23-7168 (L) United States v. Greenberg
In the United States Court of Appeals For the Second Circuit
August Term, 2024
(Argued: January 8, 2025 Decided: February 3, 2025)
Docket Nos. 23-7168 (L), 23-7249 (Con)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
–v.–
JULIA GREENBERG, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 3, ULADZIMIR DANSKOI, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 2,
Defendants-Appellants,
YURY MOSHA, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 1, ALEKSEI KMIT, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 4, TYMUR SHCHERBYNA, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 5, KATERYNA LYSYUCHENKO,
Defendants. *
Before: WALKER, ROBINSON, and MERRIAM, Circuit Judges.
* The Clerk’s office is directed to amend the caption as reflected above. Defendants-Appellants Julia Greenberg and Uladzimir Danskoi appeal from criminal judgments entered in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Oetken, J.) convicting them of a single count of conspiracy to commit immigration fraud. Defendants raise several challenges to the convictions, most of which are addressed in a summary order issued contemporaneously with this opinion.
In this opinion, we address only Defendant Greenberg’s challenges to the legal sufficiency of one of the charged objects of the conspiracy— namely, committing immigration fraud by obtaining certain immigration documents knowing them to be “forged, counterfeited, altered, or falsely made, or to have been procured by means of any false claim or statement, or to have been otherwise procured by fraud or unlawfully obtained,” in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1546(a) para. 1 (“Paragraph 1”). Greenberg argues that Paragraph 1 does not reach the possession of authentic documents that one knows to have been procured by a false claim or statement but is instead limited to counterfeit documents.
We conclude that the plain language of Paragraph 1 applies to the possession of authentic documents known to have been procured by means of a false claim. Through the summary order and this opinion, we thus AFFIRM the district court’s judgments.
DAVID R. FELTON (Jonathan E. Rebold, Jacob R. Fiddelman, on the brief), Assistant United States Attorneys, for Damian Williams, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New York, NY, for Appellee.
BEAU B. BRINDLEY, The Law Offices of Beau B. Brindley, Chicago, IL, for Appellant Greenberg.
JAMES M. BRANDEN, Law Office of James M. Branden, Staten Island, NY, for Appellant Danskoi.
1 PER CURIAM:
Defendants-Appellants Julia Greenberg and Uladzimir Danskoi appeal
criminal judgments entered in the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York (Oetken, J.). For the reasons set forth below and in a
summary order issued contemporaneously with this opinion, we AFFIRM the
judgments.
BACKGROUND
Defendants-Appellants Julia Greenberg and Uladzimir Danskoi were
convicted of a single count of conspiracy to commit immigration fraud. Danskoi
was a partner at Russian America, an immigration services firm in New York that
purported to provide translation and other services for individuals in immigration
proceedings. The government presented evidence that Danskoi and other charged
conspirators associated with Russian America steered clients into fraudulently
applying for asylum based on fabricated stories, and that Greenberg, an
immigration attorney, then represented those individuals in immigration
proceedings and further bolstered their applications, despite knowing that they
were fictitious. Both Defendants were convicted pursuant to a general verdict
following a two-week jury trial in December 2022.
2 Most of Defendants’ challenges to the convictions are addressed in a
summary order issued contemporaneously with this opinion. This opinion deals
solely with Greenberg’s challenge to whether the government met its burden to
prove the second alleged object of the conspiracy—namely, committing
immigration fraud by obtaining certain immigration documents knowing them to
be “forged, counterfeited, altered, or falsely made, or to have been procured by
means of any false claim or statement, or to have been otherwise procured by fraud
or unlawfully obtained,” in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1546(a) para. 1 (“Paragraph 1”).
As relevant to this opinion, the government introduced evidence that
Greenberg coached CS-1 and CS-3, two government informants who were posing
as applicants for asylum based on fabricated stories, in their asylum proceedings
after Russian America submitted the applicants’ written applications. The
government’s theory at trial was that Defendants’ conspiracy to secure I-94 forms,
documenting grants of asylum, was tantamount to a conspiracy to violate
Paragraph 1. Greenberg contends that as a matter of law, Paragraph 1 does not
apply to that conduct.
DISCUSSION
Paragraph 1 punishes:
3 Whoever knowingly forges, counterfeits, alters, or falsely makes any immigrant or nonimmigrant visa, permit, border crossing card, alien registration receipt card, or other document prescribed by statute or regulation for entry into or as evidence of authorized stay or employment in the United States, or utters, uses, attempts to use, possesses, obtains, accepts, or receives any such visa, permit, border crossing card, alien registration receipt card, or other document prescribed by statute or regulation for entry into or as evidence of authorized stay or employment in the United States, knowing it to be forged, counterfeited, altered, or falsely made, or to have been procured by means of any false claim or statement, or to have been otherwise procured by fraud or unlawfully obtained . . . .
18 U.S.C. § 1546(a).
Greenberg argues that this provision does not reach possession of any
authentic immigration documents – no matter how they were procured – but
rather punishes only counterfeiting and possession of counterfeit documents. She
contends that the triggering requirement of Paragraph 1 is that the documents in
question be forged, counterfeited, altered, or falsely made, and that the reference
to obtaining, possessing or using “any such” documents refers only to documents
that were forged, counterfeited, altered, or falsely made. See Greenberg Br. at 28.
We disagree.
Paragraph 1 reaches both “knowingly forg[ing], counterfeit[ing], alter[ing],
or falsely mak[ing]” any of the specifically listed immigration-related documents
4 in the statute, and receiving, possessing, or using “any such [document] . . .
knowing it to be forged, counterfeited, altered, or falsely made, or to have been
procured by means of any false claim or statement, or to have been otherwise procured by
fraud or unlawfully obtained.” 18 U.S.C. § 1546(a) para. 1 (emphasis added). We
read “any such” document as referencing the specific list of immigration-related
documents covered by the statute, not the means of falsifying those documents.
It is a “cardinal principle of interpretation that courts must give effect, if
possible, to every clause and word of a statute.” Liu v. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n, 591
U.S. 71, 89 (2020) (citation omitted). “[I]f it can be prevented,” we construe statutes
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23-7168 (L) United States v. Greenberg
In the United States Court of Appeals For the Second Circuit
August Term, 2024
(Argued: January 8, 2025 Decided: February 3, 2025)
Docket Nos. 23-7168 (L), 23-7249 (Con)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
–v.–
JULIA GREENBERG, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 3, ULADZIMIR DANSKOI, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 2,
Defendants-Appellants,
YURY MOSHA, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 1, ALEKSEI KMIT, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 4, TYMUR SHCHERBYNA, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 5, KATERYNA LYSYUCHENKO,
Defendants. *
Before: WALKER, ROBINSON, and MERRIAM, Circuit Judges.
* The Clerk’s office is directed to amend the caption as reflected above. Defendants-Appellants Julia Greenberg and Uladzimir Danskoi appeal from criminal judgments entered in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Oetken, J.) convicting them of a single count of conspiracy to commit immigration fraud. Defendants raise several challenges to the convictions, most of which are addressed in a summary order issued contemporaneously with this opinion.
In this opinion, we address only Defendant Greenberg’s challenges to the legal sufficiency of one of the charged objects of the conspiracy— namely, committing immigration fraud by obtaining certain immigration documents knowing them to be “forged, counterfeited, altered, or falsely made, or to have been procured by means of any false claim or statement, or to have been otherwise procured by fraud or unlawfully obtained,” in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1546(a) para. 1 (“Paragraph 1”). Greenberg argues that Paragraph 1 does not reach the possession of authentic documents that one knows to have been procured by a false claim or statement but is instead limited to counterfeit documents.
We conclude that the plain language of Paragraph 1 applies to the possession of authentic documents known to have been procured by means of a false claim. Through the summary order and this opinion, we thus AFFIRM the district court’s judgments.
DAVID R. FELTON (Jonathan E. Rebold, Jacob R. Fiddelman, on the brief), Assistant United States Attorneys, for Damian Williams, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New York, NY, for Appellee.
BEAU B. BRINDLEY, The Law Offices of Beau B. Brindley, Chicago, IL, for Appellant Greenberg.
JAMES M. BRANDEN, Law Office of James M. Branden, Staten Island, NY, for Appellant Danskoi.
1 PER CURIAM:
Defendants-Appellants Julia Greenberg and Uladzimir Danskoi appeal
criminal judgments entered in the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York (Oetken, J.). For the reasons set forth below and in a
summary order issued contemporaneously with this opinion, we AFFIRM the
judgments.
BACKGROUND
Defendants-Appellants Julia Greenberg and Uladzimir Danskoi were
convicted of a single count of conspiracy to commit immigration fraud. Danskoi
was a partner at Russian America, an immigration services firm in New York that
purported to provide translation and other services for individuals in immigration
proceedings. The government presented evidence that Danskoi and other charged
conspirators associated with Russian America steered clients into fraudulently
applying for asylum based on fabricated stories, and that Greenberg, an
immigration attorney, then represented those individuals in immigration
proceedings and further bolstered their applications, despite knowing that they
were fictitious. Both Defendants were convicted pursuant to a general verdict
following a two-week jury trial in December 2022.
2 Most of Defendants’ challenges to the convictions are addressed in a
summary order issued contemporaneously with this opinion. This opinion deals
solely with Greenberg’s challenge to whether the government met its burden to
prove the second alleged object of the conspiracy—namely, committing
immigration fraud by obtaining certain immigration documents knowing them to
be “forged, counterfeited, altered, or falsely made, or to have been procured by
means of any false claim or statement, or to have been otherwise procured by fraud
or unlawfully obtained,” in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1546(a) para. 1 (“Paragraph 1”).
As relevant to this opinion, the government introduced evidence that
Greenberg coached CS-1 and CS-3, two government informants who were posing
as applicants for asylum based on fabricated stories, in their asylum proceedings
after Russian America submitted the applicants’ written applications. The
government’s theory at trial was that Defendants’ conspiracy to secure I-94 forms,
documenting grants of asylum, was tantamount to a conspiracy to violate
Paragraph 1. Greenberg contends that as a matter of law, Paragraph 1 does not
apply to that conduct.
DISCUSSION
Paragraph 1 punishes:
3 Whoever knowingly forges, counterfeits, alters, or falsely makes any immigrant or nonimmigrant visa, permit, border crossing card, alien registration receipt card, or other document prescribed by statute or regulation for entry into or as evidence of authorized stay or employment in the United States, or utters, uses, attempts to use, possesses, obtains, accepts, or receives any such visa, permit, border crossing card, alien registration receipt card, or other document prescribed by statute or regulation for entry into or as evidence of authorized stay or employment in the United States, knowing it to be forged, counterfeited, altered, or falsely made, or to have been procured by means of any false claim or statement, or to have been otherwise procured by fraud or unlawfully obtained . . . .
18 U.S.C. § 1546(a).
Greenberg argues that this provision does not reach possession of any
authentic immigration documents – no matter how they were procured – but
rather punishes only counterfeiting and possession of counterfeit documents. She
contends that the triggering requirement of Paragraph 1 is that the documents in
question be forged, counterfeited, altered, or falsely made, and that the reference
to obtaining, possessing or using “any such” documents refers only to documents
that were forged, counterfeited, altered, or falsely made. See Greenberg Br. at 28.
We disagree.
Paragraph 1 reaches both “knowingly forg[ing], counterfeit[ing], alter[ing],
or falsely mak[ing]” any of the specifically listed immigration-related documents
4 in the statute, and receiving, possessing, or using “any such [document] . . .
knowing it to be forged, counterfeited, altered, or falsely made, or to have been
procured by means of any false claim or statement, or to have been otherwise procured by
fraud or unlawfully obtained.” 18 U.S.C. § 1546(a) para. 1 (emphasis added). We
read “any such” document as referencing the specific list of immigration-related
documents covered by the statute, not the means of falsifying those documents.
It is a “cardinal principle of interpretation that courts must give effect, if
possible, to every clause and word of a statute.” Liu v. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n, 591
U.S. 71, 89 (2020) (citation omitted). “[I]f it can be prevented,” we construe statutes
such that “no clause, sentence, or word shall be superfluous, void, or
insignificant.” El Omari v. Int'l Crim. Police Org., 35 F.4th 83, 90 (2d Cir. 2022)
(citation omitted). Greenberg’s construction would effectively require the Court
to ignore the statute’s specific reference to receipt, possession, or use of documents
known “to have been otherwise procured by fraud or unlawfully obtained.” That
statutory clause expressly encompasses fraudulent acquisition of immigration
documents through means other than forgery and counterfeiting. Greenberg’s
reading would render it inoperative. This reinforces our conclusion that the plain
language of Paragraph 1 proscribes the receipt or possession of an authentic
document that one knows to have been procured by a false claim or statement.
5 Every court to have considered this provision has reached the same
conclusion. See, e.g., United States v. Kouevi, 698 F.3d 126, 134 (3d Cir. 2012)
(holding that the plain language of Paragraph 1 “prohibits the possession and use
of authentic immigration documents obtained by fraud”); United States v. Krstic,
558 F.3d 1010, 1017 (9th Cir. 2009) (concluding, based on statutory history and
“common sense,” that Paragraph 1 “prohibits possessing an otherwise authentic
document that one knows has been procured by means of a false claim or
statement”).
Greenberg relies primarily on United States v. Campos-Serrano, 404 U.S. 293
(1971), for the proposition that Paragraph 1 pertains only to “counterfeiting,”
whereas other paragraphs of § 1546(a) address fraud in the acquisition of authentic
immigration documents, id. at 301 n.13. We agree with the district court that
“Campos-Serrano cannot support the weight Greenberg places upon it.” United
States v. Greenberg, No. 1:21-cr-00092, 2022 WL 827304, at *18 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 9,
2022) (Nathan, J.) (alterations accepted). In Campos-Serrano, the Court considered
whether an “alien registration receipt card” was a document required for “entry
into . . . the United States” such that § 1546(a) para. 1 proscribed possession of a
counterfeit version of it. 404 U.S. at 295. The Court did not address whether
6 Paragraph 1 prohibited possession of an otherwise authentic document obtained
through a false claim.
And, contrary to Greenberg’s argument, reading Paragraph 1 to reach both
authentic and inauthentic documents does not render Paragraph 4 of § 1546(a)
superfluous. Paragraph 4 punishes “knowingly mak[ing] under oath . . . any false
statement with respect to a material fact” in an immigration application. 18 U.S.C.
§ 1546(a) para. 4. Paragraph 4 does not cover the possession or receipt of
fraudulently obtained documents, which is addressed only in Paragraph 1.
In sum, based on the plain text of the statute, we conclude that Paragraph 1
unambiguously prohibits the knowing acquisition, possession, or use of authentic
immigration documents obtained by fraud or false statement and thus the rule of
lenity doesn’t apply. See United States v. DiCristina, 726 F.3d 92, 104 (2d Cir. 2013)
(“[T]he rule of lenity only applies if, after considering text, structure, history, and
purpose, there remains a grievous ambiguity or uncertainty in the statute.”
(citation omitted)).
Greenberg does not otherwise challenge the factual sufficiency of the
government’s evidence on this reading of the statute. Accordingly, the district
court’s inclusion of violating Paragraph 1 as one object of the charged conspiracy
was not error and provides no basis to overturn Greenberg’s conviction.
7 CONCLUSION
For these reasons and for the reasons set forth in the separately issued
summary order, we AFFIRM.