NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 18a0386n.06
Case No. 17-2368
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Aug 02, 2018 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR ) THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF GREGORY WARREN WADE, ) MICHIGAN ) Defendant-Appellant. ) )
BEFORE: MOORE, THAPAR, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.
THAPAR, Circuit Judge. Gregory Wade appeals the 60-month sentence he received after
pleading guilty to possessing stolen mail and bank fraud. We affirm.
I.
Wade has a history of stealing checks from people’s mail in order to buy drugs. The first
three times, Michigan authorities convicted him of uttering and publishing false checks. But that
did not stop him. Soon, federal authorities got involved and convicted him of bank fraud. This
case marks his third federal bank-fraud conviction (and thus his sixth total conviction for check
fraud). The first federal conviction landed him in prison for 36 months, the second for 48 months,
and this time for 60 months. Case No. 17-2368 United States v. Wade
To his credit, Wade has tried to get on top of his drug addiction and change his life. He
has participated in three different substance-abuse programs and worked a full-time job before his
most recent offense. But as is the case for many drug addicts, the disease has proven hard to beat.
Wade has violated the conditions of supervised release four times, resulting in large part from
failing to stick with treatment for his drug addiction. And since Wade has not found a successful
way to manage his addiction, he continues to commit check fraud in order to buy drugs.
So when it came time to sentence Wade for his third federal (and sixth total) check-fraud
conviction, the district court had a choice. On the one hand, the court could sentence Wade within
his Guidelines range: 12–18 months’ imprisonment. But the court doubted that a within-
Guidelines sentence would be sufficient to account for the seriousness of Wade’s offense and
criminal history, deter Wade from committing check fraud in the future, or protect the public from
further fraud. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (2)(A)–(C). Wade’s Guidelines range was largely a
product of the number of victims and amount of financial loss he caused this time around, which
were both lower than in the past. And while the range included an adjustment for his two prior
federal convictions, it still left some important considerations out. For one thing, Wade’s
Guidelines range failed to reflect that his two prior federal convictions were for the same
misconduct, showing Wade was “very likely to reoffend.” R. 45, Pg. ID 214–15. Also, his range
contained no adjustment for his three Michigan check-fraud convictions, which were too old to
count against him. Plus, Wade’s range did not account for the unique harm he caused by stealing
from people’s mailboxes—conduct the district court described as “further[ing] cynicism and
doubts about the integrity of public institutions.” Id. at 216–17. But what the district court found
most significant was that even an 18-month sentence (the very top of the range) would be shorter
than Wade’s two prior federal sentences for check fraud. So, in the interests of deterrence,
-2- Case No. 17-2368 United States v. Wade
promoting respect for the law, and protecting the public, the district court chose an alternative
course. It departed and varied upward from Wade’s Guidelines range. Since Wade’s second
federal sentence (48 months) was twelve months more than his first (36 months), the district court
decided that a proportional increase of twelve more months for his third sentence was appropriate.
The court therefore ordered 60 months’ imprisonment.
II.
Wade appeals the length of his sentence. In deciding his appeal, we ask whether his
sentence was “substantively unreasonable” in light of the sentencing considerations enumerated in
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). United States v. Tristan-Madrigal, 601 F.3d 629, 632–33 (6th Cir. 2010)
(quoting United States v. Walls, 546 F.3d 728, 736 (6th Cir. 2008)). We afford the district court
“due deference” in weighing the § 3553(a) factors to arrive at a particular sentence. Gall v. United
States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). And we vacate a sentence only where the district court abuses its
discretion. Tristan-Madrigal, 601 F.3d at 632.
Mail. Wade first argues that the district court should not have increased his sentence
because of the mail-based harms his fraud caused. He says that the Guidelines already account for
these harms. But Wade misunderstands the Guidelines provisions at issue. He is correct that the
Guidelines can increase a fraud’s victim-count where undelivered mail is concerned.
U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B1.1 cmt. n.4(C) (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n 2016). No
such adjustment, however, occurred in Wade’s case. Instead, the district court departed under a
different provision, which contemplates an increased sentence where a defendant’s offense
“caused or risked substantial non-monetary harm,” including “psychological harm” and
“substantial invasion of a privacy interest (through, for example, the theft of personal
information . . . ).” Id. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.20(A)(ii). As one of Wade’s victims explained, his fraud
-3- Case No. 17-2368 United States v. Wade
caused exactly these harms. R. 29, Pg. ID 96–97 (“My world view has shifted. . . . I have become
far less trustful and sometimes possibly overly cautious . . . . Less trust? Perhaps no trust.
Or perhaps, just more stress.”). So increasing Wade’s sentence on this basis was not an abuse of
discretion. See United States v. Lanning, 633 F.3d 469, 476 (6th Cir. 2011) (affirming upward
variance where defendant’s Guidelines range “d[id] not reflect the specific activity of repeatedly
stealing individuals’ checks out of their mailboxes and altering them for [the defendant’s]
pecuniary gain”).
Criminal History. Next, Wade claims that the district court placed too much emphasis on
his criminal history. For starters, he faults the district court for relying on his criminal history both
in departing and varying upward. But it is permissible for district courts to rely on criminal history
in both respects—first where a defendant’s criminal history category “substantially under-
represents” the seriousness of that history and the defendant’s likelihood of committing more
crimes, U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3(a)(1), and second where a defendant’s criminal history bears on the
general sentencing inquiry under § 3553(a), Lanning, 633 F.3d at 478.
Wade’s broader point, however, is that the district court focused too much on his criminal
past and lost sight of his present crime. And that crime harmed fewer victims and resulted in a
lower loss amount (and thus a lower Guidelines range) than some of Wade’s prior offenses. But
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 18a0386n.06
Case No. 17-2368
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Aug 02, 2018 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR ) THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF GREGORY WARREN WADE, ) MICHIGAN ) Defendant-Appellant. ) )
BEFORE: MOORE, THAPAR, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.
THAPAR, Circuit Judge. Gregory Wade appeals the 60-month sentence he received after
pleading guilty to possessing stolen mail and bank fraud. We affirm.
I.
Wade has a history of stealing checks from people’s mail in order to buy drugs. The first
three times, Michigan authorities convicted him of uttering and publishing false checks. But that
did not stop him. Soon, federal authorities got involved and convicted him of bank fraud. This
case marks his third federal bank-fraud conviction (and thus his sixth total conviction for check
fraud). The first federal conviction landed him in prison for 36 months, the second for 48 months,
and this time for 60 months. Case No. 17-2368 United States v. Wade
To his credit, Wade has tried to get on top of his drug addiction and change his life. He
has participated in three different substance-abuse programs and worked a full-time job before his
most recent offense. But as is the case for many drug addicts, the disease has proven hard to beat.
Wade has violated the conditions of supervised release four times, resulting in large part from
failing to stick with treatment for his drug addiction. And since Wade has not found a successful
way to manage his addiction, he continues to commit check fraud in order to buy drugs.
So when it came time to sentence Wade for his third federal (and sixth total) check-fraud
conviction, the district court had a choice. On the one hand, the court could sentence Wade within
his Guidelines range: 12–18 months’ imprisonment. But the court doubted that a within-
Guidelines sentence would be sufficient to account for the seriousness of Wade’s offense and
criminal history, deter Wade from committing check fraud in the future, or protect the public from
further fraud. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (2)(A)–(C). Wade’s Guidelines range was largely a
product of the number of victims and amount of financial loss he caused this time around, which
were both lower than in the past. And while the range included an adjustment for his two prior
federal convictions, it still left some important considerations out. For one thing, Wade’s
Guidelines range failed to reflect that his two prior federal convictions were for the same
misconduct, showing Wade was “very likely to reoffend.” R. 45, Pg. ID 214–15. Also, his range
contained no adjustment for his three Michigan check-fraud convictions, which were too old to
count against him. Plus, Wade’s range did not account for the unique harm he caused by stealing
from people’s mailboxes—conduct the district court described as “further[ing] cynicism and
doubts about the integrity of public institutions.” Id. at 216–17. But what the district court found
most significant was that even an 18-month sentence (the very top of the range) would be shorter
than Wade’s two prior federal sentences for check fraud. So, in the interests of deterrence,
-2- Case No. 17-2368 United States v. Wade
promoting respect for the law, and protecting the public, the district court chose an alternative
course. It departed and varied upward from Wade’s Guidelines range. Since Wade’s second
federal sentence (48 months) was twelve months more than his first (36 months), the district court
decided that a proportional increase of twelve more months for his third sentence was appropriate.
The court therefore ordered 60 months’ imprisonment.
II.
Wade appeals the length of his sentence. In deciding his appeal, we ask whether his
sentence was “substantively unreasonable” in light of the sentencing considerations enumerated in
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). United States v. Tristan-Madrigal, 601 F.3d 629, 632–33 (6th Cir. 2010)
(quoting United States v. Walls, 546 F.3d 728, 736 (6th Cir. 2008)). We afford the district court
“due deference” in weighing the § 3553(a) factors to arrive at a particular sentence. Gall v. United
States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). And we vacate a sentence only where the district court abuses its
discretion. Tristan-Madrigal, 601 F.3d at 632.
Mail. Wade first argues that the district court should not have increased his sentence
because of the mail-based harms his fraud caused. He says that the Guidelines already account for
these harms. But Wade misunderstands the Guidelines provisions at issue. He is correct that the
Guidelines can increase a fraud’s victim-count where undelivered mail is concerned.
U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B1.1 cmt. n.4(C) (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n 2016). No
such adjustment, however, occurred in Wade’s case. Instead, the district court departed under a
different provision, which contemplates an increased sentence where a defendant’s offense
“caused or risked substantial non-monetary harm,” including “psychological harm” and
“substantial invasion of a privacy interest (through, for example, the theft of personal
information . . . ).” Id. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.20(A)(ii). As one of Wade’s victims explained, his fraud
-3- Case No. 17-2368 United States v. Wade
caused exactly these harms. R. 29, Pg. ID 96–97 (“My world view has shifted. . . . I have become
far less trustful and sometimes possibly overly cautious . . . . Less trust? Perhaps no trust.
Or perhaps, just more stress.”). So increasing Wade’s sentence on this basis was not an abuse of
discretion. See United States v. Lanning, 633 F.3d 469, 476 (6th Cir. 2011) (affirming upward
variance where defendant’s Guidelines range “d[id] not reflect the specific activity of repeatedly
stealing individuals’ checks out of their mailboxes and altering them for [the defendant’s]
pecuniary gain”).
Criminal History. Next, Wade claims that the district court placed too much emphasis on
his criminal history. For starters, he faults the district court for relying on his criminal history both
in departing and varying upward. But it is permissible for district courts to rely on criminal history
in both respects—first where a defendant’s criminal history category “substantially under-
represents” the seriousness of that history and the defendant’s likelihood of committing more
crimes, U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3(a)(1), and second where a defendant’s criminal history bears on the
general sentencing inquiry under § 3553(a), Lanning, 633 F.3d at 478.
Wade’s broader point, however, is that the district court focused too much on his criminal
past and lost sight of his present crime. And that crime harmed fewer victims and resulted in a
lower loss amount (and thus a lower Guidelines range) than some of Wade’s prior offenses. But
the district court did not act unreasonably in seeing the bigger picture. As the court explained,
Wade committed “a third offense on the very same behavior in the very same court in the very
same community.” R. 45, Pg. ID 214. Yet relying solely on the Guidelines range would have
“impose[d] the lightest sentence yet.” Id. at 214–15. The district court therefore refused to
sacrifice “respect for the law” simply because Wade’s third federal (and sixth total) check-fraud
conviction harmed fewer victims and resulted in a lower loss amount. Id. at 217; see 18 U.S.C.
-4- Case No. 17-2368 United States v. Wade
§ 3553(a)(2)(A). This determination was reasonable. United States v. Jennings, 407 F. App’x 20,
21–22 (6th Cir. 2011) (affirming 74-month upward variance in light of past sentences and to
“promote respect for the law” (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A))); accord United States v.
Sanders, 501 F. App’x 455, 461 (6th Cir. 2012); see also United States v. Herrera-Zuniga, 571
F.3d 568, 573, 577, 591 (6th Cir. 2009) (affirming 18-month upward variance based on defendant’s
“significant criminal history” and “repeated recidivism”); accord Lanning, 633 F.3d at 478.
We recognize that Wade’s 60-month sentence was a significant increase from the
Guidelines range. But the district court judge did not order it lightly, and there is good reason here
to respect the district court’s discretion. The district court did not pull the sentence out of thin air.
Instead, the district court carefully tailored Wade’s term of imprisonment to reflect a proportional
increase from his most recent check-fraud sentence. Substantive-reasonableness review does not
demand “rigid mathematic[s],” but the district court here employed precise arithmetic. Gall, 552
U.S. at 47. The district court’s emphasis on Wade’s criminal history was not an abuse of
discretion.
Drug Addiction. Wade’s final objection is to the district court’s rationale that a 60-month
sentence might deter him from committing the same crime again. He points to research suggesting
that jail time does nothing to deter drug offenders from committing crimes and may even
encourage them to do so. But deterrence, both specific and general, is a fundamental tenet of
federal sentencing, and the district court was entitled to consider it in Wade’s case. 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a)(2)(B) (federal sentences must “afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct”); see
U.S.S.G. ch. 4, pt. A, introductory cmt. (“General deterrence of criminal conduct dictates that a
clear message be sent to society that repeated criminal behavior will aggravate the need for
punishment with each recurrence. . . . Repeated criminal behavior is an indicator of a limited
-5- Case No. 17-2368 United States v. Wade
likelihood of successful rehabilitation.”). And our court regularly affirms increased sentences
aimed at deterrence, even where substance abuse is involved. United States v. Robinson, 892 F.3d
209, 214 (6th Cir. 2018) (affirming 40-month upward variance and observing that “it was not
unreasonable for the district court to treat [the defendant’s] continued drug use (despite at least
some treatment opportunities and repeated community-control sanctions) as a factor that could
explain, but not outweigh, his extensive criminal history and chronic recidivism”); see also United
States v. Griffin, 562 F. App’x 507, 513–14 (6th Cir. 2014); United States v. Sharp, 424 F. App’x
475, 482, 488 (6th Cir. 2011).
Moreover, the district court took care to acknowledge Wade’s struggle with his addiction
and recognize the importance of treatment. But the court also noted Wade’s past failures in
completing substance-abuse treatment and the treatment’s inability to put a stop to his criminal
behavior. These considerations support the district court’s desire to, if not successfully deter
Wade’s check fraud, at least protect the public from it. See Robinson, 892 F.3d at 214; Griffin,
562 F. App’x at 513–14. Like the district court, we too hope Wade can overcome his substance
abuse. That said, the district court did not abuse its discretion in increasing Wade’s sentence even
in light of his drug addiction.
We AFFIRM.
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