United States v. Johnathan Anton Williams

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
• Decided: January 7, 2025
• Docket: 23-13858
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

USCA11 Case: 23-13858 Document: 42-1 Date Filed: 01/07/2025 Page: 1 of 6

[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 23-13858 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus JOHNATHAN ANTON WILLIAMS,

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 8:22-cr-00308-JSM-AAS-1 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 23-13858 Document: 42-1 Date Filed: 01/07/2025 Page: 2 of 6

2 Opinion of the Court 23-13858

Before JORDAN, LUCK, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Johnathan Williams appeals his conviction for possession of a firearm and ammunition as a convicted felon, arguing that 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) violates the Second Amendment and the Com- merce Clause, both facially and as applied to him. Both Williams and the government agree that the judgment contains a clerical er- ror incorrectly citing the offense of conviction. I.

We generally review the constitutionality of a statute de novo. United States v. Wright, 607 F.3d 708, 715 (11th Cir. 2010). We are bound to adhere to our prior panel precedent unless that precedent has been abrogated by our Court sitting en banc or by the Supreme Court. United States v. White, 837 F.3d 1225, 1228 (11th Cir. 2016) (quotation marks omitted). “To constitute an overruling for the purposes of this prior panel precedent rule, the Supreme Court decision must be clearly on point.” United States v. Kaley, 579 F.3d 1246, 1255 (11th Cir. 2009) (quotation marks omit- ted). To abrogate precedent, the Supreme Court must “demolish and eviscerate each of its fundamental props.” United States v. Du- bois, 94 F.4th 1284, 1293 (11th Cir. 2024) (quotation marks omitted). Section 922(g) of Title 18 of the United States Code prohibits anyone who has been convicted of a crime punishable by more USCA11 Case: 23-13858 Document: 42-1 Date Filed: 01/07/2025 Page: 3 of 6

23-13858 Opinion of the Court 3

than one year of imprisonment from possessing a firearm or am- munition. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The Commerce Clause reads: “The Congress shall have Power . . . To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes.” U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 3. We have held that § 922(g) is constitutional under the Commerce Clause. United States v. Stancil, 4 F.4th 1193, 1200 (11th Cir. 2021). We have also rejected as-applied challenges to 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), holding that the government proves a “minimal nexus” to interstate commerce where it proves that the firearms were manufactured outside the state where the offense took place and thus necessarily traveled in interstate commerce. Wright, 607 F.3d at 715-16. In United States v. McAllister, we explicitly rejected the argument that United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995) ren- dered § 922(g)(1) unconstitutional as applied to the appellant, hold- ing that § 922(g)(1)’s statutory requirement of a connection to in- terstate commerce could satisfy the “minimal nexus” requirement that remained in binding precedent. 77 F.3d 387, 390 (11th Cir. 1996). Similarly, in United States v. Scott, we held that United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000) did not abrogate McAllister because § 922(g)(1) contained an explicit statutory jurisdictional require- ment that “immunizes § 922(g)(1) from Scott’s facial constitutional attack,” and Morrison did not compel a different conclusion than reached in McAllister. 263 F.3d 1270, 1273 (11th Cir. 2001). The Second Amendment reads: “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the USCA11 Case: 23-13858 Document: 42-1 Date Filed: 01/07/2025 Page: 4 of 6

4 Opinion of the Court 23-13858

people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” U.S. Const. amend. II. In District of Columbia v. Heller, the Supreme Court noted that while it “[did] not undertake an exhaustive historical analysis . . . of the full scope of the Second Amendment, nothing in [the Hel- ler] opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibi- tions on the possession of firearms by felons.” 554 U.S. 570, 626 (2008). In United States v. Rozier, we relied on Heller to hold that § 922(g)(1) did not violate the Second Amendment. 598 F.3d 768, 770 (11th Cir. 2010). The Rozier decision recognized that prohibit- ing felons from possessing firearms was a “presumptively lawful longstanding prohibition.” Id. at 771 (quotation marks omitted). We stated that Heller suggested that “statutes disqualifying felons from possessing a firearm under any and all circumstances do not offend the Second Amendment.” Id. In Dubois, we rejected a defendant’s Second Amendment challenge to § 922(g)(1). 94 F.4th at 1291-93. We determined that New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1 (2022), did not abrogate our precedent in Rozier under the prior-panel-precedent rule because the Supreme Court made it clear that Heller did not cast doubt on felon-in-possession prohibitions and that its holding in Bruen was consistent with Heller. Id. at 1293. We held that, be- cause we required clearer instruction from the Supreme Court be- fore we could reconsider § 922(g)(1)’s constitutionality, we were still bound by Rozier. Id. Here, we conclude that the district court did not err in con- victing Williams under § 922(g)(1) because his challenges are USCA11 Case: 23-13858 Document: 42-1 Date Filed: 01/07/2025 Page: 5 of 6

23-13858 Opinion of the Court 5

foreclosed by our binding precedent. Dubois and Rozier foreclose Williams’s Second Amendment arguments. See Rozier, 598 F.3d at 770-71; Dubois, 94 F.4th at 1293. Further, as Williams conceded, his Commerce Clause arguments are similarly foreclosed by our prec- edent. See McAllister, 77 F.3d at 390; Scott, 263 F.3d at 1273. Ac- cordingly, we affirm Williams’s conviction under § 922(g)(1). II.

We may recognize errors in the judgment and remand with instructions for the district court to correct the errors. See United States v. Anderton, 136 F.3d 747, 751 (11th Cir. 1998) (sua sponte re- manding with directions to correct the judgment, where it cited the wrong statute). Rule 36 allows a court “at any time [to] correct a clerical er- ror in a judgment, order, or other part of the record, or correct an error in the record arising from oversight or omission.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 36; United States v. Portillo, 363 F.3d 1161, 1164 (11th Cir. 2004). Rule 36 encompasses “minor, uncontroversial errors” and may not be used to correct substantive legal errors such as adding a term of forfeiture that was not imposed at sentencing or increas- ing a term of imprisonment. Portillo, 363 F.3d at 1164-65 (quotation mark omitted). Because the district court’s written judgment incorrectly lists Williams’s offense as “18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and (a)(2),” rather than 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(8), we vacate Williams’s written judgment, in part, and remand for the limited purpose of USCA11 Case: 23-13858 Document: 42-1 Date Filed: 01/07/2025 Page: 6 of 6

6 Opinion of the Court 23-13858

allowing the district court to amend the judgment to reflect the proper statute. AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED IN PART AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.