OPINION
CLIFTON, Circuit Judge:
Defendant Henrik Sardariani appeals his sentence of 120 months imposed as a result of a guilty plea conviction for conspiring to commit wire fraud and other offenses. We affirm. In doing so, we hold that a notary seal can be an “authentication feature” under 18 U.S.C. § 1028, and that the district court, in calculating the advisory guidelines range in this case, correctly applied an enhancement for use of an authentication feature under Sentencing Guidelines § 2Bl.l(b)(ll)(A)(ii) (formerly § 2Bl.l(b)(10)(B)(ii)).
I. Background
Beginning in 2007, Sardariani, along with several co-conspirators, developed and executed a scheme to procure multiple loans from various private lenders by falsely pledging as collateral properties he did not own. The properties included: (1) a house in Burbank, California, previously owned by Sardariani but subsequently sold in a foreclosure sale; (2) a house in Glen
dale, California, previously owned by Sar-dariani but subsequently transferred to a sham entity under his control; and (3) a house in Sherman Oaks, California, which Sardariani induced another to purchase and then fraudulently transferred to the sham entity. Sardariani and his co-conspirators worked to conceal the truth and lull the victims into a false sense that their money was safe before absconding with the loan proceeds. The total amount stolen in this way was $5,450,000. Sardariani eventually pled guilty to charges of conspiring to commit wire fraud, aggravated identity theft, and transactional money laundering (18 U.S.C. § 871); wire fraud (18 U.S.C. § 1343); and engaging in unlawful monetary transactions (18 U.S.C. § 1957).
Among the many falsified documents relating to the fraudulent scheme were a grant deed purportedly transferring the Sherman Oaks property from another person to Sardariani’s company, SLK, and a reconveyance of an outstanding deed of trust securing a prior lender’s loan on the Burbank property. These two documents were recorded bearing both forged signatures and forged notary seals. At sentencing, the district court found that Sardaria-ni “used the notary seals and the notary commission numbers that he cut and pasted” to further the commission of the crime. In calculating the appropriate range under the advisory Sentencing Guidelines, the court imposed an enhancement for use of an authentication feature under U.S.S.G. § 2Bl.l(b)(ll)(A)(ii). Sardariani appeals the application of this enhancement.
II. Discussion
A district court’s interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines is reviewed
de novo. United States v. Rivera,
527 F.3d 891, 908 (9th Cir.2008).
The Sentencing Guidelines provide for a 2-level increase “if the offense involved ... the possession or use of any ... authentication feature.” § 2Bl.l(b)(ll)(A)(ii).
To define terms used in this subsection, the Guidelines refer to the Secure Authentication Feature and Enhanced Identification Defense Act of 2003 (“SAFE ID Act”), codified at 18 U.S.C. § 1028.
See
U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmts. 1, 10. “Authentication feature” is defined as a “symbol ... or other feature that either individually or in combination with another feature is used by the issuing authority on an identification document, document-making implement, or means of identification to determine if the document is counterfeit, altered, or otherwise falsified.” 18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(1).
Sardariani argues that the court’s application of an enhancement for use of an authentication feature under § 2Bl.l(b)(ll)(A)(ii) was erroneous because the definition of “authentication feature” is limited to symbols used on identification documents issued by a governmental authority. Specifically, he argues that his actions did not constitute use of an authentication feature because the forged notary seals used to further the crime were not issued by any state or federal entity or agency, and the deeds on which the forged seals were placed were not identification documents. This position is not supported by the language of the statute.
First, actions by a notary public, including authentication of a signature, are taken based upon the authority of the state. Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed.2009) defines a “notary public” as a “person authorized by a state to administer oaths, certify documents, attest to the authenticity of signatures, and perform official acts in commercial matters.” The state itself is an issuing authority within the statutory definition. “Issuing authority” is defined as “any governmental entity or agency that is authorized to issue identification documents, means of identification, or authentication features.”
See
18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(6).
The fraudulent seals used here purported to represent certification by a notary public acting under the authority and as an agent of the state of California that the signatures in question were genuine. The state relies upon notarization to confirm the authenticity of a signature on a document to be recorded. When a notary public acts under a state’s authority in applying a notary seal, the notary public is properly considered to be acting with the authority of the state, a governmental entity authorized to issue an authentication feature.
Second, although Sardariani may be correct that the deeds of trust were not themselves identification documents, the statute does not require that an authentication feature appear on an identification document. The definition of authentication feature includes features used “on an identification document, document-making implement,
or means of identification.”
18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(1) (emphasis added). “Means of identification” is further defined in § 1028(d)(7) as “any name or number that may be used, alone or in conjunction with any other information, to identify a specific individual.”
We have previously determined that a signature is a means of identification within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(7).
United States v. Blixt,
548 F.3d 882
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OPINION
CLIFTON, Circuit Judge:
Defendant Henrik Sardariani appeals his sentence of 120 months imposed as a result of a guilty plea conviction for conspiring to commit wire fraud and other offenses. We affirm. In doing so, we hold that a notary seal can be an “authentication feature” under 18 U.S.C. § 1028, and that the district court, in calculating the advisory guidelines range in this case, correctly applied an enhancement for use of an authentication feature under Sentencing Guidelines § 2Bl.l(b)(ll)(A)(ii) (formerly § 2Bl.l(b)(10)(B)(ii)).
I. Background
Beginning in 2007, Sardariani, along with several co-conspirators, developed and executed a scheme to procure multiple loans from various private lenders by falsely pledging as collateral properties he did not own. The properties included: (1) a house in Burbank, California, previously owned by Sardariani but subsequently sold in a foreclosure sale; (2) a house in Glen
dale, California, previously owned by Sar-dariani but subsequently transferred to a sham entity under his control; and (3) a house in Sherman Oaks, California, which Sardariani induced another to purchase and then fraudulently transferred to the sham entity. Sardariani and his co-conspirators worked to conceal the truth and lull the victims into a false sense that their money was safe before absconding with the loan proceeds. The total amount stolen in this way was $5,450,000. Sardariani eventually pled guilty to charges of conspiring to commit wire fraud, aggravated identity theft, and transactional money laundering (18 U.S.C. § 871); wire fraud (18 U.S.C. § 1343); and engaging in unlawful monetary transactions (18 U.S.C. § 1957).
Among the many falsified documents relating to the fraudulent scheme were a grant deed purportedly transferring the Sherman Oaks property from another person to Sardariani’s company, SLK, and a reconveyance of an outstanding deed of trust securing a prior lender’s loan on the Burbank property. These two documents were recorded bearing both forged signatures and forged notary seals. At sentencing, the district court found that Sardaria-ni “used the notary seals and the notary commission numbers that he cut and pasted” to further the commission of the crime. In calculating the appropriate range under the advisory Sentencing Guidelines, the court imposed an enhancement for use of an authentication feature under U.S.S.G. § 2Bl.l(b)(ll)(A)(ii). Sardariani appeals the application of this enhancement.
II. Discussion
A district court’s interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines is reviewed
de novo. United States v. Rivera,
527 F.3d 891, 908 (9th Cir.2008).
The Sentencing Guidelines provide for a 2-level increase “if the offense involved ... the possession or use of any ... authentication feature.” § 2Bl.l(b)(ll)(A)(ii).
To define terms used in this subsection, the Guidelines refer to the Secure Authentication Feature and Enhanced Identification Defense Act of 2003 (“SAFE ID Act”), codified at 18 U.S.C. § 1028.
See
U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmts. 1, 10. “Authentication feature” is defined as a “symbol ... or other feature that either individually or in combination with another feature is used by the issuing authority on an identification document, document-making implement, or means of identification to determine if the document is counterfeit, altered, or otherwise falsified.” 18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(1).
Sardariani argues that the court’s application of an enhancement for use of an authentication feature under § 2Bl.l(b)(ll)(A)(ii) was erroneous because the definition of “authentication feature” is limited to symbols used on identification documents issued by a governmental authority. Specifically, he argues that his actions did not constitute use of an authentication feature because the forged notary seals used to further the crime were not issued by any state or federal entity or agency, and the deeds on which the forged seals were placed were not identification documents. This position is not supported by the language of the statute.
First, actions by a notary public, including authentication of a signature, are taken based upon the authority of the state. Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed.2009) defines a “notary public” as a “person authorized by a state to administer oaths, certify documents, attest to the authenticity of signatures, and perform official acts in commercial matters.” The state itself is an issuing authority within the statutory definition. “Issuing authority” is defined as “any governmental entity or agency that is authorized to issue identification documents, means of identification, or authentication features.”
See
18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(6).
The fraudulent seals used here purported to represent certification by a notary public acting under the authority and as an agent of the state of California that the signatures in question were genuine. The state relies upon notarization to confirm the authenticity of a signature on a document to be recorded. When a notary public acts under a state’s authority in applying a notary seal, the notary public is properly considered to be acting with the authority of the state, a governmental entity authorized to issue an authentication feature.
Second, although Sardariani may be correct that the deeds of trust were not themselves identification documents, the statute does not require that an authentication feature appear on an identification document. The definition of authentication feature includes features used “on an identification document, document-making implement,
or means of identification.”
18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(1) (emphasis added). “Means of identification” is further defined in § 1028(d)(7) as “any name or number that may be used, alone or in conjunction with any other information, to identify a specific individual.”
We have previously determined that a signature is a means of identification within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(7).
United States v. Blixt,
548 F.3d 882, 886-88 (9th Cir.2008). In that case, the defendant was charged with a violation of 18 U.S.C.- § 1028A(a)(l) (aggravated identity theft) for forging the signature of her employer on checks written for personal gain.
Id.
at 884-85. Defendant argued that a signature was not a name and, therefore, not a “means of identification” as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(7) (applying to both §§ 1028 and 1028A). The district court foreclosed this theory by instructing the
jury that “a signature is a name within the meaning of the phrase ‘Means of Identification.’ ”
Id.
at 885. Defendant appealed, and we affirmed, holding that “forging another’s signature constitutes the use of that person’s name and thus qualifies as a ‘means of identification:’ ”
Id.
at 886. Applying
Blixt
to the facts of this case, we conclude that the forged notary seals were used on a means of identification.
In support of his position that authentication features are limited to symbols found on identification documents, Sardar-iani points to the conference report explaining the purpose of the SAFE ID Act, Pub.L. No. 108-21, § 607, 117 Stat. 650, 689-91 (2003). The proposed statute was described as “addressing the growing trade'in illicit authentication feature[s] for IDs.” H.R. Conf. Rep. 108-66,
reprinted in
2003 U.S.C.C.A.N. 683, 702. Yet the statute as enacted was written more broadly than that language in the conference report suggests.
“Absent a clearly expressed legislative intention to the contrary, [the language of the statute] must ordinarily be regarded as conclusive.”
Consumer Prod. Safety Comm’n v. GTE Sylvania, Inc.,
447 U.S. 102, 108, 100 S.Ct. 2051, 64 L.Ed.2d 766 (1980). The conference report refers to the growing trade in fake identification documents as the motivation for proposing the SAFE ID Act, but it does not explicitly limit the act’s application to identification documents, and thus it does not override the plain meaning of the statutory text. We “must presume that a legislature says in a statute what it means and means in a statute what it says there.”
Conn. Nat’l Bank v. Germain,
503 U.S. 249, 253-54, 112 S.Ct. 1146, 117 L.Ed.2d 391 (1992). The statute itself does not limit the definition of authentication features to those used on identification documents, and we must not either.
Sardariani used forged notary seals in furtherance of the crime: he used them to convince the county recorder’s office that the signatures on the falsified documents were genuine. Those forged signatures were means of identification under 18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(7).
See Blixt,
548 F.3d at 886-88. The notary seals were, therefore, authentication features applied to means of identification—features which the country recorder’s office used “to determine if the document is counterfeit, altered, or otherwise falsified.” 18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(1). Sardariani’s use of notary seals to authenticate forged signatures was the use of an authentication feature as defined in § 1028(d)(1). In calculating the advisory guidelines range in this case, the district court correctly applied an enhancement for use of an authentication feature under Sentencing Guidelines § 2Bl.l(b)(ll)(A)(ii) (formerly § 2Bl.l(b)(10)(B)(ii)).
AFFIRMED.