NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 20a0668n.06
No. 19-3830
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Nov 20, 2020 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE JESUS INZUNZA-ARENAS, ) SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ) OHIO Defendant-Appellant. ) )
BEFORE: BOGGS, DONALD, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges
BOGGS, Circuit Judge. This appeal arises from an evidentiary ruling in the federal
conviction of Jesus Inzunza-Arenas for distributing heroin in and around Columbus, Ohio. The
Government charged Inzunza-Arenas for participating in a conspiracy to possess with intent to
distribute more than one kilogram of heroin, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1),
841(b)(1)(A)(i), and 846. On April 17, 2019, a jury convicted Inzunza-Arenas of the lesser charge
of participating in a conspiracy to distribute heroin with only 100 to 1,000 grams attributable to
him.
When Inzunza-Arenas was arrested, law-enforcement officers seized two phones, an LG
and a Samsung. The LG phone contained communications regarding drug transactions. The
Samsung phone contained pictures of Inzunza-Arenas, his motel room, and wire transfer receipts
to his wife. At issue are eight specific thumbnail images on the Samsung that depict various No. 19-3830, United States v. Inzunza-Arenas
baggies of a white powdery substance held in an unidentified hand. The court admitted the images
over the defense’s objection.
On appeal, Inzunza-Arenas argues the images are not relevant and that they are other-acts
evidence that are inadmissible under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) or its background-evidence
exception. Because the thumbnail images are relevant and any possible error in their admission
would be harmless, we affirm Inzunza-Arenas’s conviction.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
In September 2018, investigators from the Department of Homeland Security received a
tip from a confidential informant about a heroin-distribution conspiracy around Columbus. They
were told that a woman, Gianella Luckett, was importing heroin from Mexico and a Hispanic man
driving a silver Chevrolet Impala was distributing it. Special Agent Ryan Marvich located the
vehicle and observed Jesus Inzunza-Arenas driving.
Agent Marvich trailed Inzunza-Arenas over the next five or six days and noticed conduct
consistent with narcotics trafficking. The driver performed “heat runs,” which are sporadic driving
maneuvers—such as spontaneous U-turns or excessively slow driving—conducted to discover if
any law-enforcement vehicles are following. Inzunza-Arenas also stopped in parking lots where
individuals would get out of their vehicles and enter his car, stay only for thirty seconds to a minute
before returning to their vehicles, and then drive away.
Agent Marvich coordinated with local law enforcement who stopped Inzunza-Arenas after
a traffic violation on October 4, 2018. The officers searched the vehicle and found a Wendy’s cup
with a bag inside containing 23.89 grams of brown heroin and a digital scale in the center console.
The police also seized additional plastic baggies and two cell phones, an LG and a Samsung.
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After the stop, Agent Marvich conducted a recorded interview of Inzunza-Arenas through
a translator. During this interview, Inzunza-Arenas admitted to selling heroin to “two or three
clients,” depositing the proceeds, and sending wire transfers with the funds.
The next day, police arrested Luckett and searched her apartment. They recovered 595
grams of heroin, a scale, and ziplock baggies.
B. Judicial Proceedings
On October 23, 2018 a federal grand jury charged Inzunza-Arenas with conspiracy to
possess over a kilogram of heroin with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1),
841(b)(1)(A)(i), and 846. The time period of the stated conspiracy was from September 15 to
October 5, 2018 and the charged coconspirators were Luckett and Kelly Rosas. Rosas was not
part of Inzunza-Arenas’s trial. Luckett pleaded guilty to a separate drug-distribution-conspiracy
charge and cooperated with the Government during the trial. On April 17, 2019, a jury convicted
Inzunza-Arenas of the lesser offense of participating in a conspiracy to distribute between 100 and
1,000 grams of heroin.
Luckett testified against Inzunza-Arenas. She explained that she would receive
instructions to pick up and distribute heroin from a woman in Mexico named “Rosa” or “Señora.”
This contact directed her to pick up Inzunza-Arenas from the airport and get him situated. First,
she got him a room in a Motel 6 and then a more permanent residence. Luckett also bought
Inzunza-Arenas a car, a Chevrolet Impala, which was registered in her name even though she did
not drive it.
Luckett testified that in early September she picked up two kilograms of heroin from a
courier who flew in from Mexico. She said that Inzunza-Arenas was the only person she provided
with heroin and that she gave it to him in 50-gram increments two-to-three times a week throughout
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the charged time period (resulting in approximately 300 to 450 grams). She testified that the
approximately 600 grams found by law enforcement in the apartment was the remainder of the
two kilograms she had received from the courier and that it was destined for Inzunza-Arenas.
Agent Marvich discussed the investigatory process, including acting on a tip from a
confidential source and trailing Inzunza-Arenas. He detailed the arrest and his subsequent
interview of Inzunza-Arenas. The Government played the video recording of the interview for the
jury. Agent Marvich also explained how he obtained a search warrant and downloaded items from
each phone after the arrest.
The LG’s subscriber information contained a fictitious address, but there were texts to a
person named Ramiro, which is Inzunza-Arenas’s middle name. There were also texts about
quantities, addresses, and transaction prices—presumably of heroin, based on the price per gram.
Some texts referred to receiving specific quantities from Gianella Luckett (there were references
to Yanela and Gianella). Another text described the need to avoid the police before sending a wire
transfer. The report contained 107 calls between the phone and contacts named “Peru” and
“Peru2” over eleven days. Luckett testified that she spoke to Inzunza-Arenas about how she was
born in Peru and that the call records seemed to accurately represent how often she spoke with him
by phone.
The Samsung had no subscriber information but did have pictures of Inzunza-Arenas and
of the Motel 6 room where he stayed—the picture of the room was taken on the day Luckett rented
it. The phone also had photos of wire transfer receipts dated during the conspiracy period, some
of which were addressed to the person who accompanied him when he crossed the border to the
United States—Inzunza-Arenas suggested during his cross-examination of Agent Hicks that it was
his wife in Mexico.
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A computer forensic analyst described the extraction report pulled from the Samsung and
said it contained pictures and over 4,400 thumbnail images. She explained that digital pictures on
devices have corresponding thumbnail files found in the gallery application, and those thumbnails
remain even if the original picture is deleted. Thumbnail images have no dates, times, or
identifying information, and they lack data regarding whether they were taken by the phone’s
camera or received from another source. Eight of these images from the Samsung were images of
a hand or hands holding a baggie with a white powdery substance. The analyst denied knowing
who took the pictures, when they were taken, and what substance was depicted.
Inzunza-Arenas objected to the admission of the thumbnails on the ground that they lacked
foundation and relevance.1 The court considered and rejected the objections, stating that Inzunza-
Arenas’s concerns went to weight and not admissibility. It is this decision that we evaluate on
appeal.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
We review evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S.
136, 139 (1997). The decision to admit evidence is a matter of district court discretion and an
appellate court “will not reverse . . . unless the ruling is manifestly erroneous.” Id. at 141–42
(quoting Cong. & Empire Spring Co. v. Edgar, 99 U.S. 645, 658 (1879)). “An abuse of discretion
occurs when a district court (1) relies on clearly erroneous factual findings, (2) improperly applies
the law, or (3) uses an erroneous legal standard.” United States v. Paulus, 894 F.3d 267, 279 (6th
1 The thumbnail images were the subject of pretrial motions, but the court had held its decision in abeyance to allow the Government the opportunity to lay a proper foundation at trial. In its pretrial opinion and order, the court considered three plausible arguments for admitting the thumbnail images: as relevant evidence to a fact of consequence, as background evidence, and as other-acts evidence under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b).
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Cir. 2018). In this analysis, this court “must view the evidence in the light most favorable to its
proponent, giving the evidence its maximum reasonable probative force and its minimum
reasonable prejudicial value.” United States v. Dye, 538 F. App’x 654, 663 (6th Cir. 2013)
(quoting United States v. Whittington, 455 F.3d 736, 739 (6th Cir. 2006)).
If there is an abuse of discretion, we will “reverse only if we are firmly convinced of a
mistake that affects substantial rights and amounts to more than harmless error.” Dortch v. Fowler,
588 F.3d 396, 400 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Pressman v. Franklin Nat’l Bank, 384 F.3d 182, 187
(6th Cir. 2004); Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(a) (“Any error, defect, irregularity, or variance that does not
affect substantial rights must be disregarded.”).
B. Admissibility & Relevance
Any evidence is relevant that tends to make a fact of consequence in an action more or less
probable than it would be without that evidence. Fed. R. Evid. 401. Relevant evidence is
admissible unless otherwise excluded. Fed. R. Evid. 402. The standard for relevance
determinations is “extremely liberal.” Dortch, 588 F.3d at 400. “[T]he common objection that
the inference for which the fact is offered ‘does not necessarily follow’ is untenable. It poses a
standard of conclusiveness that very few single items of circumstantial evidence could ever meet.
A brick is not a wall.” Id. at 401 (quoting Edward W. Cleary et al., McCormick on Evidence § 185,
542–43 (1978)). Evidence may not be excluded merely because it is insufficient to prove the
ultimate point for which it is offered, so long as “it has the slightest probative worth.” Whittington,
455 F.3d at 738–39 (quoting DXS, Inc. v. Siemens Med. Sys., Inc., 100 F.3d 462, 475 (6th Cir.
1996)).
If evidence is relevant insofar as it only proves a defendant has a character trait and on a
specific occasion he acted in accordance with that trait, it is normally inadmissible. Fed. R.
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Evid. 404(b)(1). The threshold inquiry for “other acts” outside the crime charged is whether the
act is probative of a material issue other than character. Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S.
681, 686 (1988). Acceptable inferences include “proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation,
plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident.” Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(2).
During Inzunza-Arenas’s trial, the Government introduced eight thumbnail images with
various depictions of a hand or hands holding baggies of a white powdery substance. These images
are relevant because they make it slightly more probable that Inzunza-Arenas participated in a
conspiracy to distribute heroin. The thumbnails corroborate Inzunza-Arenas’s prior admission that
he sold drugs to two or three people during that time period. It is not these thumbnail images alone
that make it more likely that Inzunza-Arenas intended to participate in the conspiracy, but his
possession of a phone with his selfies, photos of wire-transfer receipts to his wife during the
charged conspiracy, and a white powder that resembles heroin. There is sufficient evidence to
connect the phone and images to Inzunza-Arenas and the time frame of the charged conspiracy.
The thumbnails are a brick in the wall.
Inzunza-Arenas’s objections are related to the strength of the evidence, not whether the
images are relevant. The lack of timestamp, difference in the substances’ coloration, and absence
of identifying information on the phone are reasons why it “does not necessarily follow” that
Inzunza-Arenas participated in a heroin-distribution conspiracy. See Kenneth S. Broun et al.,
McCormick on Evidence § 185 (8th ed. 2020). The thumbnails may not be strong evidence—and
Inzunza-Arenas had ample opportunity to show that on cross-examination—but their existence
still makes it more likely that he is guilty than it would be without them.
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The district court was correct in its ruling that there was sufficient foundation and that the
images were relevant to Inzunza-Arenas’s participation in the conspiracy. We find no error and
no abuse of discretion.
C. Harmless Error
Inzunza-Arenas also argues that the images are of other acts and only relevant insofar as
they relate to a character trait, therefore they should not be admitted.2 See Fed. R. Evid. 404(b).
Yet even assuming the images are relevant for a prohibited reason, any error was harmless.
If a district court erroneously admits evidence, we only reverse if the error affected a
defendant’s substantial rights, meaning “the judgment was substantially swayed by the error.”3
United States v. Clay, 667 F.3d 689, 700 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Murphy, 241
F.3d 447, 453 (6th Cir. 2001)). Whether an outcome is “substantially swayed” in turn depends on
whether the properly admitted evidence of guilt is overwhelming. Ibid. (quoting United States v.
Hardy, 643 F.3d 143, 153 (6th Cir. 2011)).
The evidence of Inzunza-Arenas’s participation in the conspiracy is overwhelming, even
without any evidence from the Samsung phone. He was found with heroin and a scale in his
vehicle, he had texts regarding quantities, prices, and locations to pick up or sell drugs on the LG
phone in his possession, an agent witnessed him conducting likely transactions, he admitted to
selling heroin to two or three clients, and a coconspirator—who contacted him repeatedly, paid for
2 Inzunza-Arenas correctly notes that if the images depict other acts they should not have been admitted under Rule 404(b). They similarly do not meet the requirements of the exception for background evidence because the acts depicted are not inextricably intertwined with the charged offense. United States v. Hardy, 228 F.3d 745, 748 (6th Cir. 2000). 3 Although Inzunza-Arenas did not cite Rule 404(b) at trial, we evaluate any error in admitting the evidence for harmless error because he objected to the images’ relevance. See United States v. Haywood, 280 F.3d 715, 725 (6th Cir. 2002) (noting that objections for relevance preserve an argument regarding the relevance component of the Rule 404(b) admissibility analysis, specifically whether the evidence is probative of a material issue other than character).
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his motel room, and owned the car he was stopped in—testified that she supplied him with
narcotics.
The only possible way the images could have swayed the jury was in its quantity
determination. The jury was presented with a choice between attributing to Inzunza-Arenas
(a) less than 100 grams, (b) between 100 and 1,000 grams, and (c) 1,000 grams or more. The
Government presented the following evidence of heroin quantity: the 23 grams seized from the
car during Inzunza-Arenas’s arrest; the 595 grams seized from Luckett’s apartment; the remaining
1,405 grams that Luckett said she provided Inzunza-Arenas; 4 and the testimony that she provided
Inzunza-Arenas with about 300 to 450 grams through 50-gram increments several times per week.
But the images on the Samsung phone are not linked to specific quantities, transactions, or
the connection to Luckett. It is possible the jury found Luckett somewhat credible or partially
credited her testimony. See, e.g., United States v. Musick, 291 F. App’x 706, 716 (6th Cir. 2008)
(“The jury could have concluded that the witnesses were not wholly credible as to the drug amount,
but were somewhat credible, and partially credited their testimony accordingly.” (citing United
States v. Jackson, 473 F.3d 660, 669–70 (6th Cir. 2007)). The jury could have believed the amount
seized from Luckett’s apartment was for Inzunza-Arenas, but she exaggerated the total amount
received, or it could have believed she was honest about the 50-gram transfers but not other parts
of her testimony.
Inzunza-Arenas argues that the images were likely the “tipping factor” in the jury’s
decision of what quantity of heroin to attribute to him. See United States v. Bell, 516 F.3d 432,
448 (6th Cir. 2008). The “tipping factor” in United States v. Bell, was the introduction of “highly
4 Luckett testified she obtained two kilograms of heroin and only provided it to Inzunza-Arenas. Because 595 grams remained, 1,405 grams would be the quantity provided to him before the arrest.
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prejudicial” evidence of past convictions weighed against the remaining “weak evidence of
possession presented.” Id. at 447–48. Here, the thumbnails are weak circumstantial evidence in
light of the remaining overwhelming evidence of guilt and had no relation to the amounts of heroin
to be attributed to him.
The possibility that the lack of eight thumbnail images with limited probative value would
have swayed the jury towards acquittal of Inzunza-Arenas, or a conviction of a lesser offense, is
negligible at best. We are not convinced that admitting the images was an error, but even if so, it
was a harmless one.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Inzunza-Arenas’s conviction.
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BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge, concurring. I write separately to explain that
I would find the district court abused its discretion in admitting the thumbnail images.
I nonetheless concur because I agree with the majority that the error was harmless. Though the
standard for relevancy is indeed “extremely liberal,” Dortch v. Fowler, 588 F.3d 396, 400 (6th Cir.
2009), the district court’s broad standard for relevancy—“if it was found on the phone, I think it’s
relevant”—sweeps in more than the Federal Rules of Evidence allow.
The district court was correct by explaining before trial that the government failed to lay a
proper foundation connecting Inzunza-Arenas to the phone. The government, however, made no
further showing, yet at trial the district court reversed course and admitted the set of thumbnail
images found on that phone. This was an abuse of discretion, as the government never connected
the thumbnail photos with the crime alleged. First, the government never established whose hands
are displayed in those thumbnails which displayed hands. A separate “selfie” of Inzunza-Arenas
on the phone does not necessarily mean that a thumbnail image taken from that phone also displays
his hands, particularly when the government cannot even establish whether the photos were taken
on the phone or received from another phone, much less whose hands are in the photos. The
district court should have required the government lay this foundation.
Second, while the photos may indeed display narcotics, the government conceded that it
could not show or prove that the substance was heroin. Though the government expert testified
that white powder heroin—possibly displayed in the photo—is a common form of heroin, the
government charged Inzunza-Arenas with distributing brown heroin, the sole type of heroin later
seized at Luckett’s house. The government asserts that the white powder could be heroin (and the
majority agrees, noting that the photos display a “white powder that resembles heroin”), but the
government never explains away the discrepancy between the substance charged and the substance
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photographed. The thumbnails just as likely display another drug, such as methamphetamine,
which Luckett was charged with distributing.
The majority assert that “[t]he thumbnails corroborate Inzunza-Arenas’s prior admission
that he sold drugs to two or three people during that time period,” i.e., the period alleged in the
conspiracy. I disagree. The government’s own witness conceded that there was no timestamp on
the photos. How, then, might such thumbnails corroborate that Inzunza-Arenas did anything
during the relevant time period, a mere three-week conspiracy? It is just as probable—given what
we know about the thumbnails, which is very little—that the photos were taken a year prior to the
alleged conspiracy in which case they would clearly be irrelevant to the crime charged.
The only apparent relevance of the thumbnails is to raise the presumption that Inzuza-
Arenas, even if he did own the phone and take the photos, was “once a drug dealer, always a drug
dealer.” The Federal Rules of Evidence forbid such propensity evidence. See Fed. R. Evid. 401(b).
The government did not show that the thumbnail images were in any way related to the conspiracy
charged in the indictment apart from being unknown hands with an unknown substance. All the
photos do is raise the inference that Inzunza-Arenas may have dealt other drugs at some unknown
time (which itself requires an assumption that Inzunza-Arenas’s hands were in the photo). I would
accordingly find that the district court abused its discretion in admitting the thumbnail images
without a further showing from the government.
With that said, I agree with the majority to the extent the majority would find any error
harmless. The remaining evidence, as listed by the majority, points overwhelmingly toward
Inzunza-Arenas’s guilt. Further, the jury had other evidence from which it could have found
Inzunza-Arenas guilty of the specific quantity of drugs alleged in the indictment. Accordingly,
I conclude that introduction of the thumbnail photos was harmless error.
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