In the
United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit
No. 09-1279
U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
JAMES O WENS, Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division. No. 1:08-cr-164—Larry J. McKinney, Judge.
A RGUED O CTOBER 7, 2009—D ECIDED N OVEMBER 6, 2009
Before R IPPLE, K ANNE, and S YKES, Circuit Judges. K ANNE, Circuit Judge. James Owens pled guilty to transportation of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(1) and (b)(1) and possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B) and (b)(2). Owens’s plea agreement included a stipula- tion of the sentencing guidelines offense level calculation, including all aggravating and mitigating sentencing factors, except for one enhancement. The parties could 2 No. 09-1279
not agree on the applicability of U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3)(B), which comes into play when a defendant expects to receive a thing of value in exchange for his distribution of child pornography. Owens maintains that he should receive only a two-level enhancement because he did not expect to receive anything of value, and even if he did have an expectation, that expectation was of “role play” and not of a sexual encounter. The government main- tains that Owens did expect to receive a sexual en- counter, and accordingly, the five-level enhancement was appropriate. The district court agreed with the gov- ernment and sentenced Owens to a term of 360 months’ imprisonment. Owens appealed the enhancement to his sentence, and we now affirm.
I. Background Owens frequented an internet chat site known as “Incest Taboo Forum.com.” In July 2008, Owens began a dis- cussion with “Erica,” a divorced mother of an eight-year- old girl and a twelve-year-old boy. Unbeknownst to Owens, Erica was actually Detective Dan Claasen of the Fishers, Indiana Police Department, who was investi- gating online offenses against children.1 After Owens sent Erica an introductory message, he did not contact her again until August 2008. During this chat session, Erica disclosed that she had been mo-
1 For purposes of continuity and readability, throughout this opinion we will refer to “Erica” as if she were a real person. No. 09-1279 3
lested by her stepfather as a child. Owens admitted to having a sexual relationship with a close female relative, beginning when the girl was twelve and con- tinuing until she was seventeen. The two also dis- cussed whether Erica was “active” with her children and Owens’s preference for children between the ages of eight and thirteen. Saving the graphic details, this discussion culminated in Owens expressing his goal of establishing a sexual relationship with Erica and her children. In a third chat session a few days later, Owens offered to send Erica a child pornography video called “littlegirlsmix” in an effort to stimulate role play between him and Erica. Erica accepted the offer and Owens then transferred the video, along with his graphic description of its contents. After a brief role play discussion, Owens and Erica agreed to meet in person the following day at a coffee shop in Fishers, Indiana. In planning the meeting, Owens asked Erica how her kids would react to his introduction into the family. He explained, “we you and I have lived it the kids haven’t yet.” (App. at 12.) Erica replied, “that’s why I see it as more of a journey, how a family lives instead of little individual times when something may happen.” (Id.) Owens then said, “the question is how are we gonna live do we start as nudist at home to get them used to the idea or how do we introduce them to it.” (Id.) Erica responded, “oh yes, I am very open about my sexuality and am not embar- rassed with nudity.” (Id.) The two then made final ar- rangements to meet the following day. 4 No. 09-1279
Police arrested Owens when he arrived the next day at the coffee shop. He made a Mirandized statement admitting to his illegal transfer of the video to Erica. He also admitted to having molested his female relative when she was a child, a fact later confirmed by inves- tigating officers. When Owens consented to a search of his vehicle, two more child pornography videos were discovered. A subsequent search of Owens’s home led to the recovery of additional child pornography videos. The videos recovered in Owens’s car and home formed the basis for the second count in the indictment, possession of child pornography. The sole question in this case is whether Owens expected to receive a thing of value in exchange for his transmission of child pornography. The answer to this question determines whether Owens receives a five- level or a two-level sentencing enhancement, and conse- quently, whether the applicable guidelines range is re- duced from between 360 months, and life imprisonment to between 262 and 327 months’ imprisonment.
II. Analysis The starting point of our analysis is the statute itself, U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3), which provides: (b) Specific Offense Characteristics . . . (3) (Apply the greatest) If the offense in- volved: . . . (B) Distribution for the receipt, or expectation of receipt, of a thing of No. 09-1279 5
value, but not for pecuniary gain, increase by 5 levels. . . . (F) Distribution other than distri- bution described in subdivisions (A) through (E), increase by 2 lev- els. Case law has resolved many of the questions raised by this statutory language. For example, in United States v. Whited, the Seventh Circuit held that sexual contact can be considered a thing of value under the statute. 539 F.3d 693, 698-99 (7th Cir. 2008). The Whited court also held that “expectation of receipt” does not require an explicit agreement or precise bargain. Id. at 699. Rather, reasonable anticipation or reasonable belief is enough to trigger the enhancement. Id. In light of Whited, the sole question in this case can be answered by resolving whether Owens had a rea- sonable expectation of receipt of a thing of value, and, if so, whether that reasonable expectation was of role play or of a sexual encounter. The district court found that Owens reasonably expected receipt of a sexual encounter, and we review that sentencing decision de novo as to questions of law and for clear error as to factual findings and the application of the guidelines. United States v. Stitman, 472 F.3d 983, 986 (7th Cir. 2007). In this case, Owens argues that he did not actually expect a sexual encounter; rather, he merely “hoped” that his conversations with Erica would lead to a sexual relationship. But, as we noted in Whited, “ ‘expectation 6 No. 09-1279
of receipt’ under § 2G2.2(b)(3)(B) does not require an explicit agreement or precise bargain. . . . Distribution of child pornography in the reasonable anticipation or reasonable belief of receiving a thing of value is enough for the enhancement to apply.” 539 F.3d at 699. Although Owens did not have an explicit agreement or precise bargain with Erica, the content of his conversations lead us to the conclusion that Owens reasonably anticipated or believed that his exchange of child pornography would result in a sexual encounter with Erica and her children. This conclusion results from Owens’s own statement about enjoying “moms with kids, dads with kids and both together”; his confession of a past rela- tionship with a minor; his desire to meet Erica; and his proposals to introduce Erica’s children to sexual experi- ences.
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In the
United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit
No. 09-1279
U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
JAMES O WENS, Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division. No. 1:08-cr-164—Larry J. McKinney, Judge.
A RGUED O CTOBER 7, 2009—D ECIDED N OVEMBER 6, 2009
Before R IPPLE, K ANNE, and S YKES, Circuit Judges. K ANNE, Circuit Judge. James Owens pled guilty to transportation of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(1) and (b)(1) and possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B) and (b)(2). Owens’s plea agreement included a stipula- tion of the sentencing guidelines offense level calculation, including all aggravating and mitigating sentencing factors, except for one enhancement. The parties could 2 No. 09-1279
not agree on the applicability of U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3)(B), which comes into play when a defendant expects to receive a thing of value in exchange for his distribution of child pornography. Owens maintains that he should receive only a two-level enhancement because he did not expect to receive anything of value, and even if he did have an expectation, that expectation was of “role play” and not of a sexual encounter. The government main- tains that Owens did expect to receive a sexual en- counter, and accordingly, the five-level enhancement was appropriate. The district court agreed with the gov- ernment and sentenced Owens to a term of 360 months’ imprisonment. Owens appealed the enhancement to his sentence, and we now affirm.
I. Background Owens frequented an internet chat site known as “Incest Taboo Forum.com.” In July 2008, Owens began a dis- cussion with “Erica,” a divorced mother of an eight-year- old girl and a twelve-year-old boy. Unbeknownst to Owens, Erica was actually Detective Dan Claasen of the Fishers, Indiana Police Department, who was investi- gating online offenses against children.1 After Owens sent Erica an introductory message, he did not contact her again until August 2008. During this chat session, Erica disclosed that she had been mo-
1 For purposes of continuity and readability, throughout this opinion we will refer to “Erica” as if she were a real person. No. 09-1279 3
lested by her stepfather as a child. Owens admitted to having a sexual relationship with a close female relative, beginning when the girl was twelve and con- tinuing until she was seventeen. The two also dis- cussed whether Erica was “active” with her children and Owens’s preference for children between the ages of eight and thirteen. Saving the graphic details, this discussion culminated in Owens expressing his goal of establishing a sexual relationship with Erica and her children. In a third chat session a few days later, Owens offered to send Erica a child pornography video called “littlegirlsmix” in an effort to stimulate role play between him and Erica. Erica accepted the offer and Owens then transferred the video, along with his graphic description of its contents. After a brief role play discussion, Owens and Erica agreed to meet in person the following day at a coffee shop in Fishers, Indiana. In planning the meeting, Owens asked Erica how her kids would react to his introduction into the family. He explained, “we you and I have lived it the kids haven’t yet.” (App. at 12.) Erica replied, “that’s why I see it as more of a journey, how a family lives instead of little individual times when something may happen.” (Id.) Owens then said, “the question is how are we gonna live do we start as nudist at home to get them used to the idea or how do we introduce them to it.” (Id.) Erica responded, “oh yes, I am very open about my sexuality and am not embar- rassed with nudity.” (Id.) The two then made final ar- rangements to meet the following day. 4 No. 09-1279
Police arrested Owens when he arrived the next day at the coffee shop. He made a Mirandized statement admitting to his illegal transfer of the video to Erica. He also admitted to having molested his female relative when she was a child, a fact later confirmed by inves- tigating officers. When Owens consented to a search of his vehicle, two more child pornography videos were discovered. A subsequent search of Owens’s home led to the recovery of additional child pornography videos. The videos recovered in Owens’s car and home formed the basis for the second count in the indictment, possession of child pornography. The sole question in this case is whether Owens expected to receive a thing of value in exchange for his transmission of child pornography. The answer to this question determines whether Owens receives a five- level or a two-level sentencing enhancement, and conse- quently, whether the applicable guidelines range is re- duced from between 360 months, and life imprisonment to between 262 and 327 months’ imprisonment.
II. Analysis The starting point of our analysis is the statute itself, U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3), which provides: (b) Specific Offense Characteristics . . . (3) (Apply the greatest) If the offense in- volved: . . . (B) Distribution for the receipt, or expectation of receipt, of a thing of No. 09-1279 5
value, but not for pecuniary gain, increase by 5 levels. . . . (F) Distribution other than distri- bution described in subdivisions (A) through (E), increase by 2 lev- els. Case law has resolved many of the questions raised by this statutory language. For example, in United States v. Whited, the Seventh Circuit held that sexual contact can be considered a thing of value under the statute. 539 F.3d 693, 698-99 (7th Cir. 2008). The Whited court also held that “expectation of receipt” does not require an explicit agreement or precise bargain. Id. at 699. Rather, reasonable anticipation or reasonable belief is enough to trigger the enhancement. Id. In light of Whited, the sole question in this case can be answered by resolving whether Owens had a rea- sonable expectation of receipt of a thing of value, and, if so, whether that reasonable expectation was of role play or of a sexual encounter. The district court found that Owens reasonably expected receipt of a sexual encounter, and we review that sentencing decision de novo as to questions of law and for clear error as to factual findings and the application of the guidelines. United States v. Stitman, 472 F.3d 983, 986 (7th Cir. 2007). In this case, Owens argues that he did not actually expect a sexual encounter; rather, he merely “hoped” that his conversations with Erica would lead to a sexual relationship. But, as we noted in Whited, “ ‘expectation 6 No. 09-1279
of receipt’ under § 2G2.2(b)(3)(B) does not require an explicit agreement or precise bargain. . . . Distribution of child pornography in the reasonable anticipation or reasonable belief of receiving a thing of value is enough for the enhancement to apply.” 539 F.3d at 699. Although Owens did not have an explicit agreement or precise bargain with Erica, the content of his conversations lead us to the conclusion that Owens reasonably anticipated or believed that his exchange of child pornography would result in a sexual encounter with Erica and her children. This conclusion results from Owens’s own statement about enjoying “moms with kids, dads with kids and both together”; his confession of a past rela- tionship with a minor; his desire to meet Erica; and his proposals to introduce Erica’s children to sexual experi- ences. Owens clearly anticipated receipt of a sexual encounter, and his transmittal of the pornography only served to further his goal. But Owens argues that even if we find that he expected to receive something in exchange for his distribution, that expectation was for role play only and, therefore, was not in expectation of a thing of value. To lend credence to his argument, Owens argues that his transmission of pornography occurred during a conversation in which the context was role play, and not an actual sexual en- counter. This argument is unavailing for two reasons. First, although Owens argues that he expected only role play, his own conversations demonstrate otherwise. During his discussions with Erica, Owens repeatedly stated that he was uninterested in role play because he No. 09-1279 7
“suck[ed] at it.” (See App. at 7, 9.) And even though Owens engaged in some role play after Erica’s numerous prompts, his involvement in the role play was brief and fleeting. Owens’s post hoc argument that he was expecting to receive role play in exchange for his transmis- sion of pornography is unpersuasive. Second, Owens argues that it was impossible for him to expect receipt of a sexual encounter when he sent the video during a conversation about role play and not about sex. As we made clear in Whited, however, the transfer of images need not be contemporaneous with the sexual encounter for the defendant to harbor an expectation of sex. In Whited, the defendant transmitted “child pornography images to an e-mail correspondent with whom he was trying to arrange a sexual encounter.” 539 F.3d at 695. Importantly, the proposed sexual en- counter was not contemporaneous with the transmission of the pornography. Instead, the defendant sent the images to his correspondent to satisfy the latter until the sexual encounter could take place. Id. at 696. This case is no different. Here, Owens sent Erica images with the end goal of obtaining a sexual relationship with her and her children. Although he did not send the images concurrent with an actual sexual encounter, Owens did send the images with the expectation that this trans- mission would lead to a future sexual encounter. This is all that is required. Further supporting our decision is the fact that the statute itself contains no temporal component. There is no requirement in § 2G2.2(b) that the defendant send the 8 No. 09-1279
images contemporaneously with receipt of the thing of value. Therefore, the mere fact that Owens expected to receive a thing of value in the future as opposed to imme- diately upon transmission is of no consequence.
III. Conclusion Owens transmitted child pornography with the end goal of receiving a thing of value, namely sex, from the recipi- ent. Because Owens’s ultimate goal was a sexual en- counter with Erica and her children, and because neither the statute nor our precedent contain a temporal compo- nent in conjunction with the transfer, we A FFIRM the sentence.
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