United States v. Jerry Campbell

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedJuly 31, 2017
Docket15-3869
StatusPublished

This text of United States v. Jerry Campbell (United States v. Jerry Campbell) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Jerry Campbell, (7th Cir. 2017).

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 15‐3869 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff‐Appellee,

v.

JERRY CAMPBELL, Defendant‐Appellant. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 12‐cr‐00398 — Edmond E. Chang, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED MAY 16, 2017 — DECIDED JULY 31, 2017 ____________________

Before EASTERBROOK, SYKES, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. The issue in this appeal is whether federal bank robbery by intimidation in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) is a crime of violence for purposes of the pre‐2016 federal Sentencing Guideline provision for career of‐ fenders in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a). We have held that federal bank robbery by intimidation satisfies the elements clause of the statutory definition of a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). United States v. Williams, — F.3d —, No. 16‐3373 (7th 2 No. 15‐3869

Cir. July 27, 2017); United States v. Armour, 840 F.3d 904 (7th Cir. 2016). In this appeal, we hold that federal bank robbery by intimidation is also a crime of violence for the purposes of applying the pre‐2016 versions of the career offender Guide‐ line and affirm the decision of the district court.1 Today, plaintiff Jerry Campbell is 69 years old. He has been diagnosed with schizoaffective and post‐traumatic stress dis‐ orders and has a long history of mental health treatment. Un‐ fortunately, Campbell also has a long and rather unsuccessful history of committing robberies. In May 2012, Campbell was 64 years old and residing in the Salvation Army Residential Reentry Center in Chicago, having been released to the halfway house to complete his sentence for a 2005 conviction for entering a bank with intent to commit bank robbery. He was given a pass to Cook County Hospital for a psychological examination on May 24, 2012, and he left the hospital without a doctor’s authorization on May 27, 2012. Later that day, he entered a grocery store that had a branch bank inside. He withdrew $35, which was the balance of his checking account. He then walked through the grocery portion of the store, gathering a pair of sunglasses, a turquoise and purple squirt gun with an orange tip, and a bot‐ tle of tequila. He entered the restroom, turned his shirt inside out, put on the sunglasses, and drank the liquor. He then left the restroom and approached the bank tellers at the bank.

1 Effective August 1, 2016, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a) was amended to remove

the so‐called residual clause in the definition of a crime of violence, but robbery was added to the list of enumerated crimes of violence. U.S.S.G. app. C, amend. 798. The amendment adding robbery to the list of enumer‐ ated crimes cannot be applied retroactively to Campbell’s 2012 crime. See Peugh v. United States, 569 U.S. —, —, 133 S. Ct. 2072, 2078 (2013). No. 15‐3869 3

Pointing the squirt gun, he said, “Let’s make this easy,” and “Hey big boy, I want both drawers from you.” The tellers filled his shopping bag with $1495 in currency. Campbell left the store but was promptly arrested in the parking lot. He had some of the money on his person. The Chicago police officers who caught him found more cash un‐ der a car in the parking lot. He was indicted on a single count of bank robbery by intimidation in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a). Soon after the indictment, Campbell was found mentally incompetent by the district court and hospitalized for two years to restore competency. Then, in July 2015, with compe‐ tency restored, Campbell entered a plea agreement in which he agreed to plead guilty to bank robbery by intimidation and agreed that he would be a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a) because bank robbery by intimidation is a crime of violence. In anticipation of sentencing, however, his lawyer filed a sentencing memorandum arguing that the career of‐ fender Guideline should not apply because the crime of vio‐ lence definition in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(1) requires specific in‐ tent and bank robbery by intimidation is a general intent of‐ fense. The district court disagreed, finding that bank robbery by intimidation is a crime of violence under the elements clause of § 4B1.2(a) even though it is also a crime of general intent. The judge calculated the guideline range to be 151–188 months. Without the career offender designation, the sentenc‐ ing range would have been 57–71 months. Judge Chang care‐ fully considered the mental health and age of Campbell and imposed a below‐guideline sentence of 100 months in prison. Campbell now appeals the district court decision to treat him as a career offender under the Sentencing Guidelines. He 4 No. 15‐3869

argues that bank robbery by intimidation does not require the intentional mens rea necessary for a crime of violence to count under the elements clause toward application of the career of‐ fender Guideline. We review de novo the district court’s deci‐ sion as to whether bank robbery qualifies as a crime of vio‐ lence under § 4B1.2(a)(1). United States v. Edwards, 836 F.3d 831, 834 (7th Cir. 2016). For the following reasons, we reaffirm our prior holdings that bank robbery by intimidation is a crime of violence, so we affirm the district court’s application of the career offender Guideline. The elements clause of § 4B1.2(a)(1) reads: (a) The term “crime of violence” means any of‐ fense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that— (1) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the per‐ son of another … .2 To determine if an offense is a crime of violence under the el‐ ements clause, we apply the categorical approach. Edwards, 836 F.3d at 833; United States v. Woods, 576 F.3d 400, 403–04 (7th Cir. 2009); see generally Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. —, —, 133 S. Ct. 2276, 2283 (2013) (describing categorical ap‐ proach). Courts look only to the statutory elements of the crime, without paying attention to the specific facts of the case, such as Campbell’s mental health or his use of a colorful plastic squirt gun (however relevant those circumstances

2 The elements clause in the definition was not affected by Amend‐

ment 798 in 2016. No. 15‐3869 5

were for sentencing). Descamps, 570 U.S. at —, 133 S. Ct. at 2283, citing Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 600 (1990). We presume the conviction rested on the least serious acts that would satisfy the statute. Johnson v. United States, 559 U.S. 133, 137 (2010). We have twice found that bank robbery by intimidation is a crime of violence as defined in the elements clause of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3) which closely mirrors the language of § 4B1.2(a)(1). Williams, — F.3d at —, slip op. at 7–8; Armour, 840 F.3d at 908. Similar language is found in “elements clauses” in 18 U.S.C. § 16(a), § 924(c), § 924(e), and U.S.S.G.

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Related

Taylor v. United States
495 U.S. 575 (Supreme Court, 1990)
Carter v. United States
530 U.S. 255 (Supreme Court, 2000)
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United States v. Durham
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United States v. Shawn D. Rutherford
54 F.3d 370 (Seventh Circuit, 1995)
Peugh v. United States
133 S. Ct. 2072 (Supreme Court, 2013)
Descamps v. United States
133 S. Ct. 2276 (Supreme Court, 2013)
United States v. Woods
576 F.3d 400 (Seventh Circuit, 2009)
United States v. Smith
544 F.3d 781 (Seventh Circuit, 2008)
United States v. Castleman
134 S. Ct. 1405 (Supreme Court, 2014)
United States v. Ryan Pouliot
836 F.3d 831 (Seventh Circuit, 2016)
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United States v. Jerry Campbell, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-jerry-campbell-ca7-2017.