NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 29 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 22-50031
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 3:20-cr-02923-LAB-1 v.
JAHVARIS LAMOUN SPRINGFIELD, MEMORANDUM *
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California Larry A. Burns, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted June 8, 2023 Pasadena, California
Before: M. SMITH and DESAI, Circuit Judges, and AMON,** District Judge.
Jahvaris Springfield appeals his conviction for distribution of fentanyl
resulting in death, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C). Springfield also
appeals his 300-month sentence. The parties’ familiarity with the briefing and
record is assumed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Carol Bagley Amon, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation. affirm.
1. The district court did not clearly err in determining that Springfield’s
Miranda waiver was knowing and intelligent. See United States v. Garibay, 143
F.3d 534, 536 (9th Cir. 1998) (knowing-and-intelligent-waiver determination
reviewed for clear error). Under the totality of the circumstances, the record supports
a finding that Springfield was aware “of both the nature of the right being abandoned
and the consequences of the decision to abandon it” when he answered the agents’
questions. United States v. Doe, 155 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 1998) (en banc)
(quotation omitted). Indeed, he was advised of his rights individually and in his
native language, appeared to understand them, and referenced his experience with
the criminal justice system before waiving his rights. See United States v. Crews,
502 F.3d 1130, 1140 (9th Cir. 2007) (listing relevant factors). As to Springfield’s
claim that he smoked marijuana and ingested ecstasy in the hours before his
questioning, the record does not indicate that he was so intoxicated that he lacked an
understanding of his rights. See Matylinsky v. Budge, 577 F.3d 1083, 1095 (9th Cir.
2009).
2. Nor were Springfield’s inculpatory statements involuntary. See United
States v. Preston, 751 F.3d 1008, 1020 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc) (voluntariness
reviewed de novo). Drug use does not render a confession involuntary where the
statement is “the product of a rational intellect and a free will.” Medeiros v.
2 Shimoda, 889 F.2d 819, 823 (9th Cir. 1989)) (citation omitted). Even assuming
Springfield was intoxicated, Springfield answered the agents’ questions in a
reasonably lucid, responsive manner and the agents’ conduct was not coercive,
threatening, or otherwise improper. See Preston, 751 F.3d at 1018–19 (holding that
courts must consider both the defendant’s mental state and the officers’ conduct in
determining the voluntariness of a confession).
3. The district court did not abuse its discretion by issuing an instruction
to the jury pursuant to Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492 (1896). See United States
v. Hernandez, 105 F.3d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1997) (Allen instructions reviewed for
abuse of discretion and content of instructions reviewed for coerciveness). “In
determining whether an Allen charge is coercive, the court examines: (1) the form
of the instruction, (2) the time the jury deliberated after receiving the charge in
relation to the total time of deliberation and (3) any other indicia of coerciveness.”
United States v. Steele, 298 F.3d 906, 911 (9th Cir. 2002). The court delivered its
Allen charge after the jury deliberated for over five hours and sent the court a note
indicating that it had reached a “standstill.” The instruction repeatedly indicated that
the jury need not reach a verdict and framed suggested methods of deliberation
neutrally. See United States v. Bonam, 772 F.2d 1449, 1451 (9th Cir. 1985) (per
curiam) (explaining that this court has “generally upheld” instructions as non-
coercive “[w]hen the portion of the instruction that asks the minority to re-examine
3 its views is counterbalanced by the caution that a juror should not abandon his
conscientiously held views”). We accord the fact that the jury deliberated for only
a short period after the district court delivered the Allen charge less weight because
the jury recessed for an entire evening just before hearing the charge. See Steele,
298 F.3d at 911 (“The fact the jury reached its verdict half an hour after returning
from a weekend recess could merely reflect that the jurors came to a resolution
during a weekend when they individually pondered the evidence.”); United States v.
Beattie, 613 F.2d 762, 765 (9th Cir. 1980) (“While the time elapsed between charge
and verdict is significant, it is not dispositive of the issue.”); Hernandez, 105 F.3d at
1333–34 (holding that forty minutes of deliberation after Allen instruction was “not
so short as to raise the specter of coercion” where the jury had already deliberated
for four and a half hours). No other relevant indicia of coerciveness exist.
4. The district court properly denied Springfield’s motion for a new trial
because the defense investigator’s declaration about the jury foreman’s statements
concerning juror deliberations was inadmissible pursuant to Federal Rule of
Evidence 606(b). See United States v. Lopez, 913 F.3d 807, 826 (9th Cir. 2019)
(denial of new trial motion reviewed for abuse of discretion). Our court has
previously held that Rule 606(b) bars consideration of post-verdict juror statements
indicating that jurors considered the defendant’s failure to testify at trial during
deliberations. United States v. Rutherford, 371 F.3d 634, 639–40 (9th Cir. 2004).
4 Springfield proposes a novel constitutional exception to Rule 606(b) for evidence
showing jurors considered a defendant’s decision not to testify at trial. However,
the Supreme Court has rejected similar proposed constitutional exceptions. See
Tanner v. United States, 483 U.S. 107
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 29 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 22-50031
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 3:20-cr-02923-LAB-1 v.
JAHVARIS LAMOUN SPRINGFIELD, MEMORANDUM *
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California Larry A. Burns, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted June 8, 2023 Pasadena, California
Before: M. SMITH and DESAI, Circuit Judges, and AMON,** District Judge.
Jahvaris Springfield appeals his conviction for distribution of fentanyl
resulting in death, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C). Springfield also
appeals his 300-month sentence. The parties’ familiarity with the briefing and
record is assumed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Carol Bagley Amon, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation. affirm.
1. The district court did not clearly err in determining that Springfield’s
Miranda waiver was knowing and intelligent. See United States v. Garibay, 143
F.3d 534, 536 (9th Cir. 1998) (knowing-and-intelligent-waiver determination
reviewed for clear error). Under the totality of the circumstances, the record supports
a finding that Springfield was aware “of both the nature of the right being abandoned
and the consequences of the decision to abandon it” when he answered the agents’
questions. United States v. Doe, 155 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 1998) (en banc)
(quotation omitted). Indeed, he was advised of his rights individually and in his
native language, appeared to understand them, and referenced his experience with
the criminal justice system before waiving his rights. See United States v. Crews,
502 F.3d 1130, 1140 (9th Cir. 2007) (listing relevant factors). As to Springfield’s
claim that he smoked marijuana and ingested ecstasy in the hours before his
questioning, the record does not indicate that he was so intoxicated that he lacked an
understanding of his rights. See Matylinsky v. Budge, 577 F.3d 1083, 1095 (9th Cir.
2009).
2. Nor were Springfield’s inculpatory statements involuntary. See United
States v. Preston, 751 F.3d 1008, 1020 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc) (voluntariness
reviewed de novo). Drug use does not render a confession involuntary where the
statement is “the product of a rational intellect and a free will.” Medeiros v.
2 Shimoda, 889 F.2d 819, 823 (9th Cir. 1989)) (citation omitted). Even assuming
Springfield was intoxicated, Springfield answered the agents’ questions in a
reasonably lucid, responsive manner and the agents’ conduct was not coercive,
threatening, or otherwise improper. See Preston, 751 F.3d at 1018–19 (holding that
courts must consider both the defendant’s mental state and the officers’ conduct in
determining the voluntariness of a confession).
3. The district court did not abuse its discretion by issuing an instruction
to the jury pursuant to Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492 (1896). See United States
v. Hernandez, 105 F.3d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1997) (Allen instructions reviewed for
abuse of discretion and content of instructions reviewed for coerciveness). “In
determining whether an Allen charge is coercive, the court examines: (1) the form
of the instruction, (2) the time the jury deliberated after receiving the charge in
relation to the total time of deliberation and (3) any other indicia of coerciveness.”
United States v. Steele, 298 F.3d 906, 911 (9th Cir. 2002). The court delivered its
Allen charge after the jury deliberated for over five hours and sent the court a note
indicating that it had reached a “standstill.” The instruction repeatedly indicated that
the jury need not reach a verdict and framed suggested methods of deliberation
neutrally. See United States v. Bonam, 772 F.2d 1449, 1451 (9th Cir. 1985) (per
curiam) (explaining that this court has “generally upheld” instructions as non-
coercive “[w]hen the portion of the instruction that asks the minority to re-examine
3 its views is counterbalanced by the caution that a juror should not abandon his
conscientiously held views”). We accord the fact that the jury deliberated for only
a short period after the district court delivered the Allen charge less weight because
the jury recessed for an entire evening just before hearing the charge. See Steele,
298 F.3d at 911 (“The fact the jury reached its verdict half an hour after returning
from a weekend recess could merely reflect that the jurors came to a resolution
during a weekend when they individually pondered the evidence.”); United States v.
Beattie, 613 F.2d 762, 765 (9th Cir. 1980) (“While the time elapsed between charge
and verdict is significant, it is not dispositive of the issue.”); Hernandez, 105 F.3d at
1333–34 (holding that forty minutes of deliberation after Allen instruction was “not
so short as to raise the specter of coercion” where the jury had already deliberated
for four and a half hours). No other relevant indicia of coerciveness exist.
4. The district court properly denied Springfield’s motion for a new trial
because the defense investigator’s declaration about the jury foreman’s statements
concerning juror deliberations was inadmissible pursuant to Federal Rule of
Evidence 606(b). See United States v. Lopez, 913 F.3d 807, 826 (9th Cir. 2019)
(denial of new trial motion reviewed for abuse of discretion). Our court has
previously held that Rule 606(b) bars consideration of post-verdict juror statements
indicating that jurors considered the defendant’s failure to testify at trial during
deliberations. United States v. Rutherford, 371 F.3d 634, 639–40 (9th Cir. 2004).
4 Springfield proposes a novel constitutional exception to Rule 606(b) for evidence
showing jurors considered a defendant’s decision not to testify at trial. However,
the Supreme Court has rejected similar proposed constitutional exceptions. See
Tanner v. United States, 483 U.S. 107, 126–27 (1987) (no constitutional exception
for statements showing extreme juror misconduct); Warger v. Shauers, 574 U.S. 40,
50–51 (2014) (no constitutional exception for statements showing dishonesty during
voir dire). Springfield analogizes his proposed exception to the racial animus
exception to Rule 606(b). See Pena-Rodriguez v. Colorado, 580 U.S. 206, 221–25
(2017) (recognizing narrow exception to Rule 606(b) for the “distinct” and “unique”
issue of racial bias in the jury). But even if we recognized a similar exception here,
the hearsay-on-hearsay declaration Springfield presented to the district court in this
case would not meet the high evidentiary burden required to overcome Rule 606(b).
See id. at 225–26 (holding that whether a showing of impermissible bias “has been
satisfied is a matter committed to the substantial discretion of the trial court in light
of all the circumstances, including the content and timing of the alleged statements
and the reliability of the proffered evidence”).
5. The district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing a 300-month
sentence. See United States v. Autery, 555 F.3d 864, 871 (9th Cir. 2009) (substantive
reasonableness of sentence reviewed for abuse of discretion). The sentence imposed
falls below the Guidelines range of 360 months to life. See United States v. Kabir,
5 51 F.4th 820, 829 (9th Cir. 2022) (“[T]he fact that the district court . . . imposed a
below-Guidelines sentence is suggestive of its reasonableness.”). Upon review of
the record, we lack “a definite and firm conviction that the district court committed
a clear error of judgment” in imposing its sentence. United States v. Amezcua-
Vasquez, 567 F.3d 1050, 1055 (9th Cir. 2009). We therefore conclude that the
sentence in this case “fall[s] comfortably within the broad range of sentences that
would be reasonable in the particular circumstances.” United States v. Carty, 520
F.3d 984, 994 (9th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted).
AFFIRMED.