ADAMS, Circuit Judge.
[1] This is a writ, of .error sued out by the United States to review a judgment of the District Court of North Dakota dismissing an action brought to recover the penalty of $1,000 prescribed by section 5 of the Immigration Act, approved February 20, 1907 (34 Stat. c. 1134, p. 898 [U. S. Comp. St. Supp. 1911, p. 499]). The pertinent portions of that act follow:
“Sec. 2. The following classes of aliens shall be excluded from admission into the United States: * * * Persons, hereinafter called contract laborers, who have been induced or solicited to migrate to this country by offers or promises of employment or in consequence of agreements, oral, written, or printed, express or implied, to perform labor in this country of any kind, skilled or unskilled. * * *
“Sec. 4. It shall be a misdemeanor for any person, company, partnership, or corporation, in any manner whatsoever, to prepay the transportation or in any way to assist or encourage the importation or migration of any contract laborer or contract laborers into the United States. * * *
“Sec. 5. Por every violation of any of the provisions of section four of this act the persons, partnership, company, or corporation violating the same, by knowingly assisting, encouraging, or soliciting the migration or importation of any contract laborer into the United States shall forfeit and pay for every such offense the sum of one thousand dollars. *. * *”
The complaint in this case charged that the defendant, the Great Northern Railway Company, knowingly assisted and encouraged the immigration of one Graham, from the city of. Beverly in the Province of Manitoba and Dominion of Canada, to the city of Minot, in the state and district of North Dakota, upon the understanding and agreement that Graham should enter the employ of the defendant as a brakeman.
After issue was joined, trial by jury was duly waived, and the cause submitted to the court for decision upon the following agreed facts:
“On the 4th day of May, 1910, at Minot, N. D., one Paul P. Keating, train-master of the defendant upon what is known as the Minot Division of the defendant, wrote and mailed to one G. N. Graham, an alien at Beverly, Manitoba, a letter as follows, to wit: ‘Mr. G. N. Graham, Beverly, Man. Dear Sir: Replying to your letter of Apr. 29th asking for a position on this division, will say that I am inclosing pass for you, and if you come over, we may be able to use you. Tours truly, Paul F. Keating, Trainmaster.’ The said letter was in reply to a letter or' inquiry received from said Graham asking in reference to the possibility of procuring employment with the defendant. Pursuant to'said letter, the said Graham came to Minot from said Beverly, Manitoba, and used the transportation inclosed in said letter, and upon arrival at Minot entered into further personal negotiations with the defendant and its trainmaster in reference to procuring employment, and, his record and qualifications proving satisfactory, was then and there employed by the defendant as a freight brakeman.- The said Graham, prior to coming to Minot [48]*48and at the time of the correspondence above referred to, was a freight brakeman ; that is he (said Graham) had theretofore been employed as a brakeman ■upon freight trains of various railroad companies, and was experienced in said line of business.”
The court on these facts held that, as there was no showing that the defendant railway company knew that Graham was an alien, the government could not recover and dismissed the action.
The assignments of error and argument of counsel challenge the correctness of this ruling for two reasons: (1) Because no such knowledge was a prerequisite to liability for the penalty, and (2) if it were so the agreed state of facts disclosed such knowledge on the part of the defendant
Counsel for the government make this argument: That a “contract laborer,” as defined by section 2 of the act, is “a person who has been induced or solicited to migrate to this country by offers or promises of employment or in consequence of agreements * * * to perform labor in this country, * * * ” and that a “contract laborer” as so defined is the subject of section 5, which denounces the penalty. That section accordingly denounced its penalty against those who violated the provisions of section 2 by knowingly assisting, encouraging, or soliciting the migration into this country of “persons who have been induced or solicited to migrate into this country by offers or promises of employment, or in consequence of agreements to perform labor in this country,” and it is contended that the act penalizes every one who knowingly so assists, encourages, or solicits the migration or importation into this country of any person, alien or not, provided only he comes here by reason of offers or promises of employment, etc.'; that a person so defined is “the contract laborer” referred to in section 5 of the act.
Test it be thought wé have misapprehended the contention of the government, we quote from its counsel’s brief as follows:
“It (the act) penalized every one who knowingly assists, encourages, or solicits the migration' or importation into this country of any person who comes by reason of offers or promises of employment. As construed by the trial court, however, the act is made to read in substance as follows: Any person who violates the act by knowingly assisting, etc., the migration or importation of any contract laborer, knowing such contract laborer to be an alien, shall be liable to the penalty.”
The issue presented to us is therefore a sharp one: Does the act denounce the penalty against a person or corporation who knowingly assists or encourages any contract laborer to migrate into this country by offers of employment, etc., or is it only against a person or corporation who knowingly assists an alien contract laborer by offers of employment, etc.,- to so migrate?
If regard be had to the mere letter of the act of Congress it might be said that the penalty, as denounced by section 5 is: Tor assisting the migration of “any contract laborer” and that such contract laborer as defined by section 2 is ohe “who has been induced or solicited to migrate to this country by offers or promises of employment,” etc. * * * On this literal view of a few words of the act, the argument is made that one incurs the penalty, if he assists or encourages the im~ [49]*49migration of any one, whether alien or not, by offers or promises of employment, etc. But this kind of an argument does not appeal to us. The whole act discloses that it deals most exclusively with the subject of immigration of aliens.
The title to the act is “An act to regulate the immigration of aliens into the United States.” The opening sentence of section 2 is: “The following classes of aliens shall be excluded from admission into the United States,” among them “persons, hereinafter called contract laborers, who have been induced or solicited to migrate to this country by offers or promises of employment or in consequence of agreements, oral, written or printed, express or implied, to perform labor in this country of any kind. * * * ”
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ADAMS, Circuit Judge.
[1] This is a writ, of .error sued out by the United States to review a judgment of the District Court of North Dakota dismissing an action brought to recover the penalty of $1,000 prescribed by section 5 of the Immigration Act, approved February 20, 1907 (34 Stat. c. 1134, p. 898 [U. S. Comp. St. Supp. 1911, p. 499]). The pertinent portions of that act follow:
“Sec. 2. The following classes of aliens shall be excluded from admission into the United States: * * * Persons, hereinafter called contract laborers, who have been induced or solicited to migrate to this country by offers or promises of employment or in consequence of agreements, oral, written, or printed, express or implied, to perform labor in this country of any kind, skilled or unskilled. * * *
“Sec. 4. It shall be a misdemeanor for any person, company, partnership, or corporation, in any manner whatsoever, to prepay the transportation or in any way to assist or encourage the importation or migration of any contract laborer or contract laborers into the United States. * * *
“Sec. 5. Por every violation of any of the provisions of section four of this act the persons, partnership, company, or corporation violating the same, by knowingly assisting, encouraging, or soliciting the migration or importation of any contract laborer into the United States shall forfeit and pay for every such offense the sum of one thousand dollars. *. * *”
The complaint in this case charged that the defendant, the Great Northern Railway Company, knowingly assisted and encouraged the immigration of one Graham, from the city of. Beverly in the Province of Manitoba and Dominion of Canada, to the city of Minot, in the state and district of North Dakota, upon the understanding and agreement that Graham should enter the employ of the defendant as a brakeman.
After issue was joined, trial by jury was duly waived, and the cause submitted to the court for decision upon the following agreed facts:
“On the 4th day of May, 1910, at Minot, N. D., one Paul P. Keating, train-master of the defendant upon what is known as the Minot Division of the defendant, wrote and mailed to one G. N. Graham, an alien at Beverly, Manitoba, a letter as follows, to wit: ‘Mr. G. N. Graham, Beverly, Man. Dear Sir: Replying to your letter of Apr. 29th asking for a position on this division, will say that I am inclosing pass for you, and if you come over, we may be able to use you. Tours truly, Paul F. Keating, Trainmaster.’ The said letter was in reply to a letter or' inquiry received from said Graham asking in reference to the possibility of procuring employment with the defendant. Pursuant to'said letter, the said Graham came to Minot from said Beverly, Manitoba, and used the transportation inclosed in said letter, and upon arrival at Minot entered into further personal negotiations with the defendant and its trainmaster in reference to procuring employment, and, his record and qualifications proving satisfactory, was then and there employed by the defendant as a freight brakeman.- The said Graham, prior to coming to Minot [48]*48and at the time of the correspondence above referred to, was a freight brakeman ; that is he (said Graham) had theretofore been employed as a brakeman ■upon freight trains of various railroad companies, and was experienced in said line of business.”
The court on these facts held that, as there was no showing that the defendant railway company knew that Graham was an alien, the government could not recover and dismissed the action.
The assignments of error and argument of counsel challenge the correctness of this ruling for two reasons: (1) Because no such knowledge was a prerequisite to liability for the penalty, and (2) if it were so the agreed state of facts disclosed such knowledge on the part of the defendant
Counsel for the government make this argument: That a “contract laborer,” as defined by section 2 of the act, is “a person who has been induced or solicited to migrate to this country by offers or promises of employment or in consequence of agreements * * * to perform labor in this country, * * * ” and that a “contract laborer” as so defined is the subject of section 5, which denounces the penalty. That section accordingly denounced its penalty against those who violated the provisions of section 2 by knowingly assisting, encouraging, or soliciting the migration into this country of “persons who have been induced or solicited to migrate into this country by offers or promises of employment, or in consequence of agreements to perform labor in this country,” and it is contended that the act penalizes every one who knowingly so assists, encourages, or solicits the migration or importation into this country of any person, alien or not, provided only he comes here by reason of offers or promises of employment, etc.'; that a person so defined is “the contract laborer” referred to in section 5 of the act.
Test it be thought wé have misapprehended the contention of the government, we quote from its counsel’s brief as follows:
“It (the act) penalized every one who knowingly assists, encourages, or solicits the migration' or importation into this country of any person who comes by reason of offers or promises of employment. As construed by the trial court, however, the act is made to read in substance as follows: Any person who violates the act by knowingly assisting, etc., the migration or importation of any contract laborer, knowing such contract laborer to be an alien, shall be liable to the penalty.”
The issue presented to us is therefore a sharp one: Does the act denounce the penalty against a person or corporation who knowingly assists or encourages any contract laborer to migrate into this country by offers of employment, etc., or is it only against a person or corporation who knowingly assists an alien contract laborer by offers of employment, etc.,- to so migrate?
If regard be had to the mere letter of the act of Congress it might be said that the penalty, as denounced by section 5 is: Tor assisting the migration of “any contract laborer” and that such contract laborer as defined by section 2 is ohe “who has been induced or solicited to migrate to this country by offers or promises of employment,” etc. * * * On this literal view of a few words of the act, the argument is made that one incurs the penalty, if he assists or encourages the im~ [49]*49migration of any one, whether alien or not, by offers or promises of employment, etc. But this kind of an argument does not appeal to us. The whole act discloses that it deals most exclusively with the subject of immigration of aliens.
The title to the act is “An act to regulate the immigration of aliens into the United States.” The opening sentence of section 2 is: “The following classes of aliens shall be excluded from admission into the United States,” among them “persons, hereinafter called contract laborers, who have been induced or solicited to migrate to this country by offers or promises of employment or in consequence of agreements, oral, written or printed, express or implied, to perform labor in this country of any kind. * * * ”
Again in section 5 of the act which denounces the penalty- for violating the provisions of section 4 provision is found for the recovery of the penalty by the United States or any person who might first bring the action “including any such alien thus promised labor or service of any kind as aforesaid; * * * and separate'suits may be brought, for each alien thus promised labor or service of any kind as aforesaid.”
In view of these provisions and of the manifest purpose of the act as disclosed by all its provisions, we have no hesitancy in holding the contention of the government to be untenable. .
[2] From .the opinion of the learned trial judge preserved in the record it seems that it must have been contended at the trial that the adverb “knowingly” found in section 5 of the act modified the immediately following words “assisting, encouraging or soliciting” only,' and did not require knowledge of any other facts constituting the essence of the wrongdoing and therefore could not be construed as requiring knowledge of the essential fact that the contract laborer was an alien. But counsel for the government now abandon such contention. They say:
“We concede that the adverb ‘knowingly’ as it appears in this statute goes beyond the mere verb and includes broadly all that is expressed in the full act charged to have been done. We therefore concede that there is no liability for the statutory penalty unless it appears that the defendant not only knowingly did the ácts of assistance, encouragement, etc.; but also that he knew the person assisted to be one who was coming or was being brought into the country in consequence of promises, etc., of employment.”
This concession, however, is unnecessary, for we think it very plain that the word “knowingly” as used in section 5 necessarily makes knowledge of all the essential facts constituting the wrongdoing a necessary prerequisite to liability for the penalty. Rosen v. United States, 161 U. S. 29, 16 Sup. Ct. 434, 480, 40 L. Ed. 606; Price v. United States, 165 U. S. 311, 17 Sup. Ct. 366, 41 L. Ed. 727; Burton v. United States, 73 C. C. A. 243, 142 Fed. 57. It must therefore be held that knowledge of the essential fact that the contract laborer was an alien is a necessary condition to liability for the penalty. See Grant Bros. Construction Co. v. United States, 232 U. S. 647, 34 Sup. Ct. 452, 58 L. Ed.-, just decided by the Supreme Court.
[3] Answering the second assignment of error, we are of opinion that the agreed facts, failed to disclose knowledge by defendant of. the alienage of Graham at the time it secured his services. The con[50]*50tention is that because Graham was actually an alien and was induced to migrate to this country by defendant the presumption must be indulged that the defendant knew him to be an alien.
To this we are unable to agree. The learned trial judge, after alluding to what inference might be drawn if the importation was from a European country, made this observation:
“But in view of the conditions existing between the United States and the border provinces of British America, I do not think that such an inference san properly be drawn in this case.”
And so it seems to us that, where the employer and employe are located as in this case on opposite sides of and near to an international boundary line over which people must necessarily pass and repass with much frequency and for a variety of purposes, no presumption of fact arises that the employé is a citizen of that country in which he may on a given occasion be found.
We think the agreed facts on which this case was submitted to the trial court failed to disclose that the defendant knew Graham was an alien when it induced him to come to this country for work, and for that reason the action was properly dismissed.
The judgment is affirmed.