NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 23a0180n.06
Case No. 21-4197
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Apr 21, 2023 ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) Plaintiff - Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT v. ) COURT FOR THE NORTHERN ) DISTRICT OF OHIO JURMAINE A. JEFFRIES, ) Defendant - Appellant. ) OPINION )
Before: SUTTON, Chief Judge; LARSEN and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.
DAVIS, Circuit Judge. This case arises from a fatal drug overdose in connection with
Defendant-Appellant Jurmaine Jeffries’ distribution of fentanyl. A jury found Jeffries guilty of
one count of distributing a controlled substance that caused the fatal overdose, and one count of
possessing with intent to distribute a controlled substance. Jeffries now appeals the district court’s
denial of his motion for a judgment of acquittal as to the distribution count and the related death-
results enhancement. For the reasons stated below, we AFFIRM.
I.
On September 16, 2015, a woman called 911 at approximately 3:45 p.m. to report that she
believed her adult daughter, J.H., had overdosed on heroin in their home in Akron, Ohio. When
officers from the Akron Police Department arrived at J.H.’s home, they proceeded to the attic
where she was lying unresponsive. Near J.H., they found at least 50 hypodermic needles; plastic Case No. 21-4197, United States v. Jeffries
bags filled with over 200 unknown pills; a bagged, unknown brown substance, later identified as
fentanyl; and other drug paraphernalia. Officers also searched J.H.’s cell phone and found the
following text messages transmitted the same day between J.H. and Jeffries:
From J.H. to Jeffries
6:47 a.m. Need 2 Gs ASAP
10:21 a.m. R u ok? I don’t have a lot of time left 4 this 1.
10: 23 a.m. Got limited time C.
10:27 a.m. Limited time Can’t lose it.
10:58 a.m. Please soon they’re thinking I’m not going to make it good don’t wait much longer.
11:15 a.m. Didn’t understand what t said when you called earlier.
From Jeffries to J.H.
12:27 p.m. B there shortly
J.H. had attempted to contact Jeffries 18 times that morning and apparently spoke to Jeffries on
the phone a few times, including at least twice between 2:37 p.m. and 2:47 p.m. Moreover, based
on cell phone records, Jeffries was in the general vicinity of J.H.’s house during that same time
frame. Several hours after the 911 call, an officer sent Jeffries a text message from J.H.’s cell
phone, posing as J.H., to arrange a controlled purchase of heroin. The text message read, “Need
two more G ASAP.” Jeffries responded, “Separate?” and the officer responded affirmatively.
With officers set up at various surveillance points near J.H.’s home, police arrested Jeffries when
he arrived on the scene. On searching his person and car, officers uncovered $446 in cash, three
cell phones, two small bags of an unknown substance, and one larger bag containing the same
substance. Laboratory testing identified the bagged substance as containing fentanyl.
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A grand jury subsequently returned a two-count indictment against Jeffries. Count I
alleged that he distributed fentanyl in violation of 28 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(c), and
included an enhancement pursuant to § 841(b)(1)(c) alleging that he distributed the fentanyl that
caused J.H.’s death. Count II alleged that he possessed fentanyl with the intent to distribute in
violation of §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(c). Jeffries proceeded to trial.
At trial, two medical experts testified that they found lethal levels of fentanyl in J.H.’s
blood and urine. Toxicologists could not determine whether she took the fatal dose intravenously
or by swallowing or snorting a crushed or whole pill. However, a medical examiner testified that
J.H. did not have any residual powder under her nose, and that the “numerous fresh and healing
needle puncture marks” on J.H.’s body “indicate[d] intravenous drug use.” Regarding the source
of the fatal dose, a forensic investigator testified that there is no scientific method for determining
whether two separately packaged bags of fentanyl were derived from the same batch. In other
words, testing could not confirm whether J.H.’s fatal dose came from the same batch as the
fentanyl that officers recovered from Jeffries during his arrest. But a state detective testified that
the substance in the bag found in J.H.’s attic was the same “size, shape, consistency, [and] color”
as the substance officers seized from Jeffries. The detective also testified that the drugs and
paraphernalia in J.H.’s attic indicated “extensive chronic abuse.”
Evidence further revealed that no one tested the pills or the substance found on the drug
paraphernalia recovered from J.H.’s attic. Instead, the state detective identified the substances
contained in all but two of the pills by calling poison control and describing the color, size, and
markings on the pills. The jury also learned that Jeffries lived about three miles away from J.H.,
but cellular towers placed Jeffries closer to J.H.’s home between 2:37 p.m. and 2:42 p.m., about
an hour before J.H.’s mother found her unresponsive. The cellular towers placed Jeffries in the
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same location 45 minutes after the officer texted him from J.H.’s phone to facilitate the controlled
buy, and only a couple of minutes before officers arrested him at the meeting location.
Additionally, phone records indicated that J.H. and Jeffries were both in contact with an
unidentified person the morning of her death, but the government did not investigate that third
party. Ultimately, the jury returned a guilty verdict on both counts, and further found that death
resulted from the use of fentanyl distributed by Jeffries.
Pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29, Jeffries moved for a judgment of
acquittal after the close of the government’s evidence and again after the close of all evidence. In
particular, he challenged the sufficiency of the evidence as to Count I and the death-results
enhancement. The district court initially reserved its ruling but eventually denied Jeffries’ motion
following the guilty verdict.1 Jeffries now appeals.
II.
We review de novo both motions for a judgment of acquittal and challenges to the
sufficiency of evidence. United States v. Ray, 803 F.3d 244, 262 (6th Cir. 2015). The pertinent
question for claims of insufficient evidence is whether “any rational trier of fact could have found
the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Sumlin, 956 F.3d 879,
891 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting United States v. Maliszewski, 161 F.3d 992, 1005 (6th Cir. 1998)).
This inquiry places a heavy burden on the defendant, as “we examine the evidence in the light
most favorable to the government and draw all inferences in the government’s favor.” Id. (quoting
Maliszewski, 161 F.3d at 1005). “We [also] draw all available inferences and resolve all issues of
1 Jeffries also filed a motion for a new trial which was ultimately denied and is not relevant to the present appeal. -4- Case No. 21-4197, United States v. Jeffries
credibility in favor of the jury’s verdict, and it is not necessary for us to exclude every reasonable
hypothesis but guilt.” Id. (quoting United States v. Avery, 128 F.3d 966, 971 (6th Cir. 1997)).
To prevail on a death-results enhancement pursuant to § 841(b)(1)(c), the government must
prove: (1) Jeffries knowingly or intentionally distributed a controlled substance; and (2) that
controlled substance was the but-for cause of J.H.’s death. Burrage v. United States, 571 U.S.
204, 210 (2014). “But-for causation occurs when the distributed drug combines with other factors
to produce death, and death would not have occurred without the incremental effect of the
controlled substance.” United States v. Simer, 835 F. App’x 60, 65 (6th Cir. 2020) (internal
quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Volkman, 797 F.3d 377, 392 (6th Cir. 2015)).
Importantly, a guilty verdict on a death-results enhancement will not survive a challenge to the
sufficiency of evidence where there is an “unexplained gap in the [government’s] evidence.”
United States v. Ewing, 749 F. App’x 317, 329 (6th Cir. 2018). Yet, “we are . . . mindful that
circumstantial evidence alone is sufficient to sustain a conviction and such evidence need not
remove every reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt.” United States v. Peters, 15 F.3d 540,
544 (6th Cir. 1994) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Ellzey, 874 F.2d
324, 328 (6th Cir. 1989)).
In this vein, we have found the evidence insufficient to support a death-results
enhancement where the government failed to explain a gap in the evidence that it presented to
prove that the defendant sold the drugs that caused the death. Ewing, 749 F. App’x at 329–30.
The evidence in Ewing was sufficient to establish that the defendant distributed drugs to the victim
where the government introduced text messages from the victim expressing interest in buying
drugs from a phone number later linked to the defendant; the two men discussed price, quantity
and a meeting place in the text messages; the victim informed the defendant that he made a stop
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for cash enroute, which was later corroborated by atm records; and the defendant later warned the
victim about the potency of the drugs. Id. at 327. The evidence was also sufficient to support
fentanyl overdose as the cause of death. Id. at 328. However, the defendant identified an
unexplained gap in the government’s theory that he sold a mixture of heroin and fentanyl to the
victim, which caused the overdose several hours after the victim took the mixture. Id. at 329.
While the evidence revealed that fentanyl was a but-for cause of the victim’s death, nothing in the
record established that he had also used heroin—i.e., the other drug contained in the mixture—in
the several hours preceding his death. Id. Indeed, heroin was only present in the victim’s urine,
which indicated historical use; it was not present in the victim’s blood, which would have revealed
recent use according to the government’s experts. Id. Therefore, “the absence of heroin or heroin
metabolites in [the victim’s] blood and the lack of any evidence or testimony to explain its absence
[left] us unable to conclude that the jury’s verdict as to the death results enhancement [was]
supported by sufficient evidence.” Id. at 330.
Perhaps predictably, we reached the opposite conclusion in cases where the defendant
failed to poke holes in the government’s evidence regarding the death-results enhancement. For
instance, the defendant in United States v. Davis, 970 F.3d 650, 658 (6th Cir. 2020) argued that
the evidence did not establish causation because the victim received the fatal drugs from someone
to whom the defendant sold the drugs, rather than directly from the defendant himself. In finding
the evidence sufficient, we explained that a rational juror could find that the victim took the drugs
that the defendant distributed to a middleman, given the middleman’s testimony that he received
the drugs from the defendant and shared them with the victim. Id. Phone and cell-site data also
corroborated this testimony. Id. We further explained that the coroner’s finding that fentanyl was
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the but-for cause of death based on the fentanyl found in the victim’s blood was sufficient to
support a rational juror’s finding of but-for causation. Id.
Likewise, we found the evidence sufficient to sustain a death-results enhancement in
United States v. White, No. 21-1417, 2022 WL 3643324, at *3 (6th Cir. Aug. 24, 2022). There,
regarding the question of knowing and intentional distribution, the defendant argued that the
government had not shown that he distributed the fatal dose, as he sold heroin, but the evidence
revealed the cause of death as fentanyl. Id. We rejected this argument because, irrespective of
what the defendant and/or the middleman who bought from him thought the defendant was selling,
evidence suggested that the defendant in fact sold fentanyl to a middleman who in turn sold to the
victim and her boyfriend. Id. In reaching this conclusion, we looked to evidence establishing that
the victim’s boyfriend warned her that the defendant’s drugs were unusually strong, officers
recovered pure fentanyl from the victim’s apartment, and the defendant possessed pure fentanyl
when he arrived at a controlled buy for the “same” deal that the defendant previously gave to the
middleman. Id. With respect to causation, the defendant argued that the government had not
shown that fentanyl caused the victim’s death because other drugs were also detected in her system.
Id. at *4. This argument failed because the victim’s fentanyl levels were lethal compared to other
substances in her body, and medical experts testified that fentanyl was the cause of death. Id.
While it was true that the victim “had a variety of substances in her system when she died,” it was
the jury’s role—and not the court’s—to weigh the witness testimony regarding the cause of death.
Id. (citing Volkman, 797 F.3d at 394).
III.
Jeffries argues that the government’s evidence fails to prove that: (1) Jeffries distributed
drugs to J.H., to support the distribution count and the death-results enhancement; and (2) J.H.
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kept and used the drugs that she received from Jeffries, as required to establish causation for the
death-results enhancement. Each of these arguments fails.
First, a rational juror could find that Jeffries distributed fentanyl to J.H. on the day of her
death. Just as the context of the text messages was sufficient to establish that the defendant
distributed the drugs in Ewing, so too is the context of the messages between J.H. and Jeffries.
There, we looked to the victim’s expressed interest in buying the drugs; the discussions about
price, quantity and a meeting place; the victim’s whereabouts around the time of the buy; and the
messages following the drug deal. Id. at 327. Here, J.H. sent Jeffries a text message at 6:47 a.m.
on the morning of her death saying that she “need[ed] 2 Gs ASAP.” She then sent him five more
text messages within the next several hours following up on her request. At least one of the
messages indicated that she spoke to Jeffries on the phone during that time. In particular, one of
the messages read, “Didn’t understand what T said when you called earlier.” Officers also found
a text message from Jeffries in J.H.’s phone that read, “be there shortly” at 12:27 p.m., about 3
hours before her mom called 911. Additionally, cell tower data placed Jeffries near J.H.’s home
between 2:37 p.m. and 2:42 p.m., about an hour before the 911 call. Jeffries was connected to this
same cell tower minutes before officers arrested him at the meeting place for the controlled buy in
which an officer posing as J.H. requested “two more G ASAP,”—i.e., two more of what Jeffries
distributed to J.H. earlier that day. Officers also recovered $446 in cash, three cell phones, two
small bags of fentanyl, and one larger bag of fentanyl from Jeffries during the arrest. This evidence
supports a finding that Jeffries was selling drugs and had prepared two separate bags of the
substance he sold to J.H. earlier, just as the officer requested in the text message sent from J.H.’s
phone. And considering the evidence as a whole, viewed in favor of the government and the
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verdict, it is enough for the jury to conclude that Jeffries distributed fentanyl to J.H. on the day of
her death.
Jeffries raises several unpersuasive counter arguments. He contends that the number and
tone of messages suggest only that J.H. was interested in purchasing drugs, but “leaves open”
whether the transaction was complete. Jeffries further maintains that J.H. was a drug addict and
evidence revealed that she may have been in contact with multiple other drug dealers who could
have distributed the fentanyl. He also points to the government’s failure to test all the drugs and
drug paraphernalia found in J.H.’s attic to confirm their source. But these arguments simply call
into question whether the government introduced any direct evidence that the distribution occurred
or eliminated all other reasonable theories as to who could have distributed the fentanyl. We do
not require the government to make such showings for the death-results enhancement to apply.
See Ellzey, 874 F.2d at 328 (“[C]ircumstantial evidence alone is sufficient to sustain a conviction
and such evidence need not ‘remove every reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt.’” (quoting
United States v. Stone, 748 F.2d 361, 363 (6th Cir. 1984))). Further, Jeffries mentions in his
opening brief that while cell tower data suggested that he was near J.H.’s home the day of her
death, the evidence showed that he only lived about three miles away from J.H. But to the extent
Jeffries intends to argue that the proximity of his and J.H.’s homes casts doubt on the cell tower
data, the jury heard testimony from a special FBI agent explaining why the tower in question would
have only detected Jeffries’ location from J.H.’s home and not Jeffries’ home. It is not our place
to substitute our own credibility determinations for that of the jury. Volkman, 797 F.3d at 394;
United States v. Assfy, No. 20-1630, 2021 WL 2935359, at *5 (6th Cir. July 13, 2021) (“[W]e do
not weigh the evidence, consider the credibility of witnesses or substitute our judgment for that of
the jury.” (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Ray, 803 F.3d at 262)).
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Second, regarding causation, a rational juror could find that J.H. kept and used the fentanyl
that she received from Jeffries. The government offered evidence that J.H. kept at least some of
the drugs that she purchased from him. In particular, a state detective testified that the substance
officers recovered from J.H.’s room was the same “size, shape, consistency, [and] color” as the
bagged substance found in Jeffries’ possession. And a forensic investigator testified that it was
not possible to determine by other means whether the fatal dose and the substance recovered from
Jeffries during the arrest came from the “same batch.” Furthermore, there were over 200 pills in
the attic, but the state detective worked with poison control to identify all but two of the pills and
none of them were fentanyl. Even if any of the pills had contained fentanyl, a medical examiner
testified that J.H. did not have any powder residue on her nose to indicate that she crushed and
snorted a pill containing the fatal dose; instead, the “numerous fresh and healing needle puncture
marks” on J.H.’s body “indicate[d] intravenous drug use.” Investigators also found lighters, a
burnt spoon and several needles in the attic, and the government offered evidence to show that
these items are indicative of intravenous drug use. This circumstantial evidence would permit a
rational juror to find that J.H. took the fentanyl that she received from Jeffries intravenously. The
government was not required to disprove the hypothesis that J.H. could have swallowed a pill
containing fentanyl. See Ellzey, 874 F.2d at 328.
Jeffries also maintains that the tone and context of the text messages indicate that J.H. was
“middling” or facilitating a purchase of drugs for someone else. The government argues, and we
agree, that whether the text messages suggest that J.H. was “middling” a transaction does not
undercut that she used the drugs for herself. Jeffries tries to distinguish this case from cases like
Simer, 835 F. App’x at 65 where eyewitnesses confirmed that the victim took the drugs that the
defendant distributed. It is true that eyewitnesses can be helpful for the government in cases where
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the victim did not take the drugs alone. See id. (“[The victim’s boyfriend] testified that he and [the
victim] consumed the drugs received from [the defendant.]”); White, 2022 WL 3643324, at *1
(evidence revealed that the victim took the drugs with her boyfriend, who in turn helped the
government facilitate a controlled buy with the defendant). However, we have not required
eyewitness evidence where, as here, the victim took the drugs alone. See Sumlin, 956 F.3d at 892
(finding evidence that drug transaction occurred sufficient to suggest that the victim took the
drugs). And in Ewing, the evidence was insufficient to link the defendant’s drugs to the victim’s
fatal dose, but even then, we did not hold or imply that eyewitness testimony was required. 749
F. App’x at 329. Indeed, such a requirement would place a nearly insurmountable burden on the
government in cases where victims did not take drugs with at least one other person. Rather, we
found the evidence insufficient to explain the gap in Ewing because the type of drug the defendant
sold was not detected in the victim’s blood. Id. Jeffries points to no such gap.
Finally, Jeffries cites Woods v. Lecureux, 110 F.3d 1215, 1221 (6th Cir. 1997) to argue that
“the jury had to impermissibly stack inferences thereby creating ‘facts’ that were not present.”
This argument is misplaced. In Lecureux, we explained that it is not helpful to the jury to hear an
opinion as to an ultimate issue that a witness reached by stacking inference upon inference. Id.
That case speaks to a limitation of inferences by witnesses, not juries. It is well-settled that
“[c]ircumstantial evidence alone is sufficient to sustain a conviction.” United States v. Lowe, 795
F.3d 519, 522–23 (6th Cir. 2015); see also United States v. Garcia, 758 F.3d 714, 722 (6th Cir.
2014) (“Although [the defendant’s] conviction required the triers of fact to accept the chain of
inferences that the United States posited at trial, each of those inferences is reasonable and supports
[the defendant’s] conviction.”).
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Accordingly, Jeffries cannot establish that the government’s evidence was insufficient to
sustain a guilty verdict as to the distribution count of his indictment and the related death-results
enhancement.
IV.
For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
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