the definition of a crime of violence be‐ cause even when committed “by intimidation,” it has “as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another.” See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A).1 On December 4, 2013, defendant‐appellant Justin Williams and Malcolm Carpenter entered a Bank of America branch in Homewood, Illinois. Each was carrying a nine‐millimeter handgun. Williams pointed his gun at several employees and forced them to the ground while Carpenter ordered two em‐ ployees to open the vault and to fill a bag with money. The robbers left with more than $80,000 in cash. The next day, the two men were located in the gray Volvo described by wit‐ nesses as the getaway car. Inside the car, police also found the missing cash, the bank’s anti‐theft devices, and two nine‐mil‐ limeter handguns. Williams and Carpenter were charged with bank robbery in violation of § 2113(a). The indictment that followed added a second count for using a firearm in the course of the robbery under § 924(c) and a third count (later dropped) for being a felon in possession of a firearm under § 922(g)(1). Williams moved to dismiss the § 924(c) charge. He argued that federal bank robbery is not a crime of violence under § 924(c)(3)(A) because § 2113(a) provides that bank robbery can be committed “by intimidation,” as well as “by force and

1 The Supreme Court will hear re‐argument on October 2, 2017, in a

case that asks whether the near‐identical residual clause in 18 U.S.C. § 16 is unconstitutionally vague. See Sessions v. Dimaya, No 15‐1498 (argued Jan. 17, 2017). No. 16‐3373 3

violence.” His theory is that a robber can “intimidate” a vic‐ tim without intending to do so, and an intentional use or threat of force is essential for a crime of violence. The district court denied the motion, finding that bank robbery is a crime of violence under the elements clause because under Seventh Circuit precedent, “intimidation means threatened force ca‐ pable of causing bodily harm and therefore constitutes threat‐ ened ‘violent force’ under § 924(c)(3)(A).” United States v. Car‐ penter, No. 13 CR 930, 2016 WL 878631, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 8, 2016) (citation omitted) (emphasis in original); see also id., cit‐ ing United States v. Gordon, 642 F.3d 596, 598 (7th Cir. 2011) (“Intimidation exists when a bank robber’s words and actions would cause an ordinary person to feel threatened, by giving rise to a reasonable fear that resistance or defiance will be met with force.”). Williams then entered into a written conditional plea agreement, pleading guilty to bank robbery and use of a fire‐ arm in the course of a crime of violence but reserving his right to appeal the order denying his motion to dismiss the firearm charge. The district judge sentenced Williams to a total of 120 months in prison, comprised of a below‐guideline term of 36 months for the robbery charge and a mandatory consecutive term of 84 months for the § 924(c) charge. Williams appeals his conviction under § 924(c), arguing that federal bank robbery under § 2113(a) is not categorically a “crime of violence.” We review de novo the district court’s decision as to whether bank robbery qualifies as a crime of violence under § 924(c)(3)(A). See Cardena, 842 F.3d at 1000, citing United States v. Cureton, 739 F.3d 1032, 1040 (7th Cir. 2014). To determine if an offense is a crime of violence under the elements clause, § 924(c)(3)(A), we focus of course on the 4 No. 16‐3373

statutory elements of the offense, not the actual facts underly‐ ing the particular defendant’s crime. See Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. —, —, 133 S. Ct. 2276, 2283 (2013), citing Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 600 (1990); United States v. Ed‐ wards, 836 F.3d 831, 833 (7th Cir. 2016). We must presume the conviction rested on the least serious acts that would satisfy the statute. Johnson v. United States, 559 U.S. 133, 137 (2010).2 In United States v. Armour, we held that federal attempted bank robbery is a crime of violence under the elements clause of § 924(c). 840 F.3d 904, 907 (7th Cir. 2016). Armour argued that since bank robbery can be committed by intimidation as distinct from “by force or violence,” it could not be a crime of violence. Id. at 908. Applying the categorical approach, we disagreed. We reasoned that “[i]ntimidation means the threat of force” and exists “when a bank robber’s words and actions would cause an ordinary person to feel threatened, by giving rise to a reasonable fear that resistance or defiance will be met with force.” Id. at 909 (citations omitted). In short, the intimi‐ dation element of the crime of bank robbery is satisfied when an individual feels threatened under the circumstances. See, e.g., Gordon, 642 F.3d at 598 (holding that intimidation exists when the robber’s actions cause reasonable fear that defiance will be met with physical force); United States v. Burnley, 533

2 The Third Circuit has taken a different, more fact‐based approach to

§ 924(c), looking to the manner in which the predicate offense was com‐ mitted, explaining that the relevant question is not whether Hobbs Act robbery was a crime of violence, but whether a Hobbs Act robbery com‐ mitted while brandishing a firearm is a crime of violence. United States v. Robinson, 844 F.3d 137, 143–44 (3d Cir. 2016). Judge Fuentes wrote a con‐ curring opinion arguing that a straightforward application of the categor‐ ical approach should treat Hobbs Act robbery as a crime of violence under § 924(c)(3)(A). 844 F.3d at 149–50. No. 16‐3373 5

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