United States v. Jermaine Sanders

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
• Decided: November 27, 2023
• Docket: 22-2290
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

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UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 22-2290

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

JERMAINE LYDELL SANDERS,

Claimant - Appellant,

and

$16,761 IN UNITED STATES CURRENCY, seized from Jermaine Lydell Sanders on 11/16/20 in Mooresville, NC,

Defendant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina, at Statesville. Kenneth D. Bell, District Judge. (5:21-cv-00053-KDB-DCK)

Submitted: November 6, 2023 Decided: November 27, 2023

Before GREGORY and THACKER, Circuit Judges, and KEENAN, Senior Circuit Judge.

Vacated and remanded by unpublished per curiam opinion.

ON BRIEF: Maria T. Perry, PERRY LEGAL SERVICES, Durham, North Carolina; John Thorpe, Scharf-Norton Center for Constitutional Litigation, GOLDWATER INSTITUTE, USCA4 Appeal: 22-2290 Doc: 33 Filed: 11/27/2023 Pg: 2 of 9

Phoenix, Arizona, for Appellant. Dena J. King, United States Attorney, John Seth Johnson, Assistant United States Attorney, Benjamin Bain-Creed, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

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PER CURIAM:

Jermaine Lydell Sanders appeals from the district court’s order denying Sanders’

motion to stay and granting summary judgment to the Government in this civil forfeiture

proceeding seeking forfeiture of $16,671 in U.S. currency (the “Currency”) seized from a

rental car. On appeal, Sanders concedes that his appeal from the denial of his motion to

stay has been mooted by related state court proceedings. However, he continues to pursue

his claims that the district court erred in finding that Sanders lacked standing and granting

summary judgment. We vacate and remand for further proceedings.

To establish standing, Sanders must satisfy the “colorable interest” test, which

requires a claimant to present “some evidence of ownership” beyond the mere assertion of

an ownership interest in the property. United States v. Phillips, 883 F.3d 399, 403-04 (4th

Cir. 2018). We view the evidence of standing in the light most favorable to him and draw

all reasonable inferences in his favor. Id. at 405.

Sanders claims an ownership interest in the Currency. Under the colorable interest

test, a claimant alleging an ownership interest in seized property must, at a minimum,

present some evidence “regarding how the claimant came to possess the property.” Id.

Although courts must refrain from weighing the evidence on summary judgment, courts

“may lawfully put aside testimony” that is “undermined either by other credible evidence”

or by “physical impossibility.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Here, Sanders testified at his deposition that nearly all of the Currency was a gift

from his grandmother. While Sanders presented no objective evidence corroborating those

facts, he asserts that his claim of ownership, coupled with his possession of the rental car

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hours before the Currency was seized was sufficient to establish standing. We agree. See

United States v. $148,840 in U.S. Currency, 521 F.3d 1268, 1277-78 (10th Cir. 2008)

(holding that, for purposes of establishing standing, claimant’s assertion of ownership of

currency is assumed to be true on this record, and such an assertion combined with the fact

that currency was seized from the vehicle claimant was driving established constitutional

standing); see also United States v. $133,420 in U.S. Currency, 672 F.3d 629, 640 (9th Cir.

2012) (noting that assertion of ownership of currency combined with possession is

sufficient to establish standing).

Sanders generally explained the source and amount of his grandmother’s income.

In addition, he testified that he had lived with his mother or grandmother for years and that

they paid all of his living expenses. Further, he was seen exiting the rental car after it was

parked in a hotel parking lot, and the Currency was later seized from the vehicle, which

had not been moved. We find that such is sufficient to establish standing. See $148,840

in U.S. Currency, 521 F.3d at 1277 (requiring even “bare assertion” of ownership must be

construed in the light most favorable to claimant). 1

Turning to the merits, this court “review[s] the district court’s grant of summary

judgment de novo and construe[s] all facts and reasonable inferences therefrom in favor of

the nonmoving party.” United States v. McClellan, 44 F.4th 200, 205 (4th Cir. 2022)

1 The Government avers that much of Sanders’ deposition testimony should not be considered given his repeated invocation of the Fifth Amendment privilege to avoid answering relevant questions. However, given that the district court did not strike the testimony, even conclusory claims of ownership were entitled to be viewed in the light most favorable to the claimant. See 521 F.3d at 1277.

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(cleaned up). Summary judgment is appropriate only “if the movant shows that there is no

genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “The relevant inquiry on summary judgment is whether the

evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is

so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.” United States v. 8.929 Acres

of Land in Arlington Cnty., 36 F.4th 240, 252 (4th Cir. 2022) (internal quotation marks

omitted). In opposing summary judgment, “the nonmoving party must rely on more than

conclusory allegations, mere speculation, the building of one inference upon another, or

the mere existence of a scintilla of evidence.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

Civil forfeiture standards are set forth in the Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act of

2000, Pub. L. No. 106-185, 114 Stat. 202. See 18 U.S.C. § 983. The statute provides that

the Government must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the property

sought is subject to forfeiture. 18 U.S.C. § 983(c)(1), (2); McClellan, 44 F.4th at 205.

“Property is subject to forfeiture if it either facilitated the transportation, sale, receipt,

possession, or concealment of a controlled substance, or was intended to do so, or

constitutes proceeds of drug-trafficking activities.” McClellan, 44 F.4th at 205 (citing 21

U.S.C. § 881(a)(6)).

On appeal, Sanders argues that his explanation as to how he obtained the Currency

created a material issue of fact as to whether the Currency was connected to drug

trafficking. The Government contends that Sanders’ story is inherently untrustworthy and

contradicted by the evidence. “When opposing parties tell two different stories, one of

which is blatantly contradicted by the record, so that no reasonable jury could believe it, a

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court should not adopt that version of the facts for purposes of ruling on a motion for

summary judgment.” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007). However, proving some

aspects of Sanders’ story false does not prove that the seized cash is drug proceeds. See

McClellan, 44 F.4th at 210.

Here, Sanders testified that the Currency was mostly gifts from his grandmother and

his mother that he had been given over the years and that he saved. He stated that, prior to

his grandmother’s death in 2021, he lived on money that his grandmother gave him.

Approximately six years prior to the hearing, Sanders’ grandmother had received a

settlement after the death of her husband for over $400,000; she gave Sanders $5000 at that

time. She continued to give Sanders money on numerous occasions, the largest gift being

approximately $10,000 in 2018. Sanders claimed that he lived with his grandmother prior

to 2017 and that, until he had his daughter (around 2017), he had no responsibilities and

no expenses, so he was able to save the Currency out of his grandmother’s gifts. After

2017, Sanders lived with his mother, and she paid all his expenses. After his grandmother’s

death, Sanders’ mother lived on funds from his grandmother and paid Sanders’ expenses

out of that money. He had also received a $2000 settlement in 2022 for a car accident and

testified to about 4 years of employment.

We find that the undisputed evidence does not show that Sanders’ story is untrue or

unbelievable as a matter of law. The Government points out that, in Sanders’ affidavit of

indigency filed in 2020, he averred that he had no income, that he had $1500 in monthly

expenses ($1100 rent and $400 food), and that he lived at a different address than his

mother. While this evidence certainly raises questions regarding Sanders’ credibility, it is

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unclear how long he lived at a different address and if his mother paid the monthly expenses

listed. The Government presents no evidence undermining Sanders’ assertions regarding

his grandmother’s settlement money. Thus, this court should accept as true that Sanders’

grandmother received over $400,000 in approximately 2016 and essentially paid for

Sanders’ and his mother’s expenses. As such, Sanders could conceivably have saved the

larger gifts from his grandmother, having no need to pay for his expenses. Because

Sanders’ testimony is not contradicted by record evidence, a material issue of fact exists

regarding whether the Currency represented gifts from his grandmother.

The district court held that Sanders refusal to answer questions regarding the money

given to him by his grandmother and his failure to provide any documentation permitted

summary judgment. However, the court never actually recognized that Sanders alleged

that his grandmother had a settlement in excess of $400,000. It is not implausible that

nearly half a million dollars could support three people for six years, especially when

supplemented by Sanders’ own settlement and earnings. Further, while Sanders invoked

the Fifth Amendment frequently, he also answered many questions about his grandmother,

his mother, and his expenses. Given his testimony that his grandmother and mother, over

the course of approximately six years, paid his expenses and also gave him numerous gifts

of up to $10,000, Sanders’ alleged source of legitimate income could explain why he had

$16,761 in cash.

The court also found Sanders’ claim that he had no living expenses implausible.

However, viewing his testimony in the light most favorable to Sanders, he was not really

asserting that he had no living expenses; instead, he claimed that his grandmother and

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mother paid for his expenses. Moreover, even if Sanders supplemented his gifted income

with drug dealing, such is insufficient on its own to show that the entire amount of seized

cash was drug proceeds, as a matter of law. See 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(6) (cash only subject

to forfeiture if it was exchanged for drugs, traceable to drug dealings, or intended to be

used to violate federal drug laws); United States v. Assorted Jewelry, 833 F.3d 13, 15 (1st

Cir. 2016) (finding evidence that jewelry was found close to controlled substances and that

claimant pled guilty to drug conspiracy in sufficient to support summary judgment absent

evidence that jewelry could not have been purchased with legitimate funds); United

States v. Sum of $185,336.07, 731 F.3d 189, 197 (2d Cir. 2013) (requiring Government to

provide evidence that all of the money seized from a brokerage account constituted

proceeds from federal drug crimes). Notably, aside from the fact of Sanders’ prior

convictions and arrests, the Government presented no evidence regarding the regularity of

Sanders’ drug dealing or the amounts of money he made from such dealing.

The district court also drew an inference that the possession of unusually large

amounts of cash is circumstantial evidence of drug trafficking. However, such does not

create an “inescapable inference of criminal activity.” McLellan, 44 F.4th at 211.

Especially, here, where Sanders testified that he received the gifted funds in cash and saved

them and that he did not have a bank account. See Leonard v. Texas, 580 U.S. 1178 (2017)

(noting that groups frequently targeted for forfeiture are often the same groups “more likely

to use cash than alternative forms of payment”).

Finally, the district court relied upon the positive dog alerts on the cash, car, and

Sanders’ possessions; the marijuana shake found in the car and his possessions; Sanders’

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criminal history; and adverse inferences from Sanders’ invocation of the Fifth Amendment.

Certainly, this evidence supported the conclusion that marijuana was present in the car and

that Sanders has a history of drug trafficking. However, even assuming Sanders has not

shown an issue of material fact as to whether he was involved with drug trafficking in the

rental car, such does not create an inescapable conclusion that the Currency (in whole or

part) was drug proceeds. As discussed above, Sanders provided sworn testimony that the

Currency was gifts from his grandmother and mother, and he provided details as to where

his grandmother obtained the money, as well as descriptions and dates of various gifts. The

Government presented no evidence undermining Sanders’ allegations that his grandmother

received a substantial monetary settlement and used it, in part, to pay Sanders’ expenses

and gift him money. While a jury would be free to reject Sanders’ assertions or determine

that, despite Sanders’ grandmother’s gifts, the Currency was proceeds from drug

trafficking, it was inappropriate to reject Sanders’ story on summary judgment.

Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s order and remand for further

proceedings. 2 We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are

adequately presented in the materials before this court and argument would not aid the

decisional process.

VACATED AND REMANDED

2 With regard to the denial of the motion to stay, this portion of the district court’s order is also vacated. See Norfolk Southern Ry Co. v. City of Alexandria, 608 F.3d 150, 161-62 (4th Cir. 2010) (“The customary practice when a case is rendered moot on appeal is to vacate the moot aspects of the lower court’s judgment.”).