United States v. John Anderson

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
• Decided: January 28, 2025
• Docket: 23-13824
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

USCA11 Case: 23-13824 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 01/28/2025 Page: 1 of 6

[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 23-13824 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus JOHN CHARLES ANDERSON,

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 8:22-cr-00054-KKM-UAM-1 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 23-13824 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 01/28/2025 Page: 2 of 6

2 Opinion of the Court 23-13824

Before ROSENBAUM, ABUDU, and BLACK, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: John Anderson appeals his 144-month sentence for bank rob- bery involving assault with a deadly weapon. He contends the dis- trict court incorrectly calculated his Guidelines range of 78 to 97 months and his sentence is procedurally unreasonable. Specifi- cally, Anderson asserts the district court erred in applying a sen- tencing enhancement for otherwise using a dangerous weapon, in declining to impose a reduction for acceptance of responsibility, and in calculating his criminal history score. He additionally con- tends his sentence is substantively unreasonable because the court failed to afford adequate weight to his personal history and charac- teristics, including his traumatic upbringing and mental health con- cerns. After review, 1 we affirm. We will not address a disputed Guidelines determination when the sentencing court explicitly states that it would have im- posed the same sentence under its 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) authority re- gardless of the determination. United States v. Keene, 470 F.3d 1347, 1348-49 (11th Cir. 2006). When the sentencing court makes such a statement, we reduce the Guidelines range in accordance with the defendant’s arguments and analyze whether the sentence would be

1 We review the reasonableness of a sentence for an abuse of discretion. United

States v. Grushko, 50 F.4th 1, 10 (11th Cir. 2022). USCA11 Case: 23-13824 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 01/28/2025 Page: 3 of 6

23-13824 Opinion of the Court 3

substantively reasonable under that alternative Guidelines range. Id. at 1349-50. Because the district court stated on the record that, regard- less of how it ruled on the objections by both parties, it would have imposed the same sentence, we can review Anderson’s sentence for substantive reasonableness under the alternative Guidelines range. See id. If we take away the sentencing enhancement for otherwise using a dangerous weapon, add a reduction for ac- ceptance of responsibility, and lower Anderson’s criminal history score, Anderson’s total offense level would be 22 and his criminal history score would be II. This results in a Guidelines range of 46 to 57 months. Thus, the question is whether, assuming a Guide- lines range of 46 to 57 months, the district court’s 144-month sen- tence is reasonable. See id. In deciding whether a sentence is substantively reasonable, we look to the totality of the circumstances. United States v. Grushko, 50 F.4th 1, 19 (11th Cir. 2022). The sentence must be “suf- ficient, but not greater than necessary to comply with the pur- poses” set out in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), including the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for the law, provide just punishment for the offense, deter criminal conduct, and pro- tect the public from the defendant’s future criminal conduct. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2). In imposing a particular sentence, the court must also consider the offense’s nature and circumstances, the de- fendant’s history and characteristics, the applicable Guidelines range, any pertinent policy statements from the Sentencing USCA11 Case: 23-13824 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 01/28/2025 Page: 4 of 6

4 Opinion of the Court 23-13824

Commission, the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities between similarly situated defendants, and the need to provide res- titution to the defendant’s victims. Id. § 3553(a)(1), (3)-(7). A dis- trict court abuses its discretion and imposes a substantively unrea- sonable sentence if it (1) fails to consider “relevant factors that were due significant weight, (2) gives significant weight to an improper or irrelevant factor, or (3) commits a clear error of judgment in considering the proper factors.” United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1189 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc) (quotation marks omitted). The district court did not abuse its discretion by imposing a 144-month sentence, even though it was an 87-month upward var- iance from the top of the assumed 46-to-57-month Guidelines range. See Grushko, 50 F.4th at 20 (stating where a district court imposes an upward variance based upon the § 3553(a) factors, it must have a justification compelling enough to support the degree of variance). The district court cited several § 3553(a) factors in explaining its sentence, including the seriousness of the offense conduct, the need to promote deterrence and protect the public, and Anderson’s personal history and characteristics. The court also gave significant weight to Anderson’s criminal history and his like- lihood of recidivism, noting he committed the instant offense only weeks after his release from an 18-year sentence, and explaining that it may have weighed the factors differently if Anderson did not have a history of committing armed robberies. Additionally, the district court made findings relevant to An- derson’s personal history and characteristics, which Anderson now USCA11 Case: 23-13824 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 01/28/2025 Page: 5 of 6

23-13824 Opinion of the Court 5

argues were overlooked. It recognized Anderson’s difficult child- hood and mental health issues and discussed them at length— weighing them against his likelihood of reoffending, the need to promote deterrence, the need to protect the public, and the seri- ousness of the offense. Notably, while the district court was sym- pathetic to Anderson’s mental health struggles, it recognized that his mental health issues made him more likely to reoffend and found his lack of control weighed in favor of a longer sentence. The district court was permitted to find this factor to be aggravat- ing rather than mitigating. See United States v. Boone, 97 F.4th 1331, 1343 (11th Cir. 2024) (holding it is within the district court’s discre- tion to find a purported mitigating factor is aggravating). The court specifically stated that, given Anderson’s lack of impulse control and likelihood of reoffending, a lengthy sentence was the only way to protect the community and promote deterrence. Though An- derson may disagree with the weight the district court ascribed the various factors and its explanation of reasons, the court was per- mitted to attach greater weight to the aggravating factors than to the mitigating factors. See United States v. Kuhlman, 711 F.3d 1321, 1327 (11th Cir. 2013) (stating the weight given to each factor lies within the district court’s sound discretion). The district court’s extensive explanation of the factors and the sentence imposed was sufficiently compelling to justify an 87- month variance. See Irey, 612 F.3d at 1196 (“Although there is no proportionality principle in sentencing, a major variance does re- quire a more significant justification than a minor one—the re- quirement is that the justification be sufficiently compelling to USCA11 Case: 23-13824 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 01/28/2025 Page: 6 of 6

6 Opinion of the Court 23-13824

support the degree of the variance.” (quotation marks omitted)). Further, the ultimate sentence of 144 months falls well below the maximum penalty of 25 years’ imprisonment, indicating reasona- bleness. 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), (d); United States v. Goldman, 953 F.3d 1213, 1222 (11th Cir. 2020) (explaining one indicator of reasonable- ness is whether the sentence falls well below the maximum pen- alty). Because Anderson’s sentence would be substantively reason- able at the lower Guidelines range, any potential error was harm- less. See Keene, 470 F.3d at 1350. Accordingly, we affirm. AFFIRMED.