United States v. Irving

1 M.J. 1188, 1976 CMR LEXIS 814
CourtU S Air Force Court of Military Review
DecidedJune 17, 1976
DocketACM 21851 (f rev)
StatusPublished
Cited by1 cases

This text of 1 M.J. 1188 (United States v. Irving) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering U S Air Force Court of Military Review primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Irving, 1 M.J. 1188, 1976 CMR LEXIS 814 (usafctmilrev 1976).

Opinion

DECISION UPON FURTHER REVIEW

LeTARTE, Chief Judge:

Contrary to his pleas, the accused was convicted of four specifications alleging wrongful disposition of heroin and one of wrongfully soliciting another to sell heroin, all offenses having been charged as violations of Article 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 934. The sentence, as approved, extends to dishonorable discharge, total forfeitures, confinement at hard labor for three years and reduction in grade to airman basic.1

In their initial brief, appellate defense counsel asserted eight assignments of error. We discussed one of these in our original, unpublished decision, dated 19 September 1975, and pursuant thereto returned the [1190]*1190record of trial to the convening authority for a new review and action. Such proceedings having been completed, the case is again before us upon further review.

In addition to inviting our attention to the errors initially asserted, appellate defense counsel have submitted four others for our consideration. In our opinion, only the following issues merit discussion.

I
APPELLANT WAS DEPRIVED OF THE SPEEDY REVIEW TO WHICH HE WAS ENTITLED.
II
APPELLANT IS ENTITLED TO A REHEARING ON SENTENCE IN VIEW OF THE GROSS DISPARITY BETWEEN THE MAXIMUM SENTENCE GIVEN TO THE JURY (45 YEARS) AND THE MAXIMUM UNDER ARTICLE 92 (10 YEARS).

Following our original decision, the record of trial was dispatched to the convening authority on 23 September 1975, and was received in the office of his staff judge advocate on 20 October 1975. The new review was completed on 19 December 1975, and the convening authority’s new action was taken four days later without the defense counsel having been afforded an opportunity to correct or challenge the review. United States v. Goode, 23 U.S.C.M.A. 367, 50 C.M.R. 1, 1 M.J. 3 (1975).

Because of these circumstances, appellate defense counsel contend that the Court’s mandate in Dunlap v. Convening Authority, 23 U.S.C.M.A. 135, 48 C.M.R. 751 (1974), was violated in that more than 90 days elapsed from the date of our original decision until the date of the convening authority’s new action. Furthermore, counsel contend that the Government must also be held responsible for the delay until 13 January 1976, the date a copy of the review was received by the accused’s counsel.2 We disagree with both contentions.

The Dunlap presumption of denial of speedy post-trial disposition of a case simply is not applicable to delays that occur subsequent to the general court-martial convening authority’s initial action. United States v. Burton, 50 C.M.R. 547 (A.F.C.M.R.1975), pet. denied (29 August 1975). United States v. Mixson, 1 M.J. 569, 570 (A.C.M.R. 1974). The presumption is strictly limited to that period of post-trial confinement between sentencing and action and not to delays that occur after the appellate process has begun. United States v. Burton, supra. Hence, when a new review and action has been ordered by an appellate court, there is no specific period of time for which a denial of speedy post-trial disposition of the case is presumed. Instead, the possible prejudicial effect of such delays is dependent upon the relevant facts and circumstances. United States v. Timmons, 22 U.S.C.M.A. 226, 46 C.M.R. 226 (1973).

Having carefully scrutinized such circumstances in the instant case, we are satisfied that the delay in accomplishing the new review and action could not possibly have prejudiced the accused’s substantial rights. United States v. Prater, 20 U.S.C.M.A. 339, 43 C.M.R. 179 (1971); United States v. Timmons, supra. In addition, in view of our finding that the new review was prepared in substantial compliance with paragraph 85, Manual for Courts-Martial, 1969 (Rev.), and the curative action taken by us with respect to the issue hereinafter discussed, we perceive no possibility of prejudice stemming from the fact that the convening authority completed his new action without first complying with the Court’s mandate in United States v. Goode, supra. United States v. Prater, supra; United States v. Davis, 20 U.S.C.M.A. 541, 43 C.M.R. 381 (1971).

With respect to appellate defense counsel’s next assignment of error, the court was instructed that the maximum confinement at hard labor imposable for the crimes of which the accused was convicted was 45 years. In arriving at this figure, the military judge rejected defense counsel’s contention that the solicitation, transfer and possession offenses, all of which occurred on [1191]*1191the same day, were multiplicious for sentencing purposes.

The relevant evidence indicates that on 14 August 1974, Sergeant Reither was approached by the accused who solicited Reither to sell heroin for which Reither was to be paid a commission. Later the same day, Reither and the accused went to McDonald’s room where the accused emptied about half of the contents of a small bottle and wrapped the substance in separate packets which he divided between Reither and McDonald. The accused retained the remainder of the substance which was later identified as heroin.

On this evidence, the accused was charged with soliciting Reither to sell heroin, transferring heroin to Reither and possessing heroin.

Appellate defense counsel have not contended that these offenses were multiplicious for sentencing purposes. They have limited their argument to the alleged prejudicial disparity in the maximum imposable confinement resulting from charging the heroin disposition offenses as violations of Article 134, Code, supra, rather than Article 92. Nevertheless, we will consider the multiplicious aspect of the offenses as well as the effect of the codal provisions under which they were charged.

In United States v. Smith, 1 M.J. 260 (1976), Chief Judge Fletcher made the following remarks in a separate (concurring in the result) opinion:

Absent an expression of congressional intent to the contrary, it is inappropriate to subject an individual to multiple punishment for multiple drug offenses where the drug allegedly distributed, transferred, used, or sold is part or all of the quantum of the drug allegedly possessed. To hold otherwise would subject the individual who transfers only a portion of the drug in his possession to a penalty twice as severe as that applicable to a drug dealer who succeeds in distributing his entire cache.

At first blush, literal application of this rule would seemingly render the accused’s possession and transfer of heroin offenses multiplicious. We do not believe, however, that Judge Fletcher intended that his rule be applied literally. It does not, for example, provide for variations in time intervals, separate persons to whom the drug may have been distributed, transferred, or sold, or the number of times the individual may have partaken of his illegal cache.

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Related

United States v. Clay
2 M.J. 721 (U S Air Force Court of Military Review, 1976)

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