F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 5 2000 TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 99-3342 v. (District of Kansas) (D.C. No. 98-CR-10001) MICHAEL J. HOGAN,
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRORBY, KELLY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
I. INTRODUCTION
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. Michael Hogan pleaded guilty 1 to two counts of possession of cocaine with
intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841, one count of attempted
possession of cocaine with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and
three counts of possession of a firearm by an unlawful user of controlled
substances in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(3). The district court sentenced
Hogan to a term of imprisonment of seventy-eight months on each count,
providing that all of the terms of imprisonment would run concurrently. On
appeal, Hogan asserts that the district court erred in refusing to suppress three
weapons found during a warrant-based search of his residence. He further asserts
that the district court erred in calculating the amount of drugs attributable to him
for purposes of the United States Sentencing Guidelines. This court exercises
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirms.
II. BACKGROUND
In late 1997, agents of the Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”)
began investigating Hogan after a confidential informant provided the DEA with
information that Hogan was involved in drug trafficking. On January 8, 1998,
Hogan agreed to sell a kilogram of cocaine to the confidential informant and a
Hogan entered his guilty plea pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal 1
Procedure 11(a)(2), preserving his right to appeal the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress.
-2- DEA agent. During the negotiations, Hogan informed the confidential informant
that he had approximately four ounces of cocaine at his house and that he could
come up with enough cocaine from other sources to complete the deal. At ten
o’clock that evening, however, the drug deal escalated into a shooting incident
between other defendants and agents of the DEA. Hogan and others were
arrested.
Early the next morning, DEA agents applied for a warrant to search the
home of Hogan’s parents. Hogan had been living with his parents for several
months. A magistrate judge issued the requested warrant, authorizing officers to
search for, inter alia, cocaine; firearms “held in connection with the sale or
distribution of cocaine”; and financial documents such as bank documents,
customer lists, and telephone/pager bills associated with the distribution of
cocaine. During a three-hour search of Hogan’s room, officers found a package
of cocaine secreted between Hogan’s mattress and box springs. The officers also
found three handguns and a homemade silencer in a locked briefcase stowed
under Hogan’s bed.
Prior to trial, Hogan filed a motion to suppress the weapons and silencer
found in the briefcase during the search of his room. As grounds for his
suppression motion, Hogan argued as follows: (1) the search of the briefcase was
improper because the briefcase was not identified as a proper place to be searched
-3- in the search warrant; (2) although the warrant specifically empowered officers to
search for weapons, the affidavit in support of the warrant was absolutely silent
on the question of weapons; and (3) once the officers found the quantity of
cocaine identified in the affidavit in support of the warrant, they were obligated to
halt their search. The district court rejected these contentions, concluding that the
briefcase reasonably could have contained any of the items identified in the
warrant. Thus, according to the district court, the search of the briefcase was
both reasonable and within the terms of the warrant.
After the district court denied his motion to suppress, Hogan entered into a
conditional guilty plea agreement with the government. In that agreement, the
parties specifically agreed that Hogan had attempted to possess with intent to
distribute eighteen ounces of cocaine. At sentencing, the district court calculated
Hogan’s offense level based on the quantity set forth in the plea agreement.
III. ANALYSIS
1. MOTION TO SUPPRESS
In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, this court applies the
clearly erroneous standard to the district court’s factual findings and views the
evidence in the light most favorable to the government. See United States v.
Eylicio-Montoya, 18 F.3d 845, 849 (10th Cir. 1994). The ultimate conclusion that
-4- a search is reasonable is, however, a question of law subject to de novo review.
See id.
On appeal, Hogan makes the following two closely related arguments: (1)
the officers were obligated to terminate the search immediately upon the finding
of the cocaine described in the affidavit in support of the search warrant; and (2)
the officers could not search the briefcase where the guns were found because it
was not specifically identified in the warrant as a place to be searched. These
contentions can be resolved in short order. Hogan’s assertion that officers could
not open the briefcase found under his bed without a separate warrant is at odds
with both basic treatise law and Tenth Circuit precedent.
If a warrant sufficiently describes the premises to be searched, this will justify a search of those personal effects found therein and belonging to the person occupying the premises if those effects might contain the described items. It is not necessary, in order to comply with the Fourth Amendment requirement that the place to be searched be described with particularity, that the warrant also describe such receptacles. For example, if officers executing a warrant for marijuana find in the described house a matchbox and wallet, these items may be searched because they are “plausible repositories” for the marijuana.
Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure, § 4.10(b) (3d ed. 1996); see also United
States v. Gentry, 642 F.2d 385, 387 (10th Cir. 1981) (holding that warrant for
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 5 2000 TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 99-3342 v. (District of Kansas) (D.C. No. 98-CR-10001) MICHAEL J. HOGAN,
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRORBY, KELLY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
I. INTRODUCTION
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. Michael Hogan pleaded guilty 1 to two counts of possession of cocaine with
intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841, one count of attempted
possession of cocaine with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and
three counts of possession of a firearm by an unlawful user of controlled
substances in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(3). The district court sentenced
Hogan to a term of imprisonment of seventy-eight months on each count,
providing that all of the terms of imprisonment would run concurrently. On
appeal, Hogan asserts that the district court erred in refusing to suppress three
weapons found during a warrant-based search of his residence. He further asserts
that the district court erred in calculating the amount of drugs attributable to him
for purposes of the United States Sentencing Guidelines. This court exercises
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirms.
II. BACKGROUND
In late 1997, agents of the Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”)
began investigating Hogan after a confidential informant provided the DEA with
information that Hogan was involved in drug trafficking. On January 8, 1998,
Hogan agreed to sell a kilogram of cocaine to the confidential informant and a
Hogan entered his guilty plea pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal 1
Procedure 11(a)(2), preserving his right to appeal the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress.
-2- DEA agent. During the negotiations, Hogan informed the confidential informant
that he had approximately four ounces of cocaine at his house and that he could
come up with enough cocaine from other sources to complete the deal. At ten
o’clock that evening, however, the drug deal escalated into a shooting incident
between other defendants and agents of the DEA. Hogan and others were
arrested.
Early the next morning, DEA agents applied for a warrant to search the
home of Hogan’s parents. Hogan had been living with his parents for several
months. A magistrate judge issued the requested warrant, authorizing officers to
search for, inter alia, cocaine; firearms “held in connection with the sale or
distribution of cocaine”; and financial documents such as bank documents,
customer lists, and telephone/pager bills associated with the distribution of
cocaine. During a three-hour search of Hogan’s room, officers found a package
of cocaine secreted between Hogan’s mattress and box springs. The officers also
found three handguns and a homemade silencer in a locked briefcase stowed
under Hogan’s bed.
Prior to trial, Hogan filed a motion to suppress the weapons and silencer
found in the briefcase during the search of his room. As grounds for his
suppression motion, Hogan argued as follows: (1) the search of the briefcase was
improper because the briefcase was not identified as a proper place to be searched
-3- in the search warrant; (2) although the warrant specifically empowered officers to
search for weapons, the affidavit in support of the warrant was absolutely silent
on the question of weapons; and (3) once the officers found the quantity of
cocaine identified in the affidavit in support of the warrant, they were obligated to
halt their search. The district court rejected these contentions, concluding that the
briefcase reasonably could have contained any of the items identified in the
warrant. Thus, according to the district court, the search of the briefcase was
both reasonable and within the terms of the warrant.
After the district court denied his motion to suppress, Hogan entered into a
conditional guilty plea agreement with the government. In that agreement, the
parties specifically agreed that Hogan had attempted to possess with intent to
distribute eighteen ounces of cocaine. At sentencing, the district court calculated
Hogan’s offense level based on the quantity set forth in the plea agreement.
III. ANALYSIS
1. MOTION TO SUPPRESS
In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, this court applies the
clearly erroneous standard to the district court’s factual findings and views the
evidence in the light most favorable to the government. See United States v.
Eylicio-Montoya, 18 F.3d 845, 849 (10th Cir. 1994). The ultimate conclusion that
-4- a search is reasonable is, however, a question of law subject to de novo review.
See id.
On appeal, Hogan makes the following two closely related arguments: (1)
the officers were obligated to terminate the search immediately upon the finding
of the cocaine described in the affidavit in support of the search warrant; and (2)
the officers could not search the briefcase where the guns were found because it
was not specifically identified in the warrant as a place to be searched. These
contentions can be resolved in short order. Hogan’s assertion that officers could
not open the briefcase found under his bed without a separate warrant is at odds
with both basic treatise law and Tenth Circuit precedent.
If a warrant sufficiently describes the premises to be searched, this will justify a search of those personal effects found therein and belonging to the person occupying the premises if those effects might contain the described items. It is not necessary, in order to comply with the Fourth Amendment requirement that the place to be searched be described with particularity, that the warrant also describe such receptacles. For example, if officers executing a warrant for marijuana find in the described house a matchbox and wallet, these items may be searched because they are “plausible repositories” for the marijuana.
Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure, § 4.10(b) (3d ed. 1996); see also United
States v. Gentry, 642 F.2d 385, 387 (10th Cir. 1981) (holding that warrant for
search of premises authorized search for briefcase found therein). Because it is
clear that any number of the items set forth in the warrant could have been found
in the briefcase, the search of that briefcase was consistent with the warrant.
-5- Hogan’s claim that officers had to stop searching once they located the cocaine in
his room is similarly flawed. The warrant also empowered the officers to search
for drug paraphernalia and financial records relating to drug distribution, any
which of those items could have been located in the briefcase. 2 Once the
briefcase was validly opened, the guns contained therein were in plain view and
subject to seizure.
The district court’s conclusion that the search of the briefcase was
reasonable and consistent with the dictates of the Fourth Amendment is clearly
correct and is, therefore, affirmed.
2. DRUG CALCULATION
Hogan asserts that the district court miscalculated the amount of drugs
attributable to him for purposes of calculating his base offense level under United
States Sentencing Guideline § 2D1.1(c). In particular, Hogan asserts that the
district court erred in holding him responsible for eighteen ounces of cocaine
flowing from the interrupted transaction on the day of Hogan’s arrest. This court
2 Before the district court, Hogan asserted that those portions of the warrant allowing the officers to search his residence for weapons was invalid because there was nothing contained in the affidavit in support of the warrant regarding the likely presence of weapons. Hogan does not reassert that argument on appeal. Even assuming he had reasserted that claim and assuming the claim had any merit, the search of the briefcase was still proper because it was possible that the briefcase contained financial records, drug paraphernalia, or additional quantities of drugs.
-6- reviews a district court’s drug quantity calculations for clear error. See United
States v. Ruiz-Castro, 92 F.3d 1519, 1534 (10th Cir. 1996). The government has
the burden of proving the quantity of drugs for sentencing by a preponderance of
the evidence. See id.
Hogan’s contentions regarding the district court’s drug-quantity
calculations are clearly without merit. The plea agreement specifically provided
that Hogan had attempted to possess with intent to distribute eighteen ounces of
cocaine. Furthermore, during the colloquy at the change of plea hearing, the
district court engaged in a lengthy discussion with Hogan regarding the
consequences of the plea agreement and the fact that Hogan had specifically
agreed he had negotiated to sell eighteen ounces of cocaine. Finally, when the
question of drug quantity arose at the sentencing hearing, the district court
offered Hogan the chance to withdraw his plea, an offer Hogan declined.
The district court did not, however, rely exclusively on the stipulation in
the plea agreement in determining that Hogan was responsible for the eighteen
ounces alleged in count two of the superseding indictment. The district court also
heard the testimony of DEA agent Nikki Hollmann. Hollmann specifically
testified that Hogan agreed to sell her one kilogram of cocaine for $15,000. 3 At
3 As specifically noted by the district court, one kilogram is not exactly equal to eighteen ounces. Nevertheless, as further noted by the district court, those two amounts are roughly equivalent and the slight difference between the
-7- the conclusion of the sentencing hearing, the district court specifically found
Hollmann’s testimony credible, implicitly rejecting Hogan’s contrary testimony.
See United States v. Gama-Bastidas, 142 F.3d 1233, 1239-40 (10th Cir. 1998)
(holding that these kind of credibility determinations are particularly within the
province of the district court). So credited, Holland’s testimony is more than
sufficient to support the district court’s drug calculations.
IV. CONCLUSION
For those reasons set forth above, the judgment of the United States District
Court for the District of Kansas is hereby AFFIRMED.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT:
Michael R. Murphy Circuit Judge
two was not relevant for purposes of establishing Hogan’s offense level under the Sentencing Guidelines.
-8-