Chief Judge CRAWFORD
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Contrary to her pleas, appellant was convicted by officer members at a general court-martial of conduct unbecoming an officer by failing to pay a just debt and altering a promissory note and lying about it, in violation of Article 133, Uniform Code of Military [485]*485Justice (UCMJ), 10 USC § 933. Appellant was sentenced to a dismissal, reprimand, and forfeiture of all pay and allowances. The convening authority approved the sentence of a dismissal, reprimand, and forfeiture of $2,472 pay per month for eighteen months. The Army Court of Criminal Appeals modified the findings on the grounds of factual insufficiency and reassessed the sentence. The Court of Criminal Appeals disapproved the dismissal and further reduced the forfeitures and modified the reprimand. 54 MJ 796, 806-08 (2001).
We granted review on the following issue: WHETHER THE MILITARY JUDGE ERRED BY FAILING TO SUPPRESS APPELLANT’S JULY 1, 1997, ORAL STATEMENT TO CPT C, IN WHICH CPT C FAILED TO PROVIDE APPELLANT WITH ARTICLE 31, UCMJ, WARNINGS.
We hold that Captain (CPT) C violated Article 31, but independent evidence supporting the conviction renders the error harmless.
FACTS
In August 1996, after seeing a 1986 Jaguar advertised for sale, appellant met with the owner, Sergeant First Class (SFC) R. They discussed the terms of buying the vehicle. Appellant told SFC R that she had pay problems and wanted to work out some financial terms for buying the vehicle. She agreed to buy the vehicle for $8,000, paying $500 per month for eight months, and the remainder, $4,000, when she settled on a house she hoped to buy. SFC R did not think there would be a financial problem since appellant was a psychologist at Madigan Hospital, Fort Lewis, Washington, and an officer. The next day, at her request, he gave appellant immediate possession of the Jaguar. Later that week, she came to his office and gave SFC R $500 cash as an initial payment on the Jaguar.
In September 1996, appellant did not make any payment. SFC R left Fort Lewis on September 5, on emergency leave, and after temporary deployment to Korea, returned to Fort Lewis in mid-October. When he returned, he called appellant about payments, and she said she was having financial problems. Like September, SFC R did not receive any payments during October or November.
In November, SFC R again deployed to Korea. He had the Sergeant Major make an inquiry, and he called appellant himself. Appellant told both that she was still having pay problems. When he returned from deployment in November, SFC R thought it was time to put the contract in writing. Appellant agreed and signed a promissory note dated November 1, 1996. The promissory note, when originally executed by appellant, indicated that appellant would not begin paying on the car until January 15,1997.
In December, SFC R received no payment from appellant. He contacted her again, and she said she was still having pay problems. She told SFC R that she had executed the promissory note and set payments to begin in January, without consulting him. SFC R asked at that time if appellant wanted him to take the vehicle back. She said, “No ... you don’t want to sell me the vehicle?” SFC R did not press her about the promissory note because he thought that when appellant’s pay issue was settled, she would pay the total amount.
In January 1997, SFC R had not received a copy of the promissory note or any payment beyond the initial $500 one. However, appellant said she was going to start paying on the promissory note. She did not. SFC R made another inquiry in January, and appellant said she was still trying to rectify her pay. He then asked for and received a copy of the promissory note.
Prior to giving SFC R a copy of the promissory note, appellant changed the first payment due date from “1/15/97” to “4/15/97” and added the following sentence: “Due to unexpected expenses incurred on 1/5/97, to the tune of $550.00, to replace starter and battery the monthly payments will have to be delayed until 6/16/97.” When SFC R noticed the changes to the document, he was upset and called appellant. She responded that there was “nothing wrong with it [the promissory note]” and reiterated that she would pay SFC R, but now not until June. At trial, [486]*486the defense conceded that appellant had changed the document.
While deployed in Canada for two months, SFC R did not receive any payments. He called appellant upon his return, and she said that she still had financial problems. SFC R did not receive any payments in April, May, or June. In June, SFC R learned that the vehicle had been left on the side of the road. He then asked appellant for all the legal documents, licensing, and registration, so he could register the car.
On July 1,1997, SFC R took the promissory note to First Lieutenant (1LT) C, a new legal assistance officer, for advice. The document was dated November 1,1996. SFC R showed 1LT C the promissory note and pointed out that appellant had changed the starting date of the payments from January 15, 1997, to April 15, 1997. SFC R told 1LT C that he did not agree to the change.
After examining the changes on the promissory note,1 1LT C “reviewed the elements of the offense of forgery in the Manual for Courts-Martial and determined that the accused may have committed such an offense.” He called appellant, but she was unable to talk to him because she was with a client. Later, while talking to her, he thought the best way to help SFC R was to pursue criminal action rather than civil action because she had “committed a crime.” He then contacted the trial counsel for appellant’s unit. Based on SFC R’s conversation with 1LT C, SFC R followed up on the progress of the “criminal law” action.
1LT C, now CPT C, testified that appellant admitted to buying the car and owing the money to SFC R for nearly a year, but was not going to pay. According to CPT C, she told him, “You couldn’t get blood from a stone.” He also testified that he reviewed the altered promissory note prior to calling appellant.
DISCUSSION
Article 31(b), UCMJ, 10 USC § 831(b), states:
No person subject to this chapter may interrogate, or request any statement from an accused or a person suspected of an offense without first informing him of the nature of the accusation and advising him that he does not have to make any statement regarding the offense of which he is accused or suspected and that any statement made by him may be used as evidence against him in a trial by court-martial.
The court below relied on United States v. Duga, 10 MJ 206 (CMA 1981), in which we applied a two-prong test to determine whether a warning is required:
[I]n each ease it is necessary to determine whether (1) a questioner subject to the Code was acting in an official capacity in his inquiry or only had a personal motivation; and (2) whether the person questioned perceived that the inquiry involved more than a casual conversation.
Id. at 206. The court noted that in applying this test,
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Chief Judge CRAWFORD
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Contrary to her pleas, appellant was convicted by officer members at a general court-martial of conduct unbecoming an officer by failing to pay a just debt and altering a promissory note and lying about it, in violation of Article 133, Uniform Code of Military [485]*485Justice (UCMJ), 10 USC § 933. Appellant was sentenced to a dismissal, reprimand, and forfeiture of all pay and allowances. The convening authority approved the sentence of a dismissal, reprimand, and forfeiture of $2,472 pay per month for eighteen months. The Army Court of Criminal Appeals modified the findings on the grounds of factual insufficiency and reassessed the sentence. The Court of Criminal Appeals disapproved the dismissal and further reduced the forfeitures and modified the reprimand. 54 MJ 796, 806-08 (2001).
We granted review on the following issue: WHETHER THE MILITARY JUDGE ERRED BY FAILING TO SUPPRESS APPELLANT’S JULY 1, 1997, ORAL STATEMENT TO CPT C, IN WHICH CPT C FAILED TO PROVIDE APPELLANT WITH ARTICLE 31, UCMJ, WARNINGS.
We hold that Captain (CPT) C violated Article 31, but independent evidence supporting the conviction renders the error harmless.
FACTS
In August 1996, after seeing a 1986 Jaguar advertised for sale, appellant met with the owner, Sergeant First Class (SFC) R. They discussed the terms of buying the vehicle. Appellant told SFC R that she had pay problems and wanted to work out some financial terms for buying the vehicle. She agreed to buy the vehicle for $8,000, paying $500 per month for eight months, and the remainder, $4,000, when she settled on a house she hoped to buy. SFC R did not think there would be a financial problem since appellant was a psychologist at Madigan Hospital, Fort Lewis, Washington, and an officer. The next day, at her request, he gave appellant immediate possession of the Jaguar. Later that week, she came to his office and gave SFC R $500 cash as an initial payment on the Jaguar.
In September 1996, appellant did not make any payment. SFC R left Fort Lewis on September 5, on emergency leave, and after temporary deployment to Korea, returned to Fort Lewis in mid-October. When he returned, he called appellant about payments, and she said she was having financial problems. Like September, SFC R did not receive any payments during October or November.
In November, SFC R again deployed to Korea. He had the Sergeant Major make an inquiry, and he called appellant himself. Appellant told both that she was still having pay problems. When he returned from deployment in November, SFC R thought it was time to put the contract in writing. Appellant agreed and signed a promissory note dated November 1, 1996. The promissory note, when originally executed by appellant, indicated that appellant would not begin paying on the car until January 15,1997.
In December, SFC R received no payment from appellant. He contacted her again, and she said she was still having pay problems. She told SFC R that she had executed the promissory note and set payments to begin in January, without consulting him. SFC R asked at that time if appellant wanted him to take the vehicle back. She said, “No ... you don’t want to sell me the vehicle?” SFC R did not press her about the promissory note because he thought that when appellant’s pay issue was settled, she would pay the total amount.
In January 1997, SFC R had not received a copy of the promissory note or any payment beyond the initial $500 one. However, appellant said she was going to start paying on the promissory note. She did not. SFC R made another inquiry in January, and appellant said she was still trying to rectify her pay. He then asked for and received a copy of the promissory note.
Prior to giving SFC R a copy of the promissory note, appellant changed the first payment due date from “1/15/97” to “4/15/97” and added the following sentence: “Due to unexpected expenses incurred on 1/5/97, to the tune of $550.00, to replace starter and battery the monthly payments will have to be delayed until 6/16/97.” When SFC R noticed the changes to the document, he was upset and called appellant. She responded that there was “nothing wrong with it [the promissory note]” and reiterated that she would pay SFC R, but now not until June. At trial, [486]*486the defense conceded that appellant had changed the document.
While deployed in Canada for two months, SFC R did not receive any payments. He called appellant upon his return, and she said that she still had financial problems. SFC R did not receive any payments in April, May, or June. In June, SFC R learned that the vehicle had been left on the side of the road. He then asked appellant for all the legal documents, licensing, and registration, so he could register the car.
On July 1,1997, SFC R took the promissory note to First Lieutenant (1LT) C, a new legal assistance officer, for advice. The document was dated November 1,1996. SFC R showed 1LT C the promissory note and pointed out that appellant had changed the starting date of the payments from January 15, 1997, to April 15, 1997. SFC R told 1LT C that he did not agree to the change.
After examining the changes on the promissory note,1 1LT C “reviewed the elements of the offense of forgery in the Manual for Courts-Martial and determined that the accused may have committed such an offense.” He called appellant, but she was unable to talk to him because she was with a client. Later, while talking to her, he thought the best way to help SFC R was to pursue criminal action rather than civil action because she had “committed a crime.” He then contacted the trial counsel for appellant’s unit. Based on SFC R’s conversation with 1LT C, SFC R followed up on the progress of the “criminal law” action.
1LT C, now CPT C, testified that appellant admitted to buying the car and owing the money to SFC R for nearly a year, but was not going to pay. According to CPT C, she told him, “You couldn’t get blood from a stone.” He also testified that he reviewed the altered promissory note prior to calling appellant.
DISCUSSION
Article 31(b), UCMJ, 10 USC § 831(b), states:
No person subject to this chapter may interrogate, or request any statement from an accused or a person suspected of an offense without first informing him of the nature of the accusation and advising him that he does not have to make any statement regarding the offense of which he is accused or suspected and that any statement made by him may be used as evidence against him in a trial by court-martial.
The court below relied on United States v. Duga, 10 MJ 206 (CMA 1981), in which we applied a two-prong test to determine whether a warning is required:
[I]n each ease it is necessary to determine whether (1) a questioner subject to the Code was acting in an official capacity in his inquiry or only had a personal motivation; and (2) whether the person questioned perceived that the inquiry involved more than a casual conversation.
Id. at 206. The court noted that in applying this test,
Article 31, UCMJ, warnings are not required to be given by: (1) a military doctor, psychiatric social worker, or nurse pri- or to asking questions of a patient for medical diagnosis or treatment; (2) an inflight aircraft crew chief prior to questioning, for operational reasons, an irrational crewman about possible drug use; (3) military pay officials questioning a service-member about a pay or allowance entitlement; or (4) a negotiator trying to end an armed standoff, provided the discussion was truly designed to end the standoff, rather than to obtain incriminating statements to be used against the suspect at trial. However, military appellate courts have also held that military defense counsel may not deliberately seek incriminating answers from a suspect unrepresented by [487]*487counsel without first giving Article 31, UCMJ, rights warnings.
54 MJ at 802 (footnotes omitted).
But this case is distinguishable. CPT C, upon being shown the promissory note, suspected forgery and felt appellant had committed a criminal offense. He did not even recommend SFC R pursue civil action because he felt criminal action through appellant’s prosecutor was the best way to help SFC R. CPT C, using the authority of his position, called appellant to solicit information on the matter. Based on CPT C’s testimony, we conclude he was acting as an investigator in pursuing this criminal action. As such, he was required to give an Article 31 warning.
However, in the context of the court-martial, the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, as nearly all of the information secured by CPT C in his conversation with appellant was introduced at trial through independent sources. See generally Murray v. United States, 487 U.S. 533, 537, 108 S.Ct. 2529, 101 L.Ed.2d 472 (1988).
The victim’s testimony, documentary evidence, and admissions by appellant establish that SFC R and appellant agreed that she would buy his Jaguar for $8,000. Because she was having financial problems, she agreed to pay $500 a month for eight months and then the remainder of $4,000 in a lump sum. This agreement took place in August 1996, at which time appellant took possession of the vehicle. From August 1996 through June 1997, SFC R tried to collect from appellant, but each time, she indicated that she was having pay problems. Eventually, pursuant to SFC R’s request, appellant had a promissory note notarized in November 1996. The defense conceded that after its notarization, appellant changed the terms of the promissory note.2 Appellant testified that she eventually left the vehicle damaged on the side of the road. She also never registered the vehicle in her name. While she was claiming to have pay problems, her financial records for those many months were introduced and showed that she was receiving bi-monthly pay, as well as various allowances and loans.
In closing, trial counsel referred to CPT C’s testimony that appellant had stated, “You can’t get blood from a stone.” This argument, however, was de minimis in the context of the case.
DECISION
This decision of the United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals is affirmed.