Case: 18-11330 Date Filed: 09/24/2019 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-11330 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:16-cr-00524-SDM-CPT-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JAMES J. JEAN-RENE,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(September 24, 2019)
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, MARTIN and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-11330 Date Filed: 09/24/2019 Page: 2 of 6
James Jean-Rene appeals his convictions and sentence of 88 months of
imprisonment for one count of conspiring to convert property of the United States
and to commit aggravated identity theft, 18 U.S.C. § 371, seven counts of
unlawfully converting government property, id. §§ 641, 2, and seven counts of
aggravated identity theft, id. §§ 1028A, 2. Jean-Rene bought 108 Treasury checks
worth $850,174.92 that were either issued as refunds for fraudulent tax returns or
stolen from federal taxpayers or beneficiaries. Jean-Rene argues that insufficient
evidence proved he knew the Treasury checks he negotiated were stolen or
fraudulent and that his indictment should have been dismissed or a new trial
granted because the government failed to disclose the transcript of a special agent’s
testimony before the grand jury. Jean-Rene also argues that the enhancement of his
sentence for obstruction of justice violated his rights under the Fifth and Sixth
Amendments. We affirm.
Ample evidence proved that Jean-Rene knew the checks he negotiated had
been stolen or had been issued for fraudulent tax returns. Coconspirator Evens
Francois testified that he sold Jean-Rene several stolen and fraudulent Treasury
checks for 50 percent of their face value and that he forged the endorsements for
some of those checks. See 18 U.S.C. § 371. Text messages between the
coconspirators, bank records, and canceled checks proved that Francois received
11 payments from Jean-Rene equaling half of the amount of seven Treasury checks
2 Case: 18-11330 Date Filed: 09/24/2019 Page: 3 of 6
that Jean-Rene and his wife deposited in bank accounts for their bail bonding
company. The records also established that Jean-Rene and his wife paid Francois
and depleted their company bank accounts soon after making their deposits. Payees
for the seven Treasury checks testified that they had no affiliation with Jean-Rene
or his wife, had not obtained bail bonds from the couple, had not endorsed the
checks they deposited, and had not filed federal tax returns for the fraudulent tax
refund checks the couple deposited. See Barnes v. United States, 412 U.S. 837,
843–45 (1973) (affirming instruction that jury can infer guilty knowledge from
defendant’s negotiation of stolen Treasury checks payable to persons he did not
know and that he had no plausible explanation for possessing); United States v.
Wilson, 788 F.3d 1298, 1309–10 (11th Cir. 2015) (affirming conviction for
converting Treasury checks when defendant deposited multiple refund checks
issued for fraudulent tax returns). Jean-Rene’s banks reclaimed the proceeds of at
least three Treasury checks and twice notified Jean-Rene in writing that the
endorsements on the Treasury checks had been forged. Jean-Rene responded by
changing banks. Taken together, sufficient evidence proved that Jean-Rene knew
the checks he deposited were stolen and fraudulent.
Jean-Rene’s testimony “added further weight to the prosecution’s case.” See
United States v. Margarita Garcia, 906 F.3d 1255, 1274 (11th Cir. 2018), cert.
denied sub nom. Garcia v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 2027 (2019). Jean-Rene
3 Case: 18-11330 Date Filed: 09/24/2019 Page: 4 of 6
testified that he accepted the Treasury checks as payments for bail bonds, but he
could not account for records kept by his sureties that showed he did not issue bail
bonds to any of the payees. See id. (“An explanation or denial offered by a
defendant at trial that the jury finds implausible or false may ‘form a sufficient
basis to allow the jury to find that the defendant had the requisite guilty
knowledge.’”). Jean-Rene also testified about an elaborate, undocumented system
that involved writing checks to himself and his wife that he used to reimburse
customers whose Treasury checks exceeded the cost of their bail bonds. And Jean-
Rene testified that Francois bought cars that Jean-Rene repaired who then collected
the purchase price from the buyers and paid Francois the balance remaining after
deducting the costs of the repairs. The jury was entitled to discredit Jean-Rene’s
implausible testimony and treat it as substantive evidence of his guilt. See United
States v. Brown, 53 F.3d 312, 314 (11th Cir. 1995).
The district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Jean-Rene’s motion
to dismiss his indictment or for a new trial. The nondisclosure of special agent
Chris Hall’s grand jury testimony did not warrant relief under Giglio v. United
States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972), the Jenks Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3500(b), or Brady v.
Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). Agent Hall testified that he investigated why Jean-
Rene negotiated tax refund checks issued to other persons and that two payees
confirmed Jean-Rene did not have permission to file their tax returns. Jean-Rene
4 Case: 18-11330 Date Filed: 09/24/2019 Page: 5 of 6
does not contend that any of Agent Hall’s statements were “actually false,” as
required to prove a violation of Giglio. See Maharaj v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr.,
432 F.3d 1292, 1313 (11th Cir. 2005). Even if, as Jean-Rene argues, Agent Hall’s
testimony “left a misleading impression that Mr. Jean-Rene had purportedly filed
fraudulent tax returns,” any error in withholding Agent Hall’s grand jury testimony
was harmless. Nondisclosure of the testimony did not handicap Jean-Rene’s
defense or affect the outcome of his case. See United States v. Jones, 601 F.3d
1247, 1266–67 (11th Cir. 2010); Giglio, 405 U.S. at 154. Jean-Rene was convicted
of identity theft and converting Treasury checks, not filing fraudulent tax returns.
Had Jean-Rene questioned Agent Hall about his grand jury testimony, the
government could have presented evidence that Jean-Rene had filed personal tax
returns that were fraudulent.
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Case: 18-11330 Date Filed: 09/24/2019 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-11330 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:16-cr-00524-SDM-CPT-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JAMES J. JEAN-RENE,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(September 24, 2019)
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, MARTIN and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-11330 Date Filed: 09/24/2019 Page: 2 of 6
James Jean-Rene appeals his convictions and sentence of 88 months of
imprisonment for one count of conspiring to convert property of the United States
and to commit aggravated identity theft, 18 U.S.C. § 371, seven counts of
unlawfully converting government property, id. §§ 641, 2, and seven counts of
aggravated identity theft, id. §§ 1028A, 2. Jean-Rene bought 108 Treasury checks
worth $850,174.92 that were either issued as refunds for fraudulent tax returns or
stolen from federal taxpayers or beneficiaries. Jean-Rene argues that insufficient
evidence proved he knew the Treasury checks he negotiated were stolen or
fraudulent and that his indictment should have been dismissed or a new trial
granted because the government failed to disclose the transcript of a special agent’s
testimony before the grand jury. Jean-Rene also argues that the enhancement of his
sentence for obstruction of justice violated his rights under the Fifth and Sixth
Amendments. We affirm.
Ample evidence proved that Jean-Rene knew the checks he negotiated had
been stolen or had been issued for fraudulent tax returns. Coconspirator Evens
Francois testified that he sold Jean-Rene several stolen and fraudulent Treasury
checks for 50 percent of their face value and that he forged the endorsements for
some of those checks. See 18 U.S.C. § 371. Text messages between the
coconspirators, bank records, and canceled checks proved that Francois received
11 payments from Jean-Rene equaling half of the amount of seven Treasury checks
2 Case: 18-11330 Date Filed: 09/24/2019 Page: 3 of 6
that Jean-Rene and his wife deposited in bank accounts for their bail bonding
company. The records also established that Jean-Rene and his wife paid Francois
and depleted their company bank accounts soon after making their deposits. Payees
for the seven Treasury checks testified that they had no affiliation with Jean-Rene
or his wife, had not obtained bail bonds from the couple, had not endorsed the
checks they deposited, and had not filed federal tax returns for the fraudulent tax
refund checks the couple deposited. See Barnes v. United States, 412 U.S. 837,
843–45 (1973) (affirming instruction that jury can infer guilty knowledge from
defendant’s negotiation of stolen Treasury checks payable to persons he did not
know and that he had no plausible explanation for possessing); United States v.
Wilson, 788 F.3d 1298, 1309–10 (11th Cir. 2015) (affirming conviction for
converting Treasury checks when defendant deposited multiple refund checks
issued for fraudulent tax returns). Jean-Rene’s banks reclaimed the proceeds of at
least three Treasury checks and twice notified Jean-Rene in writing that the
endorsements on the Treasury checks had been forged. Jean-Rene responded by
changing banks. Taken together, sufficient evidence proved that Jean-Rene knew
the checks he deposited were stolen and fraudulent.
Jean-Rene’s testimony “added further weight to the prosecution’s case.” See
United States v. Margarita Garcia, 906 F.3d 1255, 1274 (11th Cir. 2018), cert.
denied sub nom. Garcia v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 2027 (2019). Jean-Rene
3 Case: 18-11330 Date Filed: 09/24/2019 Page: 4 of 6
testified that he accepted the Treasury checks as payments for bail bonds, but he
could not account for records kept by his sureties that showed he did not issue bail
bonds to any of the payees. See id. (“An explanation or denial offered by a
defendant at trial that the jury finds implausible or false may ‘form a sufficient
basis to allow the jury to find that the defendant had the requisite guilty
knowledge.’”). Jean-Rene also testified about an elaborate, undocumented system
that involved writing checks to himself and his wife that he used to reimburse
customers whose Treasury checks exceeded the cost of their bail bonds. And Jean-
Rene testified that Francois bought cars that Jean-Rene repaired who then collected
the purchase price from the buyers and paid Francois the balance remaining after
deducting the costs of the repairs. The jury was entitled to discredit Jean-Rene’s
implausible testimony and treat it as substantive evidence of his guilt. See United
States v. Brown, 53 F.3d 312, 314 (11th Cir. 1995).
The district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Jean-Rene’s motion
to dismiss his indictment or for a new trial. The nondisclosure of special agent
Chris Hall’s grand jury testimony did not warrant relief under Giglio v. United
States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972), the Jenks Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3500(b), or Brady v.
Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). Agent Hall testified that he investigated why Jean-
Rene negotiated tax refund checks issued to other persons and that two payees
confirmed Jean-Rene did not have permission to file their tax returns. Jean-Rene
4 Case: 18-11330 Date Filed: 09/24/2019 Page: 5 of 6
does not contend that any of Agent Hall’s statements were “actually false,” as
required to prove a violation of Giglio. See Maharaj v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr.,
432 F.3d 1292, 1313 (11th Cir. 2005). Even if, as Jean-Rene argues, Agent Hall’s
testimony “left a misleading impression that Mr. Jean-Rene had purportedly filed
fraudulent tax returns,” any error in withholding Agent Hall’s grand jury testimony
was harmless. Nondisclosure of the testimony did not handicap Jean-Rene’s
defense or affect the outcome of his case. See United States v. Jones, 601 F.3d
1247, 1266–67 (11th Cir. 2010); Giglio, 405 U.S. at 154. Jean-Rene was convicted
of identity theft and converting Treasury checks, not filing fraudulent tax returns.
Had Jean-Rene questioned Agent Hall about his grand jury testimony, the
government could have presented evidence that Jean-Rene had filed personal tax
returns that were fraudulent. And the evidence of Jean-Rene’s guilt was
overwhelming. Testimony from 26 witnesses, numerous records, and text
messages between Jean-Rene and his coconspirators proved that he purchased
Treasury checks that were stolen or fraudulent and negotiated those checks to
enrich himself and his coconspirators. Jean-Rene also argues that the district court
sua sponte should have held an evidentiary hearing on his motion, but we will not
consider an argument that Jean-Rene raised for the first time in his reply brief. See
United States v. Britt, 437 F.3d 1103, 1104–05 (11th Cir. 2006).
5 Case: 18-11330 Date Filed: 09/24/2019 Page: 6 of 6
Jean-Rene concedes that his challenge to the enhancement of his sentence
for obstruction of justice is foreclosed by our precedents in United States v.
Dunnigan, 507 U.S. 87 (1993), and United States v. Dobbs, 11 F.3d 152 (11th Cir.
1994). Jean-Rene does not dispute that he committed perjury. As we held in
Dobbs, “the enhancement for obstruction of justice through perjury does not
punish a defendant for testifying, but rather ‘is part of a sentencing scheme
designed to determine the appropriate type and extent of punishment after the issue
of guilt has been resolved.’” Id. at 154 (quoting Dunnigan, 507 U.S. at 94). We are
bound by that precedent. United States v. Whyte, 928 F.3d 1317, 1337 (11th Cir.
2019).
We AFFIRM Jean-Rene’s convictions and sentence.