Case: 18-14313 Date Filed: 01/24/2020 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-14313 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 5:17-cr-00061-MTT-CHW-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JASON KENNETH BELL,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia ________________________
(January 24, 2020)
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, MARTIN, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-14313 Date Filed: 01/24/2020 Page: 2 of 6
Jason Kenneth Bell was convicted of two counts of making telephone calls
to the offices of United States Senators Charles Schumer and Tim Scott without
disclosing his identity and with an intent to threaten the Senators, in violation of 47
U.S.C. § 223(a)(1)(C). Bell pleaded guilty pursuant to a plea agreement and was
sentenced to 30 months in prison. He timely appealed to us, raising an argument
for the first time on appeal that § 223(a)(1)(C), as applied to him, violates the First
Amendment. We disagree and affirm his conviction.
Several times in 2017, Bell called the offices of Senators Schumer and Scott.
The Presentence Investigative Report (“PSI”), to which Bell did not object, stated
that Bell left four messages with Schumer’s office on March 1, 2017, in which he
stated that he “hoped Senator Schumer would be the first person ‘hunted down’
when the ‘true patriots’ rise,” that “he wished he could get his hands on Senator
Schumer, and that he would hit Senator Schumer until he could not lift his arms
anymore.” On October 23, 2017, he called Scott’s office and informed a staffer
that “he wanted to bash in Senator Scott’s brain” and that he was going to “kill that
motherfucker.” He also attempted to call attention to the alleged lack of media
attention to “black on white crimes” in the country. In a message left with Scott’s
office, Bell stated that Scott was “content with this anti-white” messaging; that
Bell was “anti-black” and believed that African-Americans “need to be fucking
2 Case: 18-14313 Date Filed: 01/24/2020 Page: 3 of 6
exterminated”; and that Dylann Roof “is the greatest American hero that ever
lived.”
Bell was arrested by FBI agents on October 27, 2017. He eventually
pleaded guilty pursuant to a plea agreement, which included a stipulation of fact
stating that the government could prove Bell’s conduct, including the
aforementioned, beyond a reasonable doubt. The PSI called for a 24–30 month
prison sentence.
At the sentencing hearing that followed, Bell conceded that he had made
threats to Schumer and Scott, but argued that the content of the calls—save for the
threats—was protected by the First Amendment. He explained that the content of
the calls primarily featured his views on the media’s alleged failure to report on
white victims of crime, and that giving him a 24–30 month sentence for expressing
these views was inappropriate. The government, in turn, argued that a 30-month
sentence, which it was requesting, reflected separate 15-month sentences for each
count, and that Bell was being punished for repeatedly harassing and threatening
Scott, Schumer, and their staffers—not for expressing his beliefs about
disproportionate media coverage. The district court ultimately adopted the
government’s recommendation, sentencing Bell to 30 months in prison. Bell
objected to the procedural and substantive unreasonableness of the sentence, and
3 Case: 18-14313 Date Filed: 01/24/2020 Page: 4 of 6
timely appealed. On appeal, he argues that § 223(a)(1)(C), as applied to him,
violates the First Amendment.
Though we would ordinarily review de novo the constitutionality of a
challenged criminal statute, United States v. Eckhardt, 466 F.3d 938, 943 (11th
Cir. 2006), Bell concedes that he did not raise § 223(a)(1)(C)’s constitutionality
before the district court. Accordingly, plain error review applies. 1 United States v.
Peters, 403 F.3d 1263, 1270 (11th Cir. 2005).
Under plain error review, we can correct an error only if there is (1) an error,
(2) that is plain, and (3) that affects Bell’s substantial rights. United States v.
Williams, 445 F.3d 1302, 1308 (11th Cir. 2006). If those three conditions are met,
1 Bell concedes that plain error review applies. He further argues that we should reach the merits of his argument because it is “an issue of great public concern.” In Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Fernandez, we explained that though “an appellate court generally will not consider a legal issue or theory unless it was presented to the trial court,” this was a matter of appellate discretion. 741 F.2d 355, 360 (11th Cir. 1984). We further explained that there were five “exceptional circumstances in which it may be appropriate to exercise this discretion and deviate from this rule of practice,” including the situation where the “issue presents significant questions of general impact or of great public concern.” Id. at 360–61. Bell argues that this case presents such a significant question, and therefore, that we should consider the merits of his argument. We note that Bell’s argument is not entirely clear in this regard. Though we agree that we have applied Reynolds in the criminal context, see United States v. Meko, 912 F.3d 1340, 1355 (11th Cir. 2019), whether we will consider an argument and whether plain error review applies are separate questions, see United States v. Walker, 59 F.3d 1196, 1198 (11th Cir. 1995). As we explained in Walker, “[a]s a general rule, a party must timely object at trial to preserve an issue for appeal. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 52(b), however, we review issues not preserved below for plain error.” Id. (citations omitted). Accordingly, we are certainly able to review Bell’s arguments in the present appeal, and do so, infra—but only for plain error. We do not read Bell’s argument as suggesting that Reynolds applies in such a manner so as to override our well-established plain error jurisprudence where an “issue presents significant questions of general impact or of great public concern.” 4 Case: 18-14313 Date Filed: 01/24/2020 Page: 5 of 6
then we may exercise our discretion to correct the error only if the error seriously
affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Id. If
the first two prongs of the plain error rule are satisfied, it is a criminal defendant’s
burden at the third prong to demonstrate that the error affected his substantial
rights. United States v. Mitchell, 146 F.3d 1338, 1343 (11th Cir. 1998). Our
power to review for plain error is “limited” and “circumscribed.” Olano, 507 U.S.
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Case: 18-14313 Date Filed: 01/24/2020 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-14313 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 5:17-cr-00061-MTT-CHW-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JASON KENNETH BELL,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia ________________________
(January 24, 2020)
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, MARTIN, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-14313 Date Filed: 01/24/2020 Page: 2 of 6
Jason Kenneth Bell was convicted of two counts of making telephone calls
to the offices of United States Senators Charles Schumer and Tim Scott without
disclosing his identity and with an intent to threaten the Senators, in violation of 47
U.S.C. § 223(a)(1)(C). Bell pleaded guilty pursuant to a plea agreement and was
sentenced to 30 months in prison. He timely appealed to us, raising an argument
for the first time on appeal that § 223(a)(1)(C), as applied to him, violates the First
Amendment. We disagree and affirm his conviction.
Several times in 2017, Bell called the offices of Senators Schumer and Scott.
The Presentence Investigative Report (“PSI”), to which Bell did not object, stated
that Bell left four messages with Schumer’s office on March 1, 2017, in which he
stated that he “hoped Senator Schumer would be the first person ‘hunted down’
when the ‘true patriots’ rise,” that “he wished he could get his hands on Senator
Schumer, and that he would hit Senator Schumer until he could not lift his arms
anymore.” On October 23, 2017, he called Scott’s office and informed a staffer
that “he wanted to bash in Senator Scott’s brain” and that he was going to “kill that
motherfucker.” He also attempted to call attention to the alleged lack of media
attention to “black on white crimes” in the country. In a message left with Scott’s
office, Bell stated that Scott was “content with this anti-white” messaging; that
Bell was “anti-black” and believed that African-Americans “need to be fucking
2 Case: 18-14313 Date Filed: 01/24/2020 Page: 3 of 6
exterminated”; and that Dylann Roof “is the greatest American hero that ever
lived.”
Bell was arrested by FBI agents on October 27, 2017. He eventually
pleaded guilty pursuant to a plea agreement, which included a stipulation of fact
stating that the government could prove Bell’s conduct, including the
aforementioned, beyond a reasonable doubt. The PSI called for a 24–30 month
prison sentence.
At the sentencing hearing that followed, Bell conceded that he had made
threats to Schumer and Scott, but argued that the content of the calls—save for the
threats—was protected by the First Amendment. He explained that the content of
the calls primarily featured his views on the media’s alleged failure to report on
white victims of crime, and that giving him a 24–30 month sentence for expressing
these views was inappropriate. The government, in turn, argued that a 30-month
sentence, which it was requesting, reflected separate 15-month sentences for each
count, and that Bell was being punished for repeatedly harassing and threatening
Scott, Schumer, and their staffers—not for expressing his beliefs about
disproportionate media coverage. The district court ultimately adopted the
government’s recommendation, sentencing Bell to 30 months in prison. Bell
objected to the procedural and substantive unreasonableness of the sentence, and
3 Case: 18-14313 Date Filed: 01/24/2020 Page: 4 of 6
timely appealed. On appeal, he argues that § 223(a)(1)(C), as applied to him,
violates the First Amendment.
Though we would ordinarily review de novo the constitutionality of a
challenged criminal statute, United States v. Eckhardt, 466 F.3d 938, 943 (11th
Cir. 2006), Bell concedes that he did not raise § 223(a)(1)(C)’s constitutionality
before the district court. Accordingly, plain error review applies. 1 United States v.
Peters, 403 F.3d 1263, 1270 (11th Cir. 2005).
Under plain error review, we can correct an error only if there is (1) an error,
(2) that is plain, and (3) that affects Bell’s substantial rights. United States v.
Williams, 445 F.3d 1302, 1308 (11th Cir. 2006). If those three conditions are met,
1 Bell concedes that plain error review applies. He further argues that we should reach the merits of his argument because it is “an issue of great public concern.” In Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Fernandez, we explained that though “an appellate court generally will not consider a legal issue or theory unless it was presented to the trial court,” this was a matter of appellate discretion. 741 F.2d 355, 360 (11th Cir. 1984). We further explained that there were five “exceptional circumstances in which it may be appropriate to exercise this discretion and deviate from this rule of practice,” including the situation where the “issue presents significant questions of general impact or of great public concern.” Id. at 360–61. Bell argues that this case presents such a significant question, and therefore, that we should consider the merits of his argument. We note that Bell’s argument is not entirely clear in this regard. Though we agree that we have applied Reynolds in the criminal context, see United States v. Meko, 912 F.3d 1340, 1355 (11th Cir. 2019), whether we will consider an argument and whether plain error review applies are separate questions, see United States v. Walker, 59 F.3d 1196, 1198 (11th Cir. 1995). As we explained in Walker, “[a]s a general rule, a party must timely object at trial to preserve an issue for appeal. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 52(b), however, we review issues not preserved below for plain error.” Id. (citations omitted). Accordingly, we are certainly able to review Bell’s arguments in the present appeal, and do so, infra—but only for plain error. We do not read Bell’s argument as suggesting that Reynolds applies in such a manner so as to override our well-established plain error jurisprudence where an “issue presents significant questions of general impact or of great public concern.” 4 Case: 18-14313 Date Filed: 01/24/2020 Page: 5 of 6
then we may exercise our discretion to correct the error only if the error seriously
affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Id. If
the first two prongs of the plain error rule are satisfied, it is a criminal defendant’s
burden at the third prong to demonstrate that the error affected his substantial
rights. United States v. Mitchell, 146 F.3d 1338, 1343 (11th Cir. 1998). Our
power to review for plain error is “limited” and “circumscribed.” Olano, 507 U.S.
at 732. A plain error is one that is obvious and clear under current law. Id. at 734.
An error cannot be plain if there is no precedent from the Supreme Court or our
Court directly resolving the underlying issue. United States v. Lejarde-Rada, 319
F.3d 1288, 1291 (11th Cir. 2003).
Bell’s argument fails at the second prong—which requires that the error be
“plain”—because it is not clear from our precedent, or the Supreme Court’s
precedent, that § 223(a)(1)(C) is unconstitutional. We have only considered
§ 223(a)(1)(C), much less its constitutionality, in one case: Eckhardt. There, we
rejected the defendant’s constitutional challenge to the law outright, holding that
§ 223(a)(1)(C) was neither overbroad nor constitutionally vague. 466 F.3d at 943–
44.
Bell concedes that there is no Eleventh Circuit precedent that directly
addresses the issue that would make his convictions plainly erroneous. While we
theoretically left open the possibility that there could be applications of
5 Case: 18-14313 Date Filed: 01/24/2020 Page: 6 of 6
§ 223(a)(1)(C) that might be unconstitutional, see id. at 943 (noting the Sixth
Circuit “noted that while § 223(a)(1)(C) could have unconstitutional applications,
that fact does not warrant facial invalidation”) (citing United States v. Bowker, 372
F.3d 365, 380 (6th Cir. 2004)), Eckhardt certainly cannot be read as concluding
that § 223(a)(1)(C) was unconstitutional. Not only did we not reach that result, but
the context was different—Eckhardt involved a facial challenge, not, as here, an
as-applied challenge. See id. at 943–44. In the absence of controlling precedent on
this issue, any alleged error by the district court was not clear under current law
and, therefore, not plain. Lejarde-Rada, 319 F.3d at 1291.
Moreover, even if we determined that the error Bell now identifies was
“plain,” he fails to meet his burden at the third prong of the plain error analysis: he
fails to show that his substantial rights were affected. He does not argue that any
error committed by the district court affected his substantial rights. Accordingly,
he has abandoned the argument on appeal. United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d
1273, 1283 n.8 (11th Cir. 2003).
For these reasons, we conclude that the district court did not plainly err. The
district court’s decision is AFFIRMED.