United States v. John Terzakis

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedApril 27, 2017
Docket16-3340
StatusPublished

This text of United States v. John Terzakis (United States v. John Terzakis) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. John Terzakis, (7th Cir. 2017).

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 16‐3340 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff‐Appellee, v.

JOHN D. TERZAKIS, Defendant‐Appellant. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 13 CR 339 — Rebecca R. Pallmeyer, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED APRIL 5, 2017 — DECIDED APRIL 27, 2017 ____________________

Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and FLAUM and HAMILTON, Cir‐ cuit Judges. FLAUM, Circuit Judge. John D. Terzakis was indicted for transporting stolen goods. After the government conceded that its key witness would be unavailable to testify at trial, it moved to dismiss the case. Terzakis then filed a motion under the Hyde Amendment seeking attorney’s fees, which the dis‐ trict court denied. For the following reasons, we affirm. 2 No. 16‐3340

I. Background In the early 1990s, Terzakis met Berenice Ventrella, the trustee for a family trust with extensive real‐estate holdings. Terzakis ran a company that managed and developed real es‐ tate and eventually managed some of Berenice’s property. In March 2007, Berenice and Terzakis created an LLC to hold one of Berenice’s properties in Buffalo Grove, Illinois. The LLC purchased the property from Berenice using a $15 million loan. Shortly before her death in January 2008, Berenice ap‐ pointed her son Nick, who had Asperger syndrome, to be the successor trustee of the Ventrella trust. Soon after Berenice passed away, Terzakis opened an account in the name of the “Estate of Berenice Ventrella.” Terzakis allegedly took Nick to various banks and had him transfer funds from accounts that had belonged to Berenice into this new estate account. Subse‐ quently, between March and September 2008, Terzakis trans‐ ferred about $4.2 million from the estate account to the ac‐ count for the LLC he had opened with Berenice and which he now controlled. Terzakis then transferred at least $3.9 million from the LLC account to different personal accounts of his that were unrelated to the Ventrella family. He later proffered that this money was a loan from Berenice’s estate for “work‐ ing capital”; however, the Buffalo Grove property held by the LLC was never developed, and there are no documents me‐ morializing a loan from Berenice’s estate to Terzakis. Thereafter, the government investigated these transfers. Law enforcement officers reviewed Terzakis’s ledgers detail‐ ing some of the above transactions and other records from various banks and members of the Ventrella family. However, No. 16‐3340 3

Nick was the only witness with personal knowledge of Ter‐ zakis’s allegedly fraudulent statements about the purpose of the transfers. During the investigation, Nick’s relatives disclosed to the government an August 2009 psychological report authored by Dr. Karen F. Levin regarding Nick. It noted that Nick “had a very poor grasp of time,” that he “had difficulty with simple questions about the present,” and that he showed “a lack of organized thought.” The report also remarked on Nick’s “ex‐ cellent recall of very old events with fine details of numbers,” and that “[h]e was very good with calculations.” Dr. Levin ul‐ timately opined that Nick “clearly has a longstanding cogni‐ tive disability that would likely fall upon the autism spec‐ trum,” and needed assistance managing his finances and other aspects of life. Between 2010 and 2013, the government held several interviews with Nick and questioned him about the bank transfers. Nick told the government that Terzakis had expressed to Nick that the transfers were for developing the Buffalo Grove property held by Terzakis’s LLC. In April 2013, the government brought the case before a grand jury. Nick did not testify at the proceeding; however, the indictment indicates that the government informed the grand jury that Nick had cognitive problems. On April 25, 2013, several days before the limitations period was to lapse for four of the underlying transfers, the grand jury returned a five‐count indictment for transmitting stolen money, in viola‐ tion of 18 U.S.C. § 2314. The case proceeded without resolu‐ tion for two years. Then, in October 2015, the government learned that Nick had been diagnosed with brain cancer, with a prognosis of six months. The government informed Terzakis of the diagnosis, and the parties resumed plea negotiations. 4 No. 16‐3340

On December 23, 2015, Terzakis rejected the government’s plea offer and demanded a speedy trial. On January 8, 2016, the government moved to dismiss the case, citing Nick’s una‐ vailability, and the court entered a dismissal order later that day. Nick passed away several months later. On February 5, 2016, Terzakis moved to recover attorney fees under the Hyde Amendment, Pub. L. No. 105‐119, § 617, 111 Stat. 2440, 2519 (1997) (reprinted in 18 U.S.C. § 3006A, his‐ torical and statutory notes). On August 19, the district court denied Terzakis’ motion. This appeal followed. II. Discussion This Court has not explicitly stated the standard of review for appeals of Hyde Amendment cases. All other circuits to address the question have reviewed the district courts’ deci‐ sions for abuses of discretion. See United States v. Manzo, 712 F.3d 805, 809 (3d Cir. 2013) (collecting cases). We agree and review the district court’s decision on Terzakis’s motion for attorney’s fees for abuse of discretion. A district court abuses its discretion by applying an incorrect legal standard, or by reaching an outcome that is unsupported by the record or based on a clearly erroneous finding of fact. United States v. Warner, 498 F.3d 666, 680 (7th Cir. 2007). The Hyde Amendment “authorizes the court in a criminal case to award a reasonable attorney’s fee to ‘a prevailing party, other than the United States,’ if the court finds that the government’s position was ‘vexatious, frivolous, or in bad faith.’” United States v. Sriram, 482 F.3d 956, 958–59 (7th Cir. 2007) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3006A), vacated on other grounds, 552 U.S. 1163 (2008). The defendant in the underlying criminal case bears the burden of demonstrating these requirements by No. 16‐3340 5

a preponderance of the evidence. See United States v. Manches‐ ter Farming P’ship, 315 F.3d 1176, 1182 (9th Cir.), opinion amended on denial of reh’g, 326 F.3d 1028 (9th Cir. 2003); United States v. Truesdale, 211 F.3d 898, 908 (5th Cir. 2000). A. Prevailing Party The district court determined that Terzakis was a “prevail‐ ing party” because the government had dismissed the indict‐ ment after the limitations period had lapsed. The government argues that the district court erred in making this ruling. We may review the government’s arguments as alternate grounds for affirmance, because concluding that Terzakis was not a prevailing party would produce the same outcome as the district court’s order. See Jennings v. Stephens, — U.S. —, 135 S. Ct. 793

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