United States v. Insaidoo
Opinion
17‐3178‐cr (L) United States v. Insaidoo UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 15th day of March, two thousand nineteen.
PRESENT: BARRINGTON D. PARKER, DENNY CHIN,
RICHARD J. SULLIVAN,
Circuit Judges.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee,
v. 17‐3178‐cr (L);
17‐3230‐cr (Con)
KWAME A. INSAIDOO, ROXANNA INSAIDOO, Defendants‐Appellants.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x
FOR APPELLEE: ELI J. MARK, Assistant United States Attorney (David Zhou, Daniel B. Tehrani, Assistant United States Attorneys, on the brief), for Geoffrey S. Berman, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New York, New York.
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT MICHELLE ANDERSON BARTH, The Law KWAME A. INSAIDOO: Office of Michelle Anderson Barth, Burlington, Vermont.
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT BEVERLY H. VAN NESS, Law Firm of Beverly ROXANNA INSAIDOO: Van Ness, New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Caproni, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgments of the district court are AFFIRMED in part and VACATED in part and the case is REMANDED.
Defendants‐appellants Kwame A. Insaidoo (ʺKwameʺ) and Roxanna Insaidoo (ʺRoxannaʺ) appeal from judgments entered October 4, 2017, convicting them, following a six‐day jury trial, of conspiracy, embezzlement, wire fraud, and money laundering, in connection with a government‐funded not‐for‐profit organization, United Block Association, Inc. (ʺUBAʺ), and a government‐sponsored mortgage program.
Kwame was sentenced principally to forty‐eight monthsʹ imprisonment and three yearsʹ supervised release. Roxanna was sentenced principally to thirty monthsʹ imprisonment and three yearsʹ supervised release. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal.
On appeal, the Insaidoos present the following challenges to their convictions: (1) the adequacy of the jury instructions concerning the definition of ʺbenefitsʺ and ʺin any one year periodʺ for embezzlement under 18 U.S.C. § 666; (2) the sufficiency of the evidence as to whether funds disbursed to UBA under the Older Americans Act (ʺOAAʺ), 42 U.S.C § 3001 et seq., constitute ʺbenefitsʺ; and, (3) if the Court vacates their convictions for embezzlement, the Insaidoosʹ entitlement to retroactive misjoinder on the remaining counts due to spillover prejudice. Separately, Roxanna challenges the sufficiency of the evidence as to her participation in the embezzlement scheme, and Kwame challenges one of his standard conditions of supervised release.
I. Adequacy of the Jury Instructions The Insaidoos challenge the adequacy of the district courtʹs jury instructions concerning the terms ʺbenefitsʺ and ʺin any one year periodʺ in Section 666. They did not raise this objection below, and the parties agree that an unpreserved challenge to the specific language of a jury instruction must be reviewed for plain error. See United States v. Skelly, 442 F.3d 94, 99 (2d Cir. 2006) (ʺ[W]e may not reverse for failure to give a more adequate instruction . . . unless the failure constitutes ʹplain error.ʹʺ) (citing Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b)). An error is plain when the district court is ʺobviously wrong in light of existing law.ʺ United States v. Ghailani, 733 F.3d 29, 52 (2d
Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v. Tarbell, 728 F.3d 122, 126 (2d Cir. 2013)). Here, we find no such error.
In relevant part, Section 666 provides that whoever, ʺbeing an agent of an organization,ʺ embezzles property valued at $5,000 or more is guilty of a crime if the organization ʺreceives, in any one year period, benefits in excess of $10,000 under a Federal program involving a grant, contract, subsidy, loan, guarantee, insurance, or other form of Federal assistance.ʺ 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)‐(b).
The Insaidoos contend that the district court should have instructed the jury that the government had to prove UBA received benefits tied to an identifiable federal program whose ʺstructure, operation, and purposeʺ qualify the funds as federal benefits, citing Fischer v. United States, 529 U.S. 667, 677, 681 (2000) (holding that ʺ[t]o determine whether an organization participating in a federal assistance program receives ʹbenefits,ʹ an examination must be undertaken of the programʹs structure, operation, and purposeʺ). The district court instructed the jury that, to convict, it had to find that UBA received ʺmore than $10,000 that originated as federal money under a federal program.ʺ Tr. 1035. The Insaidoos argue, in essence, that the jury should have been required to find that the funds were ʺbenefitsʺ specifically within the meaning of Section 666.
That argument, however, is unpersuasive. This Court has treated the question of what constitutes a benefit as a legal question for the court. See United States v. Bahel, 662 F.3d 610, 626‐29 (2d Cir. 2011) (examining as a legal matter whether the United Nations Participation Act, 22 U.S.C. § 287e, established a benefit program for the purpose of § 666(b)); see also United States v. Peery, 977 F.2d 1230, 1233 n.2 (8th Cir. 1992) (ʺ[D]etermining whether [S]ection 666 applies to [the defendantʹs] conduct is a question of law.ʺ). But see United States v. McLean, 802 F.3d 1228, 1247 (11th Cir. 2015) (ʺ[B]ased on our circuit precedent, if we were to address this issue, we would determine that the decision to classify assistance as a federal benefit was properly submitted to the jury.ʺ). Like our evaluation of the statutory scheme underlying the United Nations Participation Act relative to Section 666 in Bahel, determining whether the OAA provides a federal benefit is a matter of statutory interpretation. The district court did not err in not assigning this task to the jury. See Jaen v. Sessions, 899 F.3d 182, 185 (2d Cir. 2018) (ʺ[S]tatutory interpretation . . . presents a question of law.ʺ).
In addition, the Insaidoosʹ claim that the district court should have further instructed the jury on the phrase ʺin any one year period,ʺ to explicitly indicate that it had to refer to a continuous twelve‐month period, is meritless. No plausible understanding of ʺin any one year periodʺ would suggest that a jury would ʺcobble[] together twelve months that were not continuousʺ between 2007 to 2017, the duration of the Insaidoosʹ embezzlement scheme. Def. Appellant Kwame A. Insaidoo Br. at 27.
Consequently, the district court did not commit plain error in its instructions to the jury concerning either the benefit requirement or the phrase ʺin any one year periodʺ under Section 666.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
United States v. Insaidoo (United States v. Insaidoo) — published by Counsel Stack Legal Research, free access to 12M+ legal documents.