NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 21a0589n.06
Case No. 21-1186
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED Dec 20, 2021 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN JESSE JAMES MONVILLE, ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN ) Defendant-Appellant. ) OPINION )
Before: SILER, COLE, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.
COLE, Circuit Judge. In September 2020, Jesse James Monville pleaded guilty to
possession with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of methamphetamine. He was eventually
sentenced to 51 months of incarceration with a term of five years of supervised release. On appeal,
Monville claims the district court improperly calculated his base offense level by double counting
a particular quantity of drugs in his possession and considering pre-indictment conduct that was
not relevant to his charged offense. Finding no error, we affirm.
I.
Monville began selling methamphetamine, cocaine, and other controlled substances in
2017. Law enforcement launched an investigation of Monville in 2018, and in October 2019 police
arranged a controlled buy of crystal methamphetamine and cocaine through a confidential
informant. The same informant completed another purchase later that month. A few weeks later, Case No. 21-1186, United States v. Monville
in November 2019, the informant attempted a third controlled buy of 1.5 ounces—roughly 42.52
grams—of crystal methamphetamine, but failed because Monville refused to complete the
transaction. Law enforcement arrested Monville for distributing crystal methamphetamine and
cocaine about six weeks later. Following his arrest, investigators found 84.63 grams of
methamphetamine and 25.28 grams of heroin in his vehicle.
Monville was federally indicted on six counts in January 2020. Pursuant to a plea
agreement, Monville pleaded guilty to count five of the indictment—possession with intent to
distribute 50 grams or more of methamphetamine—in exchange for dismissal of the remaining
counts.
The probation officer’s presentence investigation report (“PSR”) recommended that
Monville be held accountable for drug quantities from multiple drug sales, including sales from
November 2017 and mid-2019, the completed controlled buys in October 2019, the attempted
controlled buy in November 2019, and the amount seized during the search of his vehicle following
his arrest. Monville objected to this calculation on two grounds. First, he claimed that it was
improper to include the drugs from the failed November 2019 controlled buy because they were
among those found in his vehicle in December 2019. In Monville’s view, considering those drugs
independently amounted to impermissible double counting. He also objected to including any
drug quantities pre-dating the indictment period, such as those derived from sales alleged to have
occurred in late 2017 and mid-2019. He argued that this conduct was not “relevant” to the charged
offense.
In response, the government explained it was highly unlikely that the drugs from the
November 2019 attempted buy were still in Monville’s possession in December 2019 because his
“historical drug trafficking activities,” the “frequency of [his customer’s] purchases,” and his self-
-2- Case No. 21-1186, United States v. Monville
described drug use suggested they had been sold or consumed by Monville himself. (Sentencing
Mem., R. 48, 202–03.) The government also defended the probation officer’s reliance on the pre-
indictment drug sales, asserting they were “relevant” under the Sentencing Guidelines because the
transactions were sufficiently similar and regular to merit their consideration.
At sentencing, the district court overruled both of Monville’s objections. It reasoned that
“[t]he pattern of the defendant’s drug dealing” and “[t]he similarity of the transactions” throughout
the years “point[ed] towards” finding “an ongoing series of offenses” relevant to his sentencing
calculation and summarily concluded the PSR had not double counted the drug quantity.
(Sentencing Tr., R. 58, PageID 245, 247.) The court also granted the government’s motion for a
downward departure, reducing Monville’s total offense level to 23 with a criminal history category
of II. Ultimately, the court sentenced Monville to a term of 51 months of incarceration, at the low
end of the 51- to 63-month advisory guideline range. This appeal followed.
II.
On appeal, Monville claims the district court erred by overruling his objections to the
sentencing calculation. We consider each in turn.
First, we consider whether the district court improperly relied on conduct that was not
“relevant” to the offense of conviction under the Guidelines. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2). We review
the district court’s factual findings for clear error, its application of the Guidelines to the facts de
novo, and its overall sentencing determination for abuse of discretion. United States v. Benton,
957 F.3d 696, 700–01 (6th Cir. 2020).
“In a nutshell, relevant conduct is criminal conduct not necessarily covered by the present
indictment or plea that the Guidelines say may nevertheless be considered in computing the
defendant’s Guidelines offense level.” Id. at 700 (quoting United States v. Gill, 348 F.3d 147, 151
-3- Case No. 21-1186, United States v. Monville
(6th Cir. 2003)). In cases involving drug trafficking, relevant conduct can include either “all acts
and omissions . . . that were part of the same course of conduct or [a] common scheme or plan as
the offense of conviction.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2); see also Benton, 957 F.3d at 700. For offenses
to be “part of a common scheme or plan,” they must be “substantially connected to each other by
at least one common factor, such as common victims, common accomplices, common purpose, or
similar modus operandi.” Benton, 957 F.3d at 701 (internal quotations, emphases, and citations
omitted). Offenses are “part of the same course of conduct” when they are “sufficiently connected
or related to each other as to warrant the conclusion that they are part of a single episode, spree, or
ongoing series of offenses.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted).
At sentencing, the district court considered Monville’s drug transactions from 2017 and
mid-2019 to inform the quantity of drugs for which he was responsible. Monville claims this was
erroneous because his pre-indictment drug activity was not “part of a common scheme or plan”
since it happened months (and even years) before the charged conduct and involved separate
buyers purchasing varied quantities in different locations. This argument, however, is belied by
our case law. As we stressed in Benton, conduct is not unrelated “simply because . . . the
purportedly related activity occurs at different times.” 957 F.3d at 703. Rather, we have
emphasized that the more consistent and similar the offenses are, the less temporal proximity
matters to their relevancy. Id.; accord United States v. Phillips, 516 F.3d 479, 483–85 (6th Cir.
2008).
Take, for example, our decision in Phillips. There, we held that despite “a significant time
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 21a0589n.06
Case No. 21-1186
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED Dec 20, 2021 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN JESSE JAMES MONVILLE, ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN ) Defendant-Appellant. ) OPINION )
Before: SILER, COLE, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.
COLE, Circuit Judge. In September 2020, Jesse James Monville pleaded guilty to
possession with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of methamphetamine. He was eventually
sentenced to 51 months of incarceration with a term of five years of supervised release. On appeal,
Monville claims the district court improperly calculated his base offense level by double counting
a particular quantity of drugs in his possession and considering pre-indictment conduct that was
not relevant to his charged offense. Finding no error, we affirm.
I.
Monville began selling methamphetamine, cocaine, and other controlled substances in
2017. Law enforcement launched an investigation of Monville in 2018, and in October 2019 police
arranged a controlled buy of crystal methamphetamine and cocaine through a confidential
informant. The same informant completed another purchase later that month. A few weeks later, Case No. 21-1186, United States v. Monville
in November 2019, the informant attempted a third controlled buy of 1.5 ounces—roughly 42.52
grams—of crystal methamphetamine, but failed because Monville refused to complete the
transaction. Law enforcement arrested Monville for distributing crystal methamphetamine and
cocaine about six weeks later. Following his arrest, investigators found 84.63 grams of
methamphetamine and 25.28 grams of heroin in his vehicle.
Monville was federally indicted on six counts in January 2020. Pursuant to a plea
agreement, Monville pleaded guilty to count five of the indictment—possession with intent to
distribute 50 grams or more of methamphetamine—in exchange for dismissal of the remaining
counts.
The probation officer’s presentence investigation report (“PSR”) recommended that
Monville be held accountable for drug quantities from multiple drug sales, including sales from
November 2017 and mid-2019, the completed controlled buys in October 2019, the attempted
controlled buy in November 2019, and the amount seized during the search of his vehicle following
his arrest. Monville objected to this calculation on two grounds. First, he claimed that it was
improper to include the drugs from the failed November 2019 controlled buy because they were
among those found in his vehicle in December 2019. In Monville’s view, considering those drugs
independently amounted to impermissible double counting. He also objected to including any
drug quantities pre-dating the indictment period, such as those derived from sales alleged to have
occurred in late 2017 and mid-2019. He argued that this conduct was not “relevant” to the charged
offense.
In response, the government explained it was highly unlikely that the drugs from the
November 2019 attempted buy were still in Monville’s possession in December 2019 because his
“historical drug trafficking activities,” the “frequency of [his customer’s] purchases,” and his self-
-2- Case No. 21-1186, United States v. Monville
described drug use suggested they had been sold or consumed by Monville himself. (Sentencing
Mem., R. 48, 202–03.) The government also defended the probation officer’s reliance on the pre-
indictment drug sales, asserting they were “relevant” under the Sentencing Guidelines because the
transactions were sufficiently similar and regular to merit their consideration.
At sentencing, the district court overruled both of Monville’s objections. It reasoned that
“[t]he pattern of the defendant’s drug dealing” and “[t]he similarity of the transactions” throughout
the years “point[ed] towards” finding “an ongoing series of offenses” relevant to his sentencing
calculation and summarily concluded the PSR had not double counted the drug quantity.
(Sentencing Tr., R. 58, PageID 245, 247.) The court also granted the government’s motion for a
downward departure, reducing Monville’s total offense level to 23 with a criminal history category
of II. Ultimately, the court sentenced Monville to a term of 51 months of incarceration, at the low
end of the 51- to 63-month advisory guideline range. This appeal followed.
II.
On appeal, Monville claims the district court erred by overruling his objections to the
sentencing calculation. We consider each in turn.
First, we consider whether the district court improperly relied on conduct that was not
“relevant” to the offense of conviction under the Guidelines. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2). We review
the district court’s factual findings for clear error, its application of the Guidelines to the facts de
novo, and its overall sentencing determination for abuse of discretion. United States v. Benton,
957 F.3d 696, 700–01 (6th Cir. 2020).
“In a nutshell, relevant conduct is criminal conduct not necessarily covered by the present
indictment or plea that the Guidelines say may nevertheless be considered in computing the
defendant’s Guidelines offense level.” Id. at 700 (quoting United States v. Gill, 348 F.3d 147, 151
-3- Case No. 21-1186, United States v. Monville
(6th Cir. 2003)). In cases involving drug trafficking, relevant conduct can include either “all acts
and omissions . . . that were part of the same course of conduct or [a] common scheme or plan as
the offense of conviction.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2); see also Benton, 957 F.3d at 700. For offenses
to be “part of a common scheme or plan,” they must be “substantially connected to each other by
at least one common factor, such as common victims, common accomplices, common purpose, or
similar modus operandi.” Benton, 957 F.3d at 701 (internal quotations, emphases, and citations
omitted). Offenses are “part of the same course of conduct” when they are “sufficiently connected
or related to each other as to warrant the conclusion that they are part of a single episode, spree, or
ongoing series of offenses.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted).
At sentencing, the district court considered Monville’s drug transactions from 2017 and
mid-2019 to inform the quantity of drugs for which he was responsible. Monville claims this was
erroneous because his pre-indictment drug activity was not “part of a common scheme or plan”
since it happened months (and even years) before the charged conduct and involved separate
buyers purchasing varied quantities in different locations. This argument, however, is belied by
our case law. As we stressed in Benton, conduct is not unrelated “simply because . . . the
purportedly related activity occurs at different times.” 957 F.3d at 703. Rather, we have
emphasized that the more consistent and similar the offenses are, the less temporal proximity
matters to their relevancy. Id.; accord United States v. Phillips, 516 F.3d 479, 483–85 (6th Cir.
2008).
Take, for example, our decision in Phillips. There, we held that despite “a significant time
lapse between [three] offenses,” the defendant’s two past instances of possession of a firearm were
relevant under the Guidelines because they were “identical to the offense of conviction.” 516 F.3d
at 484–85. We relied on Phillips in Benton, wherein we concluded that the fact that the defendant
-4- Case No. 21-1186, United States v. Monville
trafficked “substances out of the same home, for the same purpose, and with the same tools of the
trade” made his past unindicted conduct relevant. 957 F.3d at 703 (citing Phillips, 515 F.3d at
484). The same result follows here.
As the district court found, Monville engaged in a “pattern” of drug dealing despite a
modest break in time between offenses. (Sentencing Tr., R. 58, PageID 245.) Since 2017,
Monville repeatedly dealt methamphetamine to different customers. Though the individual drug
quantity in each transaction varied, the majority of these transactions took place on a weekly basis
at Monville’s home. Finally, as the government stresses, many of these sales involved pre-
negotiated amounts packaged by Monville for sale. Thus, the use of the same methodology each
time supports a finding that these pre-indictment activities were relevant conduct for the purposes
of sentencing, too. See Benton, 957 F.3d at 703. For these reasons, we agree with the district court
that the similarities between the transactions are indicative of “an ongoing series of offenses” that
constitute relevant conduct under the Guidelines. (Sentencing Tr., R. 58, PageID 245.)
Monville’s other objection fares no better. A district court’s drug-quantity determination
is a factual finding that we review for clear error. United States v. Jeross, 521 F.3d 562, 570 (6th
Cir. 2008) (citing United States v. Sandridge, 385 F.3d 1032, 1037 (6th Cir. 2004)). The district
court may rely on both physical evidence and testimonial evidence to inform its determination. Id.
It may also consider all uncontested factual allegations contained within the presentence report.
United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 385 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc). A district court’s drug-
quantity calculation “is not clearly erroneous if supported by competent evidence in the record.”
Jeross, 521 F.3d at 570 (internal citation omitted).
Monville argues that the district court double counted the drug quantity from the attempted
November 2019 transaction. This contention, however, is undercut by information Monville
-5- Case No. 21-1186, United States v. Monville
provided to law enforcement. Monville admitted to investigators that he was smoking as many as
7 grams of methamphetamine a day leading up to his apprehension in December 2019. At that
rate, the 1.5 ounces of methamphetamine that he intended to sell in November 2019—again, about
42.5 grams—would have been consumed by Monville in about a week. That alone supports
affirming the district court’s drug-quantity calculation. Jeross, 521 F.3d at 570. Because we are
not “left with the definite and firm conviction” that the district court’s drug calculation was
mistaken, we affirm. Id. at 569.
III.
The district court did not err in overruling Monville’s objections to his sentencing
calculation. We affirm.
-6-