Case: 18-11127 Date Filed: 05/17/2019 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-11127 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:17-cr-00445-SCB-CPT-2
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
GUSTAVO ENRIQUE LLANOS MIRANDA, JAIR MENDOZA MONTOYA,
Defendants-Appellants.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(May 17, 2019)
Before MARCUS, ROSENBAUM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-11127 Date Filed: 05/17/2019 Page: 2 of 8
Gustavo Llanos Miranda and Jair Mendoza Montoya, indicted and tried
together for offenses related to trafficking cocaine, appeal their convictions, and
Montoya additionally appeals his 360-month total sentence. Miranda and Montoya
were convicted of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute five
kilograms or more of cocaine while aboard a vessel subject to the jurisdiction of
the United States, in violation of 46 U.S.C. §§ 70503(a) and 70506(a), (b), and 21
U.S.C. § 960(b)(1)(B)(ii) (Count 1). Both defendants were also convicted of
possession with intent to distribute five or more kilograms of cocaine while aboard
a vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, in violation of §§ 70503(a),
70506(a), § 960(b)(1)(B)(ii), and 18 U.S.C. § 2 (Count 2).
On appeal, Miranda and Montoya both challenge the sufficiency of the
evidence underlying their convictions. Montoya additionally challenges his
sentence on two grounds: that the district court erred by imposing a sentence
enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, because the enhancement violated his
constitutional right to testify, and that the district court abused its discretion by
sentencing him to 360 months’ imprisonment when his codefendants received
lower sentences. We will consider each challenge in turn.
I.
We review the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, “viewing the evidence in
the light most favorable to the government and drawing all reasonable inferences
2 Case: 18-11127 Date Filed: 05/17/2019 Page: 3 of 8
in favor of the verdict.” United States v. Schier, 438 F.3d 1104, 1107 (11th Cir.
2006). The district court’s denial of “motions for judgment of acquittal will be
upheld if a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that the evidence establishes the
defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Rodriguez, 218
F.3d 1243, 1244 (11th Cir. 2000). We will not reverse a conviction solely because
the defendant put forth a reasonable hypothesis of innocence at trial because “the
issue is not whether a jury reasonably could have acquitted but whether it
reasonably could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v.
Campo, 840 F.3d 1249, 1258 (11th Cir. 2016).
To prove the existence of a conspiracy, the government must prove “that two
or more persons entered into an unlawful agreement to commit an offense, that the
defendant knew of the agreement, and that he voluntarily became a part of the
conspiracy.” United States v. Cruickshank, 837 F.3d 1182, 1188 (11th Cir. 2016).
“In maritime drug-trafficking cases, a jury may find knowledgeable, voluntary
participation from presence when the presence is such that it would be
unreasonable for anyone other than a knowledgeable participant to be present.”
United States v. Wilchcombe, 838 F.3d 1179, 1188 (11th Cir. 2016) (quotations
omitted). In so finding, the jury should consider: (1) the probable length of the
voyage; (2) the size of the contraband shipment; (3) the close relationship among
the captain and crew; (4) the obviousness of the contraband; and, (5) other factors,
3 Case: 18-11127 Date Filed: 05/17/2019 Page: 4 of 8
including witnessed participation of the crew. Id. at 1188-89. If the quantity of
drugs involved is “large,” the government must only prove one of the factors. Id.
at 1189.
To prove possession with intent to distribute, the government must show
“knowing possession and an intent to distribute.” Cruickshank, 837 F.3d at 1189.
A defendant can constructively possess a controlled substance by “exercis[ing]
some measure of control over the contraband, either exclusively or in association
with others.” Id. An intent to distribute a controlled substance can be inferred
when there is a large quantity of drugs involved. United States v. Hernandez, 864
F.3d 1292, 1205 (11th Cir. 2017), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 1043 (2018).
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, the
evidence, including the credible testimony of four codefendant witnesses, that both
Miranda and Montoya knew of the plan to traffic cocaine, participated in several
meetings regarding payment for the trip, helped load approximately 1,500
kilograms of cocaine into a secret compartment, and set sail knowing the cocaine
was aboard the Fat Crow, was sufficient to support their convictions for both
charges. We therefore affirm Miranda’s and Montoya’s convictions.
II.
4 Case: 18-11127 Date Filed: 05/17/2019 Page: 5 of 8
We typically review the procedural reasonableness of a sentence for abuse of
discretion. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 46 (2007). However, the sentencing
court’s interpretation of the guidelines is reviewed de novo, as well as the
application of the guidelines to the facts. United States v. Barrington, 648 F.3d
1178, 1194-95 (11th Cir. 2011). The sentencing court’s factual findings are
reviewed for clear error. United States v. Cubero, 754 F.3d 888, 892 (11th Cir.
2014).
The Federal Sentencing Guidelines provide for a two-level enhancement of a
defendant’s base offense level if he “willfully obstructed or impeded, or attempted
to obstruct or impede, the administration of justice with respect to the . . .
prosecution . . . of the instant offense of conviction, and the obstructive conduct
related to the defendant’s offense of conviction.” U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. If a defendant
objects to a sentence enhancement on the basis of his trial testimony, the district
court is required to “review the evidence and make independent findings necessary
to establish a willful impediment to or obstruction of justice, or an attempt to do
the same, under the perjury definition.” United States v. Dunnigan, 507 U.S. 87,
95 (1993).
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Case: 18-11127 Date Filed: 05/17/2019 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-11127 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:17-cr-00445-SCB-CPT-2
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
GUSTAVO ENRIQUE LLANOS MIRANDA, JAIR MENDOZA MONTOYA,
Defendants-Appellants.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(May 17, 2019)
Before MARCUS, ROSENBAUM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-11127 Date Filed: 05/17/2019 Page: 2 of 8
Gustavo Llanos Miranda and Jair Mendoza Montoya, indicted and tried
together for offenses related to trafficking cocaine, appeal their convictions, and
Montoya additionally appeals his 360-month total sentence. Miranda and Montoya
were convicted of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute five
kilograms or more of cocaine while aboard a vessel subject to the jurisdiction of
the United States, in violation of 46 U.S.C. §§ 70503(a) and 70506(a), (b), and 21
U.S.C. § 960(b)(1)(B)(ii) (Count 1). Both defendants were also convicted of
possession with intent to distribute five or more kilograms of cocaine while aboard
a vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, in violation of §§ 70503(a),
70506(a), § 960(b)(1)(B)(ii), and 18 U.S.C. § 2 (Count 2).
On appeal, Miranda and Montoya both challenge the sufficiency of the
evidence underlying their convictions. Montoya additionally challenges his
sentence on two grounds: that the district court erred by imposing a sentence
enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, because the enhancement violated his
constitutional right to testify, and that the district court abused its discretion by
sentencing him to 360 months’ imprisonment when his codefendants received
lower sentences. We will consider each challenge in turn.
I.
We review the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, “viewing the evidence in
the light most favorable to the government and drawing all reasonable inferences
2 Case: 18-11127 Date Filed: 05/17/2019 Page: 3 of 8
in favor of the verdict.” United States v. Schier, 438 F.3d 1104, 1107 (11th Cir.
2006). The district court’s denial of “motions for judgment of acquittal will be
upheld if a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that the evidence establishes the
defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Rodriguez, 218
F.3d 1243, 1244 (11th Cir. 2000). We will not reverse a conviction solely because
the defendant put forth a reasonable hypothesis of innocence at trial because “the
issue is not whether a jury reasonably could have acquitted but whether it
reasonably could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v.
Campo, 840 F.3d 1249, 1258 (11th Cir. 2016).
To prove the existence of a conspiracy, the government must prove “that two
or more persons entered into an unlawful agreement to commit an offense, that the
defendant knew of the agreement, and that he voluntarily became a part of the
conspiracy.” United States v. Cruickshank, 837 F.3d 1182, 1188 (11th Cir. 2016).
“In maritime drug-trafficking cases, a jury may find knowledgeable, voluntary
participation from presence when the presence is such that it would be
unreasonable for anyone other than a knowledgeable participant to be present.”
United States v. Wilchcombe, 838 F.3d 1179, 1188 (11th Cir. 2016) (quotations
omitted). In so finding, the jury should consider: (1) the probable length of the
voyage; (2) the size of the contraband shipment; (3) the close relationship among
the captain and crew; (4) the obviousness of the contraband; and, (5) other factors,
3 Case: 18-11127 Date Filed: 05/17/2019 Page: 4 of 8
including witnessed participation of the crew. Id. at 1188-89. If the quantity of
drugs involved is “large,” the government must only prove one of the factors. Id.
at 1189.
To prove possession with intent to distribute, the government must show
“knowing possession and an intent to distribute.” Cruickshank, 837 F.3d at 1189.
A defendant can constructively possess a controlled substance by “exercis[ing]
some measure of control over the contraband, either exclusively or in association
with others.” Id. An intent to distribute a controlled substance can be inferred
when there is a large quantity of drugs involved. United States v. Hernandez, 864
F.3d 1292, 1205 (11th Cir. 2017), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 1043 (2018).
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, the
evidence, including the credible testimony of four codefendant witnesses, that both
Miranda and Montoya knew of the plan to traffic cocaine, participated in several
meetings regarding payment for the trip, helped load approximately 1,500
kilograms of cocaine into a secret compartment, and set sail knowing the cocaine
was aboard the Fat Crow, was sufficient to support their convictions for both
charges. We therefore affirm Miranda’s and Montoya’s convictions.
II.
4 Case: 18-11127 Date Filed: 05/17/2019 Page: 5 of 8
We typically review the procedural reasonableness of a sentence for abuse of
discretion. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 46 (2007). However, the sentencing
court’s interpretation of the guidelines is reviewed de novo, as well as the
application of the guidelines to the facts. United States v. Barrington, 648 F.3d
1178, 1194-95 (11th Cir. 2011). The sentencing court’s factual findings are
reviewed for clear error. United States v. Cubero, 754 F.3d 888, 892 (11th Cir.
2014).
The Federal Sentencing Guidelines provide for a two-level enhancement of a
defendant’s base offense level if he “willfully obstructed or impeded, or attempted
to obstruct or impede, the administration of justice with respect to the . . .
prosecution . . . of the instant offense of conviction, and the obstructive conduct
related to the defendant’s offense of conviction.” U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. If a defendant
objects to a sentence enhancement on the basis of his trial testimony, the district
court is required to “review the evidence and make independent findings necessary
to establish a willful impediment to or obstruction of justice, or an attempt to do
the same, under the perjury definition.” United States v. Dunnigan, 507 U.S. 87,
95 (1993). A defendant commits perjury when he: (1) gives false testimony (2) on
a material matter (3) with willful intent. Id. at 94. Although a defendant has a
constitutionally protected right to testify in his own defense, “that right has never
included a right to commit perjury.” Id. at 96; see also United States v. Dobbs, 11
5 Case: 18-11127 Date Filed: 05/17/2019 Page: 6 of 8
F.3d 152, 153 (11th Cir. 1994). Moreover, “[t]he concern that courts will enhance
sentences as a matter of course whenever the accused takes the stand and is found
guilty is dispelled by our earlier explanation that if an accused challenges a
sentence increase based on perjured testimony, the trial court must make findings
to support all the elements of a perjury violation in the specific case.” Dunnigan,
507 U.S. at 96-97.
Under the “prior precedent rule,” we are bound by prior binding precedent
“unless and until it is overruled by this Court en banc or by the Supreme Court.”
United States v. Vega-Castillo, 540 F.3d 1235, 1236 (11th Cir. 2008).
Here, the district specifically identified several statements Montoya made at
trial that it found to be untruthful, which were material because they touched on the
elements of the charged offenses. Moreover, Montoya’s argument that the
application of the obstruction of justice enhancement under U.S.S.G.§ 3C1.1
violated his constitutional right to testify is foreclosed by the Supreme Court’s
precedent in Dunnigan as well as our precedent in Dobbs. Accordingly, the district
court did not err by applying a two-level enhancement to Montoya’s offense level
under § 3C1.1.
III.
We review the substantive reasonableness of a sentence under the deferential
abuse-of-discretion standard of review. Gall, 552 U.S. at 41. A court can abuse its
6 Case: 18-11127 Date Filed: 05/17/2019 Page: 7 of 8
discretion when it (1) fails to consider relevant factors that were due significant
weight, (2) gives an improper or irrelevant factor significant weight, or (3)
commits a clear error of judgment by balancing the proper factors unreasonably.
United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1189 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc). Although
we do not presume that a sentence falling within the guideline range is reasonable,
we ordinarily expect that it will be. United States v. Hunt, 526 F.3d 739, 746 (11th
Cir. 2008).
The party who challenges the sentence bears the burden to show that the
sentence is unreasonable in light of the record and the § 3553(a) factors. United
States v. Tome, 611 F.3d 1371, 1378 (11th Cir. 2010). As part of its analysis under
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), a sentencing court must be careful to avoid unwanted
sentencing disparities between similarly situated defendants. 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a)(6). “The district court is not required to state on the record that it has
explicitly considered each of the § 3553(a) factors or to discuss each of the
§ 3553(a) factors.” United States v. Kuhlman, 711 F.3d 1321, 1327 (11th Cir.
2013).
The district court did not abuse its discretion by sentencing Montoya to 360
months’ imprisonment, a sentence at the very low end of his advisory guideline
range. Montoya was not similarly situated to his codefendants because he was a
first officer aboard the ship and testified falsely in his own defense at trial.
7 Case: 18-11127 Date Filed: 05/17/2019 Page: 8 of 8
Therefore, the district court’s decision not to impose a sentence beneath the
Guidelines range fell well within its discretion. Accordingly, we affirm.
AFFIRMED.